Showing papers in "Botanical Review in 1957"

Mode of reproduction of higher plants

Abstract: I. INaXODUCrlON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 I I . IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF REPRODUCTIVE MODE . . . . . . . . . . . 137 III. MSASU~MENT OF NA~Oa.~L CROSSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 1. Use of genetic markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2. Definition of natural crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3. Experimental procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 IV. FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 I. Entomological influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2. Geographic and climatic influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 3. Genetic influences . . . . \" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4. Experimental modification of the breeding system . . . . . . . . 155 5. Influence of selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 V . EXPLANATION OF TABULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 V I . TABULATION OF MODES OF REPRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 VII. INDEX TO GENEItA IN THE TABULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 VIII. ACKNOWLEDOMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 IX. BIBLIOGraPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Botanical limnological methods with special reference to the algae

Abstract: I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Physical Environment and Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Tempel\"ature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Chemical Environment and Nutrient Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 Quantitative Estimation of Plant Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Cell Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Chlorophyll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Optical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 Other Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Interrelation of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Estimation of Growth in Natural Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Use of Experimental, Including Cultured, Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Mathematical Models of Population Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Samples and Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Plankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 Benthos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Treatment of Collected Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Plankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Benthos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Interrelations of dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton

Abstract: Lucas (74-77) has reviewed the possible effects of organic metabolites from an evolutionary and an ecological point of view. He has drawn information from diverse spheres of biology to indicate that organic matter may act upon living organisms directly and indirectly, and affect the dynamics of integration within an ecosystem. It is well known that cells may liberate certain metabolites which influence other cells within or without the organism. These metabolites are evident in the form of hormones, growth stimulators, toxins, antibiotics, embryological organizers, agents of chemotaxis, and many other agents. The algae occupy the most basic level in the transfer of energy through natural aquatic systems. The distribution and occurrence of algae in both time and space are related to certain fundamental factors which may in general be divided into three categories: physical, chemical, biological. The chemical and biological factors are not so readily separated from each other as from the physical factors. These factors may be listed and subdivided in general as indicated in Table I. The activity of organic matter falls under both chemical and biological factors. It comprises only a small part of the total number of factors; nevertheless, its effects may be very significant when integrated to the whole. Two major questions may be asked regarding the role of organic matter. From where may the dissolved organic matter be derived and what is the evidence for its presence in natural bodies of water ? What may be its effects on living organisms and what is the evidence for these effects ? Dissolved organic matter may include a certain amount of organic debris, some eoUoidal substance, and truly dissolved organic matter. It is the truly dissolved organic matter that is of primary interest here. Its presence in natural bodies of water has been definitely established (18, 19, 39, 131).

The inferior ovary. II

Abstract: Within the last 12 years knowledge concerning the inferior ovary has been extended, but controversy has not terminated. As the result of anatomical studies, appendicular inferior ovaries have been reported in various genera of the following families: Agavaceae, Araliaceae, Begoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Celastraceae, Compositae, Cornaceae, Ericaceae, Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae, and inJuglans of the Juglandaceae. The receptacular cup type, with ascending and recurrent budles in the wall, present inDarbya seems to be characteristic of the Santalaceae as a whole, of the Loranthaceae, ofCarya andAnnamocarya of the Juglandaceae, and of the Cactaceae. True inferior ovaries, in which the outer structures are fused with the ovary, should be distinguished from perigynous cups, as are found inRosa andCalycanthus. Recently the value of using the anatomical method in solving the problem of the structure of the inferior ovary has been questioned because of facts which have come out of modern studies in histogenesis and morphogenesis. It should be emphasized, however, that these facts are concerned with ontogeny. Plant morphologists have found that vascular anatomy, when used in comparative studies, has been a most valuable tool in the reconstruction of plant phylogenies, and they see no valid reason why it is not conclusive in the determination of the nature of the inferior ovary wall.

Autoradiography with plant tissue

Abstract: Autoradiography, a technique combining radiochemistry, microtechnique and photography, offers another method for studying the morphology, physiology and cytology of plants. As applied to higher plants, the technique has not been thoroughly investigated; however, autoradiograms have been made that show not only good cellular detail but also developed grains of high photographic resolution associated with the cell components.