Showing papers in "British Journal of Sports Medicine in 1983"
TL;DR: It was concluded that maximal swimming trials are best scheduled for the evening and worst in the early morning, because specific fitness factors cannot clearly account for the higher exercise capability in the evening which is strongly related to the circadian curve in body temperature.
Abstract: The effect of time of day on all-out swim performances was examined. Fourteen subjects performed maximal front crawl swim tests on separate days over 100 m. and 400 m. at 5 different times of day between 06.30 h. and 22.00 h. Performance showed a significant linear trend with time of day in close though not exact association with the circadian rhythm in oral temperature: a goodness of fit test confirmed that the values predicted from linear trend analysis coincided with the measured values (p less than 0.05). The steady improvement throughout the day was 3.5% for 100 m. and 2.5% for 400 m. swims. Trunk flexibility displayed a time of day variation with a trough in the morning and a peak in the afternoon. No significant rhythm was observed in ankle and shoulder flexibility, grip strength or peak expiratory flow rate (p greater than 0.05). It was concluded that maximal swimming trials are best scheduled for the evening and worst in the early morning. Specific fitness factors cannot clearly account for the higher exercise capability in the evening which is strongly related to the circadian curve in body temperature.
124 citations
TL;DR: While there was only a poor correlation between total energy expenditure and performance time for the race, the correlation coefficient was improved when the energy expenditure of each individual was expressed in KJ.J.kg-1 min-1.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the physiological demands of a half-marathon race on a group of ten recreational runners (8 men and 2 women). The average running speed was 223.1 +/- 22.7 m.min-1 (mean +/- SD) for the group and this represented 79 +/- 5% VO2 max for these runners. There was a good correlation between VO2 max and performance time for the race (4 = -0.81; p less than 0.01) and an even better correlation between running speed equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1 and performance times (r = -0.877; p less than 0.01). The blood lactate concentration os 4 of the runners at the end of the race was 5.65 +/- 1.42 mmol.l-1 (mean +/- SD) and the estimated energy expenditure for the group was 6.22 M.J. While there was only a poor correlation between total energy expenditure and performance time for the race, the correlation coefficient was improved when the energy expenditure of each individual was expressed in KJ.kg-1 min-1 (r = 0.938; p less than 0.01).
82 citations
TL;DR: A clinical and radiological study of the knee joints of twenty middle and long distance runners, complaining of knee pain, was carried out, finding osteoarthrosis of varying degree was found in six of the runners.
Abstract: A clinical and radiological study of the knee joints of twenty middle and long distance runners, complaining of knee pain, was carried out. Osteoarthrosis of varying degree was found in six of the runners. A torn meniscus requiring surgery was found in one athlete, and another had considerable ligamentous laxity - both of these conditions predispose to the development of degenerative changes. Degenerative changes were significantly associated with the presence of genu varum (p less than 0.01) and history of severe injury (p less than 0.05). The number of years spent training was significantly greater in the affected group than in the unaffected group (p less than 0.05).
75 citations
TL;DR: Runners preparing to compete in marathon races can expect their training to be interrupted by injury, and almost all injuries affected the lower limb.
Abstract: A questionnaire was sent to all 960 entrants in a major city marathon race to obtain information on training-related injuries. A total of 497 replies were received; of these 287 (58%) had incurred some form of injury during preparation for the race. Seventy-one of these individuals reported more than one injury. Almost all injuries affected the lower limb, with 113 cases (32%) involving pain or disability in the knee. More than half the injured runners (158, 55%) sought no professional advice; approximately half (146, 51%) received no treatment other than rest, which was not generally considered a form of therapy. Only 18 runners (6%) reported no improvement in their condition, while 143 individuals (51%) reported a full recovery. Injury incurred during training was thought by 98 runners (35%) to have had an adverse effect on their racing performance. These results suggest that runners preparing to compete in marathon races can expect their training to be interrupted by injury.
74 citations
TL;DR: Sports Injury Clinics can benefit the injured athlete and there appears to be a need for their development in major hospitals, according to a prospective study over the two years 1981-1982.
Abstract: In a prospective study over the two years 1981-1982, there were 1186 separate sporting injuries treated at a Sports Injury Clinic. Just over 75% of patients were aged between 16 and 25 years old, while 80% were male. Football, Rugby, Running, Squash and Rowing contributed over 70% of these injuries. The commonest injuries were to the lower limb and lumbar region. In 43% of knee injuries there was strain of the collateral ligaments, while another 26% had patello-femoral pain. Short distance running was associated with an increase in shin splints, tibial stress fractures and hamstring injuries. Long distance running was associated with an increase in ankle and foot injuries. Sports Injury Clinics can benefit the injured athlete and there appears to be a need for their development in major hospitals.
71 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that superior exercise performance in the evening may be attributed to a greater tolerance for high intensity exercise which is closely associated with the acrophase in body temperature.
Abstract: The circadian cycle in all-out competitive performance may be due to changes in motivational drive to tolerate strenuous exercise rather than to rhythms in maximal physiological functions. This experiment explored the hypothesis that a fixed relative loading of high intensity aerobic effort could be sustained for longer in the evening compared with the morning. Eight females cycled to exhaustion at 95% VO2 max at 06.30 h. and at 22.00 h. after a 5 min, moderate load of 40% VO2 max. Oral temperature was 0.4 degrees C higher at 22.00 h. compared with the earlier time. Perceived exertion showed no significant effect of time of day at either work load but exercise tolerance time, total work done and peak lactate production were significantly greater at 22.00 h. (p = 0.05). Perceived exertion at the high load was significantly related to endurance time (r = -0.77) and to the rating at the low work level (r = 0.75). Peak lactate was not significantly correlated with the time to exhaustion (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that superior exercise performance in the evening may be attributed to a greater tolerance for high intensity exercise which is closely associated with the acrophase in body temperature.
68 citations
TL;DR: The physiological and anthropometric characteristics of 23 non-elite women marathoners studied suggest that women marathon runners are similar in anthropometric measurements, and that improved performance is associated with higher aerobic capacity and years of training rather than with body dimensions.
Abstract: The physiological and anthropometric characteristics of 23 non-elite women marathoners were studied. Ten of these women had never run a marathon before (novices) and 13 had run at least one marathon during the previous year (experienced). A comparison of characteristics of these two groups to each other and to elite women marathoners, as reported in the literature, disclosed no significant (p greater than 0.01) among the groups in age, % body fat, body weight, height, lean body mass or HR max. Significant differences (p less than 0.01) were noted, however, in VO2 max (45.8, 51.8, 59.1 ml.kg-1 min-1), VE max (76.3, 94.7, 108.9 L.min-1), and years of training (0.54, 2.06, 4.55 years) with the novice runners having the smallest values, the experienced runners having the next larger values, and the elite runners having the largest values. For our subjects, estimated percentage of body fat did not correlate with finish time, but VO2 max and finish time were significantly related (r = -0.72, p less than 0.01). This suggest that women marathon runners are similar in anthropometric measurements, and that improved performance is associated with higher aerobic capacity and years of training rather than with body dimensions.
56 citations
TL;DR: These players had higher maximum oxygen uptake values, were similar in endurance sit-up and vertical jump ability, exhibited less upper body strength, and the forwards had lower body fat percentages.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric and physiological parameters that apply to a USA amateur rugby union club team. Fifteen players who were members of the club's first team were evaluated for body composition, muscular strength, power and endurance, flexibility, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, and cardio-respiratory function shortly after completion of the regular season. Means for some of the variables measured include: age, 29 yr; height, 180 cm; weight, 84 kg; lean body weight, 74 kg; body fat, 12%, endurance sit-ups, 50/min; vertical jump height, 51 cm; anaerobic power output, 132 m.kg.s-1 (1.32 kw); anaerobic capacity, 2247 m.kp/40s (22.5 kJ); maximum heart rate, 186 beats/min; maximum ventilation, 175 l/min-1; maximum respiratory quotient 1.23; and maximum oxygen uptake, 56.6 ml.kg-1 min-1. In comparison with other rugby players studied these players had higher maximum oxygen uptake values, were similar in endurance sit-up and vertical jump ability, exhibited less upper body strength, and the forwards had lower body fat percentages. They were generally within the range of scores found to describe the aerobic and anaerobic fitness, and body composition of other elite amateur and professional intermittent sport athletes.
50 citations
TL;DR: In order to elucidate the full extent and impact of injuries in the Martial Arts, a number of athletes were surveyed during and after tournament and training sessions in order to determine the number and quality of sports-related injuries.
Abstract: To date there has been little data available regarding the safety and injury statistics in the sports referred to collectively as the Martial Arts which includes any of the Eastern methods of hand combat or self-defence: Judo*, Aikido, Jiujitsu, Kung Fu, Karate, Tae Kwon Do, etc. Much of the information is not too useful since it is several decades old and is derived from studies done primarily in Japan (Nakata and Shirahata, 1943). Over the last decade Martial Arts has enjoyed a remarkable degree of acceptance and growth spurt in America and Great Britain. The estimated number of athletes actively participating in the sport is about 200,000 with a 5:1 male to female ratio. One large international survey has shown that the risk of serious injury is small (less than 0.2%) and that the majority of reported injuries are mild to moderate in nature and consist of sprains, strains, contusions, and minor lacerations (Birrer and Birrer, 1982). The incidence of injury is higher in the tournament situation in which in 1976 there was some form of injury in every 4 contests and an incapacitating injury every ten contests (McLatchie, 1976). A wide range of trauma has been recorded and though rare, life threatening injuries to the head, thorax, and abdomen have occurred (Kurland, 1980; Cantwell and King, 1973). In order to elucidate the full extent and impact of injuries in the Martial Arts we surveyed a number of athletes during and after tournament and training sessions in order to determine the number and quality of sports-related injuries.
43 citations
TL;DR: Fifty athletes with resistant symptoms, were jointly assessed by physician and podiatrist, and results up to 3 1/2 years' follow-up show symptom relief in 56% and improvement in 8%.
Abstract: Fifty athletes with resistant symptoms, were jointly assessed by physician and podiatrist. Commonest symptoms were foot pains (38%), anterior knee pain (34%), ankle pains including chronic sprains (30%) and Achilles pain (16%). Simple clinical examinations were made for gait pattern, in which overpronation was specifically noted in 46%, posture, leg length and configuration, rearfoot and forefoot alignment. The commonest abnormalities were calcaneal inversion (varus) in 42%, forefoot malalignment (varus 24%, valgus 14%), tibial varus (12%) and leg length discrepancies (16%). Individually casted orthotic corrections were made using rigid (60%) or soft (32%) orthoses, both (6%) or a simple shoe-raise (2%). Results up to 3 1/2 years' follow-up show symptom relief in 56% and improvement in 8%. No change was reported in 14%, while 6% could not tolerate appliances and 16% were lost to follow-up. 54% were still using orthoses, 26% had abandoned them and 20% were lost to follow-up. Orthoses now cost up to pounds 90 stg. in UK. If only about two thirds of patients benefit from them and half continue their long term use, critical selection of cases is required in both clinical and economic grounds.
35 citations
TL;DR: Body weight, fibre type, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and hamstring strength were significant singular correlates to successful distance running.
Abstract: Twenty-four collegiate distance runners and 20 power athletes (sprinters and jumpers) of various success levels were tested on a number of physiological and psychological parameters. Multiple regression analysis indicated that physiological factors could explain over 81% of the variance related to successful distance running while physiological and psychological factors could explain over 80% of the of the variance related to successful sprinting and jumping. Body weight, fibre type, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and hamstring strength were significant singular correlates to successful distance running. Year in school, percent body fat, quadriceps strength, and leg muscle balance were significant single correlates to successful sprinting and jumping performance.
TL;DR: The number and types of casualties which occurred during the 1982 Sheffield Marathon are reported and relate them to characteristics of the runners concerned so that the risk of sustaining particular injuries can be assessed.
Abstract: Open-entry marathon running events are becoming increasingly common. In 1982 more than a hundred such events were planned in Britain (Running Magazine, 1982), and the popularity of these events may still be on the increase. The tens of thousands of runners taking part may be at some risk of sustaining injuries whilst training for and running in these races. Nicholl and Williams (1982a) have given some information about the numbers and types of injuries sustained in training by those entrants to the 1982 Sheffield Marathon who were prevented from racing by a training injury. Maughan and Miller (1982) have given complementary information about the numbers and types of injuries sustained in training by those who ran in the 1982 Aberdeen Marathon. Nicholl and Williams also described the after-effects for runners who completed the Sheffield Marathon, and in another paper (Nicholl and Williams, 1982b) have reported the number of requests for treatment at first-aid posts during the 1982 Sheffield Marathon and have described the injuries that were presented. These numbers can be used to forecast the workload of the first-aid services during a popular marathon. However, they cannot be used to assess the risk of sustaining injuries during the race because many runners presented more than once to the first-aid services, sometimes with the same problem and sometimes with a different one. Accordingly, in this paper we report the number and types of casualties which occurred during the 1982 Sheffield Marathon (which had a half-marathon option) and relate them to characteristics of the runners concerned so that the risk of sustaining particular injuries can be assessed.
TL;DR: Three cases of the antebrachial-palmar hammer syndrome are described in volley ball players who all suffered from a decreased blood perfusion of their right hand and fingers due to the repeated ball and floor impacts during the volley ball training and playing.
Abstract: Three cases of the antebrachial-palmar hammer syndrome are described in volley ball players. They all suffered from a decreased blood perfusion of their right hand and fingers due to the repeated ball and floor impacts during the volley ball training and playing. The vascular lesions of the radial and ulnar arteries were reversible. The patients recovered spontaneously during the rest from excessive physical activity by their hands. The vascular lesions of this kind are rare but seem to be typical to volley ball players.
TL;DR: Physical conditioning increased significantly the rate of blood lactate disappearance during active recovery performed at the same relative exercise intensity as before, attributed to the higher absolute intensity of recovery work performed.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical conditioning on the rate of blood lactate disappearance during recovery from supramaximal exercise. The rate of blood lactate disappearance was determined in 11 female and 4 male subjects before and after a 6-week conditioning programme. Blood samples were taken during the 30 minutes following supramaximal exercise during both passive (resting) and active recoveries. Pre-test active recovery was performed at 25% VO2 max; post-test active recovery was performed at both the same absolute and relative intensities (% VO2 max) as during the pre-test. Eight of the subjects trained 4 days/week for 6 weeks with high-intensity interval bicycle ergometer exercise, and 7 subjects served as controls. The conditioning programme significantly (p less than .05) increased VO2 max by 6.7 ml/kg.min (15%) and work capacity on the cycle ergometer by 2.8 minutes (27%). Physical conditioning did not affect significantly (p less than .05) the rate of blood lactate disappearance measured during passive recovery or during active recovery at the same absolute intensity, but increased significantly (p less than .05) the rate of blood lactate disappearance during active recovery performed at the same relative exercise intensity. The increased disappearance rate following conditioning was attributed to the higher absolute intensity of recovery work performed.
TL;DR: The results showed that the maternal rats that did not continue exercising throughout pregnancy produced, on average, approximately 3 more fetuses per litter than the rats that exercised, although this difference was not significant.
Abstract: Ten female Sprague-Dawley rats (45.3 days old, s.d. = 3.9) were acclimatised to running on a treadmill at 20 m/min on a 10 degrees incline for 1 hour per day. After mating, one rat from each of 5 pairs continued running on the treadmill at 15 m/min on a 10 degrees incline for 1 hour per day throughout gestation whilst the other rats followed normal laboratory routine. All the rats were weighed daily and at birth the number and weights of all fetuses were measured. In addition, a small piece of diaphragmatic muscle was taken from each of three fetuses from each litter and assessed both histologically and histochemically. The results showed that the maternal rats that did not continue exercising throughout pregnancy produced, on average, approximately 3 more fetuses per litter than the rats that exercised, although this difference was not significant. There was also no difference in mean fetal weight between the two groups and no difference could be demonstrated in the development of the diaphragm muscle.
TL;DR: A case is reported and clinical and electrodiagnostic findings in cyclist's palsy are discussed and possible aetiologies are presented and preventive measures emphasised.
Abstract: Electrodiagnostic findings in cyclist's palsy have rarely been reported. The purpose of this paper is to report a case and discuss clinical and electrodiagnostic findings. Possible aetiologies are presented and preventive measures emphasised.
TL;DR: Of the 109 specialist female physical education students who answered a detailed questionnaire on menstruation and the contraceptive pill in relation to exercise, 91 (83.5%) reported that they suffered menstrual problems, which included stomach ache, depression, abdominal cramps and backache.
Abstract: Of the 109 specialist female physical education students who answered a detailed questionnaire on menstruation and the contraceptive pill in relation to exercise, 91 (83.5%) reported that they suffered menstrual problems. These included stomach ache, depression, abdominal cramps and backache. Over two-thirds of the students considered that these problems adversely influenced their physical performance. However, whether they had a mainly physiological or psychological effect is not clear. Many of the students with menstrual problems thought that exercise had a beneficial effect and helped alleviate their discomfort. A small number of students reported problems such as amenorrhoea and reduced menses possibly due to excessive training. Just under half the students in the investigation took the contraceptive pill, and though as many students taking the pill complained of menstrual problems as those not taking it, they reported less problems and to a lesser degree. Most students claimed that taking the contraceptive pill had no effect upon their performance.
TL;DR: Roller skating injuries have been occurring at a higher rate than the previously reported skateboarding epidemic of 1977 but the severity of injury has been lower, 32% fractures and dislocations occurring whilst roller skating, compared to 60% whilst skateboarding.
Abstract: A series of 100 roller skating injuries is presented. Roller skating injuries have been occurring at a higher rate than the previously reported skateboarding epidemic of 1977. The severity of injury has been lower, 32% fractures and dislocations occurring whilst roller skating, compared to 60% whilst skateboarding. In particular a striking reduction is seen in ankle fractures. Fifty questionnaires detailing method of injury were analysed.
TL;DR: There has been recent reference in the biomechanics literature to the possible relationship between back pain and unattenuated skeletal shock waves, and should there be a causal link between stiffer suspension and back pain it is likely that these other racing drivers will also suffer increased back pain.
Abstract: During 1981/2 there was considerable reference, in the motor sport press, to the back pain being suffered by the Formula One Grand Prix drivers, which coincided with an increase in aerodynamic down force and reduction in suspension movement. The design concepts involved are also being applied to the lesser formulae, both professional and amateur. There has been recent reference in the biomechanics literature to the possible relationship between back pain and unattenuated skeletal shock waves, and should there be a causal link between stiffer suspension and back pain it is likely that these other racing drivers will also suffer increased back pain.
TL;DR: W and Q were equally effective in preventing plasma volume changes during exercise and restoration to pre-exercise levels during recovery, as well as in preventing Plasma osmolality disturbances during Exercise and recovery, although minimal plasma electrolyte changes were associated with Q.
Abstract: Seven highly trained subjects underwent exercise dehydration without fluid replacement (X), resulting in approximately 19% and approximately 35% body weight (fluid) losses at one and two hours, respectively Subsequently, subjects underwent two identical exercise trials with isovolumetric fluid replacement of water (W) and an experimental formulation (Q) An anti-dehydration schedule was initiated prior to, and continued throughout the exercise, with W and Q supplied every 15 minutes at 16 degrees C in volumes related to each subject's fluid loss estimate derived from trial X A rehydration schedule was maintained for two hours of recovery, with total fluid replacement equivalent to the body weight decrement due to fluid losses In both W and Q trials, selected physiological indices of work performance were maintained closer to homeostatic levels during exercise, with a more rapid return to pre-exercise resting levels during recovery than during that trial X Furthermore, W and Q were equally effective in preventing plasma volume changes during exercise and restoration to pre-exercise levels during recovery, as well as in preventing plasma osmolality disturbances during exercise and recovery, although minimal plasma electrolyte changes were associated with Q
TL;DR: It is concluded that trait as well as transient dispositions are relevant when psychological determinants of performance are considered, with the greatest decrease being observed in the top performers.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between state/trait anxiety and competitive cross-country performance for males and females. A-trait and A-state pre- and post-competition were monitored in 38 females and 26 males at major meetings. The females' A-trait was correlated with pre-race A-state (p less than .05) which was itself correlated significantly with race performance (p less than .05). A significant post-race A-state reduction occurred only with the better runners. The correlation between A-trait and pre-race A-state was also found in the male athletes (p less than .05) while A-trait significantly correlated with race performance (p less than .05). A-state was significantly reduced post-race, the greatest decrease being observed in the top performers. It is concluded that trait as well as transient dispositions are relevant when psychological determinants of performance are considered.
TL;DR: The results suggest that in order to attain maximal distance thrown the Javelin thrower should achieve positive acceleration during the running approach, effective thrusting with th right leg on the penultimate stride and carry the javelin during the last strides at the optimal angle of release.
Abstract: Th purpose of this study was to analyse by correlational methods the biomechanical factors involved in achieving the maximal distance thrown in the javelin event. Twelve Swiss decathletes and two world class javelin specialists were filmed by a high speed (102 fps) 16 mm camera throwing a total of 20 trials. The co-ordinates of the resulting cyclograms were processed by a computer programme and the results submitted to correlational analysis. The highest correlation was 0.76 between velocity at release and distance thrown. Other negative correlations were found between distance thrown and angle of the javelin with the horizontal (0.52) and distance thrown and throwing hand to contralateral foot distance during the last strides (0.67). Javelin specialists, who had longer throws than decathletes (mean = 79.03 m versus 54.29 m), had a smaller difference between the angle of attack and angle of release. The results suggest that in order to attain maximal distance thrown the javelin thrower should achieve positive acceleration during the running approach, effective thrusting with th right leg on the penultimate stride and carry the javelin during the last strides at the optimal angle of release (32 to 36 degrees).
TL;DR: The results of these studies indicate a high level of fitness among Scottish national swimmers, compared with other investigations of international competitive swimmers.
Abstract: Competitive swimmers require a high aerobic capacity to support the sustained performance of severe exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake values and blood lactate concentrations were measured in ten male and fifteen female swimmers from the Scottish National and Youth Squads 1981-82. Lung function tests were also performed to determine pulmonary efficiency. The results of these studies were compared with other investigations of international competitive swimmers and indicate a high level of fitness among Scottish national swimmers.
TL;DR: The degree of generality between the endurance characteristics of the one mile run and PWC170 tests was examined with a group of fifteen year old boys who performed both tests once a week for three weeks, suggesting that norm scales regarding performance in both tests should be based on the average of at least two trials following a practice trial.
Abstract: The degree of generality between the endurance characteristics of the one mile run and PWC170 tests was examined with a group of fifteen year old boys who performed both tests once a week for three weeks. A significant improvement in performance of both tests was found between trials 1 and 2, which was sustained between trials 2 and 3. These results suggest that norm scales regarding performance in both tests should be based on the average of at least two trials following a practice trial. The results of the present study also suggest that when average scores are used, rather than single scores, the amount of generality between the endurance characteristics of the one mile run and PWC170 test is high enough to allow physical working capacity to be predicted fairly accurately from performance in the one mile run.
TL;DR: A long-term survey was carried out to assess certain fundamental features and to establish the predictive factors which affect the prognosis after meniscectomy.
Abstract: Meniscectomy is a frequent surgical procedure in young soccer players but the results are unpredictable. A long-term survey was carried out to assess certain fundamental features and to establish the predictive factors which affect the prognosis after meniscectomy.
TL;DR: Anaerobic power in relation to field position of 90 Indian hockey players has been studied and the centre-forwards are heaviest with maximum anaerobicPower and are followed by inside- forwards and outside-forward, whereas, in vertical velocity, the inside-for forwards are fastest followed by centre- Forwards andOutside-Forwards.
Abstract: Anaerobic power in relation to field position of 90 Indian hockey players has been studied. These players included 10 goalkeepers, 16 backs, 20 half-backs and 44 forwards. The goalkeepers possess maximum and forwards possess minimum anaerobic power while in vertical velocity, the former are the fastest and the latter are the slowest. In body weight the backs are heaviest followed by half-backs, goalkeepers and forwards. Among backs, the lefts are heavier, faster and have more anaerobic power than rights. In half-line players, the centre-half-backs are followed by left-half-backs and right-half-backs both in body weight and anaerobic power, while in vertical velocity, the left-half-backs are the fastest and centre-half-backs are the slowest. Among forwards, the centre-forwards are heaviest with maximum anaerobic power and are followed by inside-forwards and outside-forwards, whereas, in vertical velocity the inside-forwards are fastest followed by centre-forwards and outside-forwards.
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that the benefits of endurance training are independent of the absolute values of VO2 max, and that greater fat metabolism in the well-trained female group in both Tests.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to re-examine the commonly accepted association between high maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) values and the characteristics of metabolic adaptation to endurance training. The metabolic responses of 9 active males and 8 endurance trained females were observed during one hour of treadmill running at two speeds. One speed was common to both groups (3.58 m s-1. Test 1) whereas the second speed represented approximately 62% VO2 max for each individual (Test 2). The VO2 max values of the males were significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than those of the females but observations of the respiratory exchange ratio and of the changes in the concentrations of metabolites were indicative of greater fat metabolism in the well-trained female group in both Tests. Thus the results of this study suggest that the benefits of endurance training are independent of the absolute values of VO2 max.
TL;DR: A single report of a very unusual stress fracture in the ischium of a fourteen year old athlete is reported.
Abstract: A single report of a very unusual stress fracture in the ischium of a fourteen year old athlete. The mechanism and the more usual lesion of ischial apophysiolysis is discussed.
TL;DR: The following case report describes a crush like fracture of the fibular sesamoid in a female jogger, possibly produced by repeated microtraumas.
Abstract: Fractures of the sesamoids are quite uncommon, but when they occur, they are usually caused by direct violence, such as a fall from a height (Brown, 1980). The tibial sesamoid is more often injured, owing to its position under the head of the first metatarsal bone. The following case report describes a crush like fracture of the fibular sesamoid in a female jogger, possibly produced by repeated microtraumas.
TL;DR: It appears that the circulating thyroid hormones are not acutely affected after maximal or near-maximal exercise; however, the patient population was highly select.
Abstract: Sera from 20 patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease were measured for thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), tri-iodothyronine uptake ratio (T3UR), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3), before and after maximal or near-maximal exercise. On the average the patients achieved 92% (rang 68-108) of the predicted maximum heart rate. There were no statistically significant differences between the pre- and the post-exercise serum levels of thyroid hormones. When five patients who achieved less than 90% of the predicted maximum heart rate were excluded, the results remained unchanged. It appears that the circulating thyroid hormones are not acutely affected after maximal or near-maximal exercise; however, the patient population was highly select.