Showing papers in "British Journal of Sociology in 1990"
1,166 citations
740 citations
177 citations
TL;DR: The rational choice approach to social behaviour rationality, egoism and social atomism models of the actor rationality, action and deliberation individualism, and social structure was proposed in this article.
Abstract: The rational choice approach to social behaviour rationality, egoism and social atomism models of the actor rationality, action and deliberation individualism and social structure.
154 citations
TL;DR: The essays in this article explore the moral foundations and the political prospects of the welfare state in the United States and suggest reforms in welfare state programs that might meet these criticisms, and confront powerful criticisms that have been leveled against welfare state by conservatives, liberals, and radicals.
Abstract: The essays in this volume explore the moral foundations and the political prospects of the welfare state in the United States. Among the questions addressed are the following: Has public support for the welfare state faded? Can a democratic state provide welfare without producing dependency on welfare? Is a capitalist (or socialist) economy consistent with the preservation of equal liberty and equal opportunity for all citizens? Why and in what ways does the welfare state discriminate against women? Can we justify limiting immigration for the sake of safeguarding the welfare of Americans? How can elementary and secondary education be distributed consistently with democratic values? The volume confronts powerful criticisms that have been leveled against the welfare state by conservatives, liberals, and radicals and suggests reforms in welfare state programs that might meet these criticisms. The contributors are Joseph H. Carens, Jon Elster, Robert K. Fullinwider, Amy Gutmann, Jennifer L. Hochschild, Stanley Kelley, Jr., Richard Krouse, Michael McPherson, J. Donald Moon, Carole Pateman, Dennis Thompson, and Michael Walzer.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the author argues that legitimate domination is seen as the intentional, directional, and consequential acts of individuals acting within the boundaries of their jurisdictions, and hence as impersonal, non-intentional, and harmony-seeking.
Abstract: Authority relations identified by the terms patriarchy, patrimonialism, and filial piety represent very different complexes of action in imperial China and Western Europe. Two sets of comparisons (developmental and configurational) demonstrate these differences in the institutional patterning of authority between China and Europe. The author argues, on the one hand, that in Western society legitimate domination is seen as the intentional, directional, and consequential acts of individuals acting within the boundaries of their jurisdictions. In China, on the other hand, it is seen as an aspect of specific sets of social roles, and hence as impersonal, non-intentional, and harmony-seeking. Some of the implications of these differences for social institutions are explored.
132 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the tendency of recent work in the sociology of punishment to adopt a "social control" framework of analysis, derived in part from the work of Foucault.
Abstract: This article discusses the tendency of recent work in the sociology of punishment to adopt a 'social control' framework of analysis, derived in part from the work of Foucault. The limitations of this perspective are illustrated by reference to Durkheim's conception of punishment, which is itself discussed and criticised. Thereafter, the social and cultural significance of punishment is briefly outlined, drawing attention to penality's political and social functions, its deep cultural resonance, and its psychic and emotional supports. The essay concludes by suggesting how a more multi-dimensional framework of inquiry may help us to better understand the complexities of this social institution.
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TL;DR: The Aethops Type in Roman Perceptions as mentioned in this paper is an example of the Aethop type in Roman perception. But the evidence in its Ideological Context Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index
Abstract: Preface Abbreviations Introduction 1. Review of Modern Literature 2. The Aethops Type in Roman Perceptions 3. The Evidence in its Ideological Context Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the official discourse on order and control in prisons and the characteristic methods of identifying "control problem" prisoners are criticised and explored the processes by which "control problems" are socially constructed and then entered into the official public discourse through an analysis of "disciplinary transfers".
Abstract: The prison system of England and Wales relies on a number of measures, said to be 'merely administrative' in character, to maintain order in its establishments. In this paper the official discourse on order and control in prisons is examined and the characteristic methods of identifying 'control problem' prisoners are criticised. The processes by which 'control problems' are socially constructed and then entered into the official discourse are explored through an analysis of 'disciplinary transfers' especially the use of the Circular Instruction 10 of 1974 procedure whereby prisoners can be transferred to special cells in local prisons for a 28 day 'cooling offs period. The analysis is based on observations carried out in five prisons and interviews with both prisoners and security staff as well as documentary records.
TL;DR: It is suggested that medicalization may be conductive to sect development, and that secularization and medicalization are compatible models of social change.
Abstract: This paper examines Bryan Turner's view that medicine has replaced religion as the 'social guardian of morality.' It argues that Turner's failure to co-ordinate the theories of secularization and medicalization has prevented this hypothesis from being fully explored. A systematic and synthesized account of both medicalization and secularization is given, and used as the framework for a review of the history of Seventh-day Adventism-a sect that is both a product and an agent of the two processes. In conclusion it is suggested that medicalization may be conductive to sect development, and that secularization and medicalization are compatible models of social change.
TL;DR: This study shows that among a population in transition, the Alaska Natives, the suicide rate was explained by the Halbwachsian model at least as well as the Durkheimian one and sometimes better and opens up an important field for researchers seeking to understand high rates of suicide.
Abstract: The social integration hypothesis forms the basis of this study. It was first asserted by Durkheim in late nineteenth-century France and many of his assumptions are based on a social disorganizational model. This model tended to equate social change with the breakdown of social control and many of Durkheim's notions about anomie are derived from this view of industrial society. Halbwachs, on the other hand, proposed a social psychological theory of suicide. His model specifies more clearly the conditions under which lack of social integration may induce suicide. This study shows that among a population in transition, the Alaska Natives, the suicide rate was explained by the Halbwachsian model at least as well as the Durkheimian one and sometimes better. The Durkheimian model is shown to reflect a Cartesian dualism, which accounts only for that which is observable, thus making for biased studies of suicide. Moreover, psychopathological research confirms the Halbwachsian model. These findings restore the social isolation theory, once long neglected, to its rightful place among theories of suicide and opens up an important field for researchers seeking to understand high rates of suicide. Language: en
TL;DR: The paper explores the ways in which the rhetoric of family harmony is routinely sustained and reproduced, and considers macrosocial and microsocial supports which sustain family rhetoric by embodying it in the accounts of family members.
Abstract: Observing that the violent realities of family life belie the social rhetoric of harmony, most sociologists recommend 'demythologizing' the family. This paper challenges that view, arguing that social rhetoric must be analysed rather than debunked. The sense-making activities of actors who engage in violent family events are identified as a strategic site for such an analyses. The paper explores the ways in which the rhetoric of family harmony is routinely sustained and reproduced. Two kinds of supports are considered (i) macrosocial supports, which sustain family rhetoric by integrating it into a wider system of collective representations; and (ii) microsocial supports which sustain family rhetoric by embodying it in the accounts of family members. Language: en
TL;DR: The failure of the new Christian right (NCR) in America as an opportunity to reconsider the relationship between religion and modernity has been discussed in this paper, where it is argued that the cultural homogeneity required for a church no longer exists, expansion into the wider society brings pressure to shift to a more denominational self-image.
Abstract: ABSTRAC'r The apparent resurgence of conservative or fundamentalist religion in various parts of the world calls into question sociological orthodoxy about secularization. This essay uses the example of the failure of the new Christian right (NCR) in America as an opportunity to reconsider the relationship between religion and modernity. In addition to assessing the career of the NCR, it argues that there are obvious reasons why fundamentalist movements will not succeed in establishing an imperium. Although the cognitive threats to supernaturalistic religion of science and technology can be readily neutralised, the problems of adapting to social, cultural and religious pluralism cannot. In the language of church, sect, and denomination, fundamentalism can maintain itself in a sectarian form but given that the cultural homogeneity required for a church no longer exists, expansion into the wider society brings pressure to shift to a more denominational self-image. A number of events combine to make this an opportune moment to review the career of the new Christian right (NCR) in America and assess the general lessons for the study of religion and politics in modern democracies. The Reagan presidency- for which the NCR claims some credit- has ended. Revd Pat Robertson's attempt to shift the movement into a higher gear by contesting the Republican party presidential nomination has provided us with good poll data. Revd Jerry Falwell has formally wound up Moral Majority Inc., one of the best-known of NCR organizations. The Supreme Court has produced a judgement which threatens to erode rights to abortion. I will briefly sketch the origins and nature of the NCR, evaluate its impact, and then offer some general observations about the relationship between fundamentalism and modernity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the available evidence relating to changing patterns and conditions of employment so as to try to disentangle some of the longer term underlying trends from the more contingent and historically specific; and to show to what extent each has played its part in creating the labour force with which we enter the l990s, with its particular occupational and industrial structure.
Abstract: It is widely recognised that the 1980s have seen significant changes in patterns of employment in the UK, including major shifts in the industrial and occupational structure, and important developments in the labour market and the conditions and social relations of employment. What might prove more contentious is establishing which changes are the really significant ones and why they have occurred. Should attention be focused on the massive increase in unemployment in the first half of the decade, or on the 'de-regulation' of the labour market and the growth of flexibility (Department of Employment 1985: 18-21)? Have we been living in a period when relatively long term secular trends, such as the decline of employment in manufacturing, have culminated in a 'post-industrial society', or has it been the specific acts and/or failures to act by government which have been the most important influence? Will the l990s see a continuation of the trends of recent years, or will the 1 980s come to be seen as a temporary interruption to developments which characterised earlier decades? The aim of this paper is to consider the available evidence relating to changing patterns and-conditions of employment so as to to try to disentangle some of the longer term underlying trends from the more contingent and historically specific; and to show to what extent each has played its part in creating the labour force with which we enter the l990s, with its particular occupational and industrial structure. The discussion will be divided into two main parts: firstly, an account of the changing size and composition of the economically active population of the UK, the distribution of those in employment by sector, industry and occupation, the level of unemployment and the characteristics of the unemployed. This will be primarily descriptive, though so far as possible it will identify the most important influences on the changes which have taken place. Secondly, we shall consider the somewhat more contentious issues regarding the changing nature of employment relations the nature of the labour market, the conditions of
TL;DR: The doctrine at the centre of Karl Popper's methodology for social science, situational logic, is notoriously obscure as discussed by the authors, and it has been argued that mediately or otherwise, the paramount influence was Max Weber's rationality method.
Abstract: The doctrine at the centre of Karl Popper's methodology for social science―situational logic―is notoriously obscure. The present paper addresses this doctrine and undertakes three tasks. The first, involving an excursion in intellectual history, is to sketch in the doctrine's background and the sources on which Popper drew in formulating it. The contention is that mediately or otherwise, the paramount influence was Max Weber's rationality method. The second task is to clarify Popper's doctrine through exposition of salient passages in his works on philosophy of science and philosophy of social science. Attention is then drawn to shortcomings in, and in Popper's formulations of, situational logic
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the evolution of left anti-Zionism from principle to pragmatism, Zvi Gitelman and Zvi Givelman discuss the origins, form and development of the left-wing anti-zionism in Western societies, Robert S. Wistrich the "perdition" affair, David Cesarani.
Abstract: Part 1 Communist and left anti-Zionism: the evolution of Soviet anti-Zionism: from principle to pragmatism, Zvi Gitelman Soviet anti-Zionism - origins, form and development, Theodore H.Friedgut left-wing anti-Zionism in Western societies, Robert S. Wistrich the "perdition" affair, David Cesarani. Part 2 Muslim, Arab and Third World anti-Zionism: Islamic archetypes of the Jews - then and now, Ronald L.Nettler Islamic fundamentalism, anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Emmanuel Sivan the non-Arab Third World and anti-Semitism, Barry Rubin anti-Israel and anti-Jewish stereotypes in the Arabic media, Raphael Israeli fictive anti-Zionism - Third world, Arab and Muslim variations, Antony Lerman. Part 3 Western anti-Zionism: the Christian churches on Israel and the Jews, Norman Solomon American blacks and Israel, Earl Raab western anti-Zionism - the middle ground, Shlomo Avineri impugning Israel's legitimacy - anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism, Julius Gould anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism - new and old, Yehuda Bauer.
TL;DR: The history of British criminology can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss the development of British criminal justice and the criminal process, and the history of crime in Britain.
Abstract: Foreword. British criminology before 1935 Hermann Mannheim British criminology - 1935-1948 the development of criminology in Britain - 1948-1960 British criminology - 1960-1987 the present state of British criminology methodological developments psychological contributions to criminology feminism and criminology in Britain criminal justice and the criminal process the history of crime British criminology and the state British criminology and Marxism.