Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences in 1971"
TL;DR: In this paper, a system was presented whereby volcanic rocks may be classified chemically as follows: Subalkaline Rocks:A.B. Tholeiitic basalt series:Tholeitic picrite-basalt; tholeiite, tholeitic andesite; dacite; rhyolite.
Abstract: A system is presented whereby volcanic rocks may be classified chemically as follows:I. Subalkaline Rocks:A. Tholeiitic basalt series:Tholeiitic picrite-basalt; tholeiite; tholeiitic andesite.B. Calc-alkali series:High-alumina basalt; andesite; dacite; rhyolite.II. Alkaline Rocks:A. Alkali olivine basalt series:(1) Alkalic picrite–basalt; ankaramite; alkali basalt; hawaiite; mugearite; benmorite; trachyte.(2) Alkalic picrite–basalt; ankaramite; alkali basalt; trachybasalt; tristanite; trachyte.B. Nephelinic, leucitic, and analcitic rocks.III. Peralkaline Rocks:pantellerite, commendite, etc.
6,269 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the sulfide fractionation factors involving pairs of pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena have been determined experimentally over the temperature range 250 °C to 600 °C.
Abstract: Sulfur isotopic fractionation factors involving pairs of pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and galena have been determined experimentally over the temperature range 250 °C to 600 °C.Since chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite are not stable at higher PS2 conditions, buffer assemblages were necessary to control PS2 in experiments with these minerals. Since low PS2 values and low temperatures are unfavorable to rapid isotope exchange, techniques were devised whereby equilibrium constants could be estimated indirectly in systems where direct measurements are not possible because of the time factor.Current data place the sulfide minerals in the following order of 34S enrichment under equilibrium exchange conditions: pyrite > (pyrrhotite sphalerite) > chalcopyrite > galena in agreement with theoretical predictions. In agreement with theory the equilibrium exchange constant K for a given mineral pair depends upon temperature as follows: 1000 ln , where A denotes a constant. The A values for various mineral pa...
213 citations
TL;DR: Alluvial fan construction within the interior valleys of southern British Columbia was dependent upon temporary conditions resulting from deglaciation Glacial drift was reworked by streams and mudflows to form fans whose composition is dependent upon the nature of the drift supply and the hydrologic character of the parent basinStratigraphic evidence suggests that fan building commenced soon after valley floors became ice-free, continued during postglacial aggradation by major rivers and for some time after wards Most recently, fans were built upon degradational river terraces Mazama volcanic ash within fans indicates that their construction
Abstract: Alluvial fan construction within the interior valleys of southern British Columbia was dependent upon temporary conditions resulting from deglaciation Glacial drift was reworked by streams and mudflows to form fans whose composition is dependent upon the nature of the drift supply and the hydrologic character of the parent basinStratigraphic evidence suggests that fan building commenced soon after valley floors became ice-free, continued during post-glacial aggradation by major rivers and for some time after wards Most recently, fans were built upon degradational river terraces Mazama volcanic ash within fans indicates that their construction continued until after 6600 years BP After deposition ceased many fans were dissected either as local base-levels were lowered under the control of degrading major rivers or by fan-head trenching initiated as the debris supply declined Where fan building persisted during degradation, multi-level fans were constructed
207 citations
TL;DR: Fusulinacean faunas in Upper Paleozoic lithological sequences containing volcanic rocks in the western Canadian Cordillera form two assemblages based on geographic association of genera as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Fusulinacean faunas in Upper Paleozoic lithological sequences containing volcanic rocks in the western Canadian Cordillera form two assemblages based on geographic association of genera. One assemblage, in Permian strata, is dominated by genera of the family Schwagerinidae and occupies belts in the eastern and western parts of the western Cordillera. This assemblage is associated with brachiopods, bryozoans, horn corals, and crinoids and is in limestones interbedded with clastic rocks and volcanic rocks of variable composition. The other Permian assemblage is dominated by genera of the family Verbeekinidae and occupies a central belt where it occurs with crinoid detritus and algae in thick, regionally extensive limestones associated with cherts, basalt, and ultramafic rocks. The less-well documented Pennsylvanian fusulinaceans appear to occupy similar belts. Because fossils of both assemblages are at least in part time equivalent, their distribution may well be due to differing local environments. In addi...
206 citations
TL;DR: In this article, detailed descriptions of the mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, and physical properties of serpentinized ultramafic rocks dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45° N support an interpretation of the events which affected these rocks after their original crystallization.
Abstract: Detailed descriptions of the mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, and physical properties of serpentinized ultramafic rocks dredged from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45° N support an interpretation of the events which affected these rocks after their original crystallization. Crystallization apparently took place in lopoliths emplaced at the Crust/Upper Mantle interface beneath the axis of the ridge under conditions quiet enough to permit gravity crystal differentiation and layering. The rocks were then fractured without hydration under high hydrostatic pressure, with a feeble directional component, possibly under conditions favoring solid-state recrystallization of interstitial minerals. Hydration (amphibolization) began during the last phases of intimate mechanical deformation and the commencement of rodingitic metasomatism. Further hydration resulted in multiple overlapping periods of serpentinization dependent on varying physical conditions. Hydrating fluids may have been derived both from juvenile wat...
179 citations
TL;DR: In this article, massive ground ice is shown to exist along the arctic coastal plain east of the Alaska-Yukon boundary for a distance of at least 500 km, with an ice content defined in terms of the weight of ice to dry soil, in excess of 200% for sections as much as 35'm thick.
Abstract: Massive beds of ground ice are shown to exist along the arctic coastal plain east of the Alaska–Yukon boundary for a distance of at least 500 km. The massive ground ice can be seen in both undisturbed and glacially disturbed Pleistocene sediments. An examination of several thousand seismic shot hole logs, from drill holes of 15 to 35 m in depth, also corroborates the widespread occurrence of ground ice. The icy beds typically have an ice content, defined in terms of the weight of ice to dry soil, in excess of 200% for sections as much as 35 m thick. A theory is presented which suggests that: the ice is of segregation origin; the source of excess water was from the expulsion of ground water during the freezing of sands; and high pore water pressures, favorable to ice segregation, developed beneath an aggrading impermeable permafrost cover. Permafrost aggradation may have occurred either on an exposed sea floor during a period of sea level lowering which would have accompanied a glacier advance, or followin...
148 citations
TL;DR: The construction of paraglacial alluvial fans commenced during deglaciation and was dependent upon the temporary abundance of glacially formed debris as mentioned in this paper, and the construction of fans was dependent on the availability of a temporary supply of glaciers.
Abstract: The construction of paraglacial alluvial fans commenced during deglaciation and was dependent upon the temporary abundance of glacially formed debris. Correlation and regression analyses for five g...
146 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply plate-tectonics to explain the geologic evolution of southeastern Atlantic Canada and northwestern Africa and show that the North Atlantic may have opened and closed several times from the mid-mid 1800s to the early 2000s.
Abstract: The model applies plate-tectonics to explain the geologic evolution of southeastern Atlantic Canada and northwestern Africa. The North Atlantic may have opened and closed several times from the mid...
129 citations
TL;DR: The field relations of Tertiary basalts which are preserved as small patches intermittently along the coast for 90 km northwest from Cape Dyer, Baffin Island are described in this paper.
Abstract: This paper describes the field relations of Tertiary basalts which are preserved as small patches intermittently along the coast for 90 km northwest from Cape Dyer, Baffin Island. The flat-lying, subaerial lavas generally rest directly on the Precambrian basement but in some localities a thin sequence of terrestrial sediments intervenes between the basement and the volcanics. Where the sediments occur, the overlying volcanics tend to be divisible into a lower unit of subaqueous volcanic breccia and an upper sequence of subaerial flows. In age, stratigraphic position and magma-type, these volcanics strongly resemble those of the basalt province of west Greenland. A model is presented for the generation of both provinces in a single volcanic episode, related to the opening of Labrador Sea – Baffin Bay by continental drift.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared sediments and bed forms from three braided outwash plains and one steep non-braided mountain stream in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta to those exposed in a paleo-out...
Abstract: Sediments and bed forms from three braided outwash plains and one steep non-braided mountain stream in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta are compared to sediments and structures exposed in a paleo-out...
117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a seismic refraction experiment was conducted in the Pacific Ocean basin, off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, to obtain an estimate of the anisotropy of the mantle P-wave velocity in the area and to relate this parameter to the direction of sea floor spreading.
Abstract: A seismic refraction experiment was conducted in the Pacific Ocean basin, off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. The purpose of these measurements was to obtain an estimate of the anisotropy of the mantle P-wave velocity in the area and to relate this parameter to the direction of sea floor spreading. The results show that the crustal structure is similar to that measured elsewhere in the Pacific basin. Significant anisotropy of the mantle rocks is observed; the direction in which the maximum velocity occurs being 107° and the change of velocity, about 8% of the mean value, 8.07 km/s. The direction of maximum velocity does not coincide exactly with the direction of sea floor spreading, 090°, inferred from magnetic lineations.
TL;DR: Problems arising from the classification and dating of Triassic rocks and ammonoids are reviewed in this article, where it is emphasized that all chronostratigraphic units must be based on stratotypes in order to achieve an unambiguous time scale.
Abstract: Problems arising from the classification and dating of Triassic rocks and ammonoids are reviewed It is emphasized that all chronostratigraphic units must be based on stratotypes in order to achieve an unambiguous time scale Explanations are sought for anomalies encountered when comparing ammonoid age ranges determined in North America with alleged ranges based on European and Asian occurrences Most can be resolved by taking into account recent research on penecontemporaneous solution processes or by invoking condensation Both have resulted in the mixing of natural faunas at European and Asian localities Review of problems of ammonoid classification and taxonomy indicates that the recognition of a variable species is only possible when the full range of variation has been established in a population, ie from a series of specimens of one age obtained from one place For discriminating higher taxa the evidence indicates that no single character, of either the inner of outer whorl, is of overriding sig
TL;DR: A contour map has been constructed of the perturbation of heat flow caused by the Wisconsin and earlier glaciations of the Pleistocene period as discussed by the authors, showing that in most areas the disturbance is of the order of 10% or less of the average heat flow.
Abstract: A contour map has been constructed of the perturbation of heat flow caused by the Wisconsin and earlier glaciations of the Pleistocene period. Under extreme conditions perturbation can be as high as one-third of the world average heat flow, but in most areas the disturbance is of the order of 10% or less of the average heat flow.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Logan Loop was used to define the path that the pole took in Neohelikian time relative to the Canadian Shield, and the Abitibi dikes, at 134° W, 27° N (1150m.y.), and the Mackenzie igneous events, at 171°W, 4°N (1200 m.y.).
Abstract: Normally magnetized dikes and reversely magnetized sills of Neohelikian age near the northwest shore of Lake Superior form two distinct paleomagnetic groups with mean pole positions of 179° W, 35° N, and 140° W, 47° N respectively. Thermal and alternating field demagnetization and the study of magnetic properties and opaque minerals indicate that directions of magnetization of these rocks were acquired at the time of their intrusion. Field evidence suggests that the sills are older than the dikes and radiogenic age determinations indicate that the intrusion of both occurred between 1000 and 1100 m.y. ago.These pole positions, together with those for the Franklin intrusions pole at 167° E, 08° N (675 m.y.), the Abitibi dikes, at 134° W, 27° N (1150 m.y.), and the Mackenzie igneous events, at 171° W, 4° N (1200 m.y.) are used to define the Logan Loop, the path that the pole took in Neohelikian time relative to the Canadian Shield. Other poles well defined magnetically, but less well dated, from rocks of thi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the northern Canadian Shield was near the equator at the time of intrusion, and this is in agreement with evidence of warm conditions of deposition found in erosional remnants of related late Proterozoic sediments.
Abstract: Diabase intrusions, which have a probable mean age of 675 m.y., occur in a giant arc across the northern part of the Canadian Shield. They have a paleomagnetic pole position of 167° E, 8° N (α95 = 5°), and at least one reversal. The paleomagnetic results indicate that the northern Canadian Shield was near the equator at the time of intrusion, and this is in agreement with evidence of warm conditions of deposition found in erosional remnants of related late Proterozoic sediments. Some of the diabase, near the shores of Davis Strait, may have been partially remagnetized during the opening of Baffin Bay in the early Tertiary.
TL;DR: The Michikamau anorthosite possesses very stable natural remanent magnetization, some of which resists alternating fields up to 1800 Oe as mentioned in this paper, and magnetite is the dominant magnetic constituent.
Abstract: The Michikamau anorthosite possesses very stable natural remanent magnetization, some of which resists alternating fields up to 1800 Oe. The rock contains two types of opaque grains, fine opaque needles of order 10 × 0.5 μ in the plagioclase felspar, and large equidimensional magnetite particles. Ore microscope studies suggest, but do not establish, that the needles are composed of magnetite. Saturation isothermal remanence and thermal demagnetization studies indicate magnetite as the carrier of remanent magnetization. In order to distinguish the effects of the large grains from those of the needles, mineral separation was used to show that an artificial specimen of essentially pure plagioclase had very similar isothermal remanent magnetization properties to the whole rock. Both indicated magnetite as the magnetic mineral. Thermoremanent properties of the separated mineral fractions indicated magnetite as the dominant magnetic constituent but showed some evidence of laboratory-produced hematite. Theoretic...
TL;DR: In this paper, surface wave phase velocities between stations of the Canadian seismic network were combined with crustal refraction data to obtain crust and upper mantle models for a number of regions of Canada.
Abstract: Surface wave phase velocities between stations of the Canadian seismic network were combined with crustal refraction data to obtain crust and upper mantle models for a number of regions of Canada. Both Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion were used. After fixing model crustal thicknesses and Pn velocities from refraction measurements, the fit to surface wave phase velocities was obtained primarily by variation of the shear velocities and the thickness of the lithosphere.Striking differences are found in the depth to the upper mantle low velocity layer with a minimum lithospheric thickness in the Cordillera and the thickest in the central Shield area. In addition the low velocity contrast is most prominent in the Cordillera. The base of the low velocity layer is less well defined from the study, but may be deepest in shield areas.The results obtained indicate the potential of the methods for determining more detail about boundaries between different lithospheric units, and appear to be generally concordant wi...
TL;DR: A paleomagnetic study was attempted of the diabase dike swarm intruding the Grenville structural province of the Canadian Shield as mentioned in this paper, where alternating field and thermal demagnetization studies were performed.
Abstract: A paleomagnetic study was attempted of the diabase dike swarm intruding the Grenville structural province of the Canadian Shield. Both the alternating field and thermal demagnetization studies indi...
TL;DR: Several 14C-dated marine shells (and exceptionally even estuarine peat) found at about the present sea level in different regions of the world suggest a eustatic high stand at about 30 000 B.P. as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Several 14C-dated marine shells (and exceptionally even estuarine peat) found at about the present sea level—just below to just above—in different regions of the world suggest a eustatic high stand at about 30 000 B.P.; however, this appears to be incorrect for two main reasons.1. From climatic–glaciologic point of view the interstadial at about 30 000 B.P. (Denekamp, Plum Point, etc.) must correspond to an ocean level far below the present (or roughly corresponding to the Late Glacial one at about 12 000 B.P.).2. Contamination of a sample containing dead or almost dead carbon by 1–5% modern carbon will give the sample an apparent age of 36 000–24 000 B.P.
TL;DR: The Crater Lake depression is the surface expression of the Crater lake collapse structure as discussed by the authors, which comprises two main concentric fault zones forming an inner and outer cylinder of collapse.
Abstract: The Crater Lake depression is the surface expression of the Crater Lake collapse structure. The structure comprises 2 main concentric fault zones forming an inner and outer cylinder of collapse beneath Crater Lake. The inner cylinder, which is about 300 ft (~100 m) in diameter, was down faulted about 140 ft (~43 m) in Late Cretaceous – Tertiary – Early Pleistocene time and the outer cylinder, which is about 700 ft (~213 m) in diameter, was downfaulted 50 to 100 ft (15 – 30 m) during the last deglaciation about 13 600 years ago. The Crater Lake structure was formed presumably by collapse as a result of the removal of salt from the Prairie Evaporite Formation by groundwater.
TL;DR: The whole-rock isochron ages for the Northern Light Gneiss, the Saganaga tonalite, and the lcarus pluton are 2740, 2710, and 2690 m.y..
Abstract: Whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron and mineral ages from the Saganaga Lake – Northern Light Lake area on the Ontario–Minnesota boundary indicate a major orogeny at 2700 m.y. ago. The sequence of events reconstructed in the geologic history started with the eruption of a volcanic pile of flows and pyroclastic material. During metamorphism and folding the basalt flows were converted to amphibolite and an interlayered series to the Northern Light Gneiss, which is now principally trondhjemite with lesser amounts of amphibolite and metarhyolite. The greenstones and the Northern Light Gneiss were intruded by the Saganaga Granite (tonalite), and the tonalite and the Northern Light Gneiss, in turn, were intruded by a syenodioritic phase of the lcarus pluton.The whole-rock isochron ages for the Northern Light Gneiss, the Saganaga tonalite, and the lcarus pluton are 2740, 2710, and 2690 m.y., respectively. Large uncertainties are attached to these values because of the unfavorable Rb/Sr ratios, but the mineral data that inc...
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that earlier glaciations did form such a dome from which ice flowed radially over the Coast and Rocky Mountains, although Fraser Glaciation is not believed to have culminated as an ice dome over central British Columbia.
Abstract: During Fraser Glaciation central British Columbia was covered by glacier ice that accumulated in the Coast and Cariboo Mountains, flowed inwardly as a piedmont glacier to the Interior Plateau and thence northeasterly as an ice sheet toward the Rocky Mountains. After withdrawal of the Fraser ice sheet a limited re-advance of ice from Cariboo and Coast Mountains took place but not as a coalescent ice sheet. Drumlinoid forms, eskers, meltwater channels, kettled deposits, and lacustrine deposits provide ample evidence from which a glacial history of the area can be deduced. Although Fraser Glaciation is not believed to have culminated as an ice dome over central British Columbia, there is some evidence to suggest that earlier glaciations did form such a dome from which ice flowed radially over the Coast and Rocky Mountains.
TL;DR: The outcrop of the Toby Conglomerate extends sinuously from southeastern British Columbia to northeastern Washington as discussed by the authors and consists of diamictite, which is complexly interstratified with conglomerates, sandstones, and argillites, the latter two containing dispersed megaclasts.
Abstract: The outcrop of the Toby Conglomerate extends sinuously from southeastern British Columbia to northeastern Washington. It constitutes the basal part of the Windermere System (Upper Proterozoic), unconformably overlies the beveled Upper Purcell System, and conformably underlies either volcanic rocks or clastic Windermere sedimentary rocks of the Horsethief Creek Group and Monk Formation. The Toby Conglomerate consists chiefly of diamictite, which is complexly interstratified with conglomerates, sandstones, and argillites, the latter two containing dispersed megaclasts. Toby Conglomerate thickness ranges markedly from a few to nearly 2000 m. There is a dearth of tractive-current features within Toby sedimentary rocks. The presence of overlying pillow lavas and laminated argillites, turbidites, and grain flow deposits suggest that the basal Windermere System is of sub-aqueous origin. Paleogeographic reconstruction indicates deposition in the sea west of the orogenic landmass, Montania, peninsular to the Canad...
TL;DR: The electrically heated cylindrical probe has often been used to measure the thermal conductivity of materials which allow the contact layer to be small enough to have negligible thermal resistance.
Abstract: The electrically heated cylindrical probe has often been used to measure the thermal conductivity of materials which allow the contact layer to be small enough to have negligible thermal resistance
TL;DR: In this article, a model of island volcanism is presented in which rocks are referred to as a "synvolcanic" constructional phase represented by rocks of four penecontemporaneous facies whose interrelationships are discussed.
Abstract: A model of island volcanism is presented in which rocks are referred to (1) a "syn-volcanic" constructional phase represented by rocks of four penecontemporaneous facies—vent, alluvial, marine, and plutonic—whose interrelationships are discussed and (2) a "post-volcanic" destructional phase of erosion and sedimentation accompanied by isostatic adjustment resulting in the spreading of an apron of volcanic sediments around a slowly rising and eroding island core.The late Precambrian rocks of the eastern part of the Avalon Peninsula, southeasternmost Newfoundland, are shown to fit this model rather closely, both petrographically and in their distribution and field relationships. The Harbour Main Group of volcanic rocks, the Conception Group of marine volcanic sediments and tuffs, and the Holyrood Plutonic Series, dated at 574 ± 11 m.y., were all formed during the syn-volcanic constructional phase. Their apparently conflicting age relationships can be reconciled to the view that they are penecontemporaneous f...
TL;DR: In this article, a reconnaissance survey was made of the submarine geomorphology along the east coast of Baffin Island using an echo sounder, focusing on the continental slope, the continental shelf, and the fiords.
Abstract: A reconnaissance survey was made of the submarine geomorphology along the east coast of Baffin Island using an echo sounder. The survey focused on: (1) the continental slope, (2) the continental shelf, and (3) the fiords. The depth contours on the continental slope are roughly parallel to the coastline. The overall steepness of the slope is typically 2–3°, with the steeper sections near the top. Small irregularities of unknown origin are commonly found in the slope profiles.Transverse troughs with depths of almost 900 m are the most distinct features of the 30–50 km-wide continental shelf. The larger channels are associated with major fiord–valley systems on the island. Ridges, interpreted as lateral moraines, extend along the trough margins. Marginal channels commonly found along glaciated coasts appear to be absent from this section of the Baffin Island coast, but subbottom profiles are not yet available.The fiords of east Baffin Island show the typical fiord characteristics and reach a maximum depth of...
TL;DR: In this paper, six horizontal basalt flows of presumed Paleocene age were sampled near Cape Dyer, Baffin Island and the results indicate that the basalts are excelle...
Abstract: Six horizontal basalt flows of presumed Paleocene age were sampled near Cape Dyer, Baffin Island. The natural remanence (NRM) is steeply inclined and nearly always of normal (+) polarity. NRM directions are generally very stable under alternating-field (AF) and thermal demagnetization. The average Koenigsberger ratio is about 10. Magnetic moment-temperature curves and microscopic examination indicate that the stable remanence resides in a single, primary titanomagnetite component, though Curie points are either 230–330 °C or 540–580 °C; the higher range represents a more advanced oxidation state and higher stability. Some anomalous samples having steep negative NRM's probably were remagnetized in a reversed geomagnetic field. Omitting these, a pole position based on five flow mean directions after AF treatment is 83° N, 55° W, with dp = 11½°, dm = 12°. This is broadly comparable with some of the published Lower Tertiary poles for the western United States. The results indicate that the basalts are excelle...
TL;DR: In this paper, a profile of averaged anomalies for all data between 45° N and 45.5° N correlates well with a magnetic model spreading (with respect to the ridge axes) westwards at 1.28 cm/y and eastwards at1.10 cm/Y, if the trend of the anomalies is assumed to be 015° East of North.
Abstract: In the North Atlantic it is difficult to correlate single magnetic profiles with the spreading ocean floor magnetic models. Within the area of intensive surveys at 45° N, it is possible to average the observations in the direction of the trend of the magnetic anomalies. The profile of averaged anomalies for all data between 45° N and 45.5° N correlates well with a magnetic model spreading (with respect to the ridge axes) westwards at 1.28 cm/y and eastwards at 1.10 cm/y, if the trend of the anomalies is assumed to be 015° East of North.
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of the Western Nain sub-province is refuted and a new subprovince, the Mak-kovik, immediately north of the Grenville Front is defined.
Abstract: Recent mapping in northeastern Quebec and northern Labrador has shown no structural discontinuity between areas forming parts of the Churchill and Nain structural provinces. Structural trends and geological map-units pass directly from the Churchill province into the area known as Western Nain sub-province. Only one period of folding and metamorphism has been recognized in both areas. Therefore, the concept of the Western Nain sub-province is refuted.The area previously known as Eastern Nain sub-province forms a discrete structural and geological unit and therefore is considered to form a structural province renamed Nain. A more southerly location of the Grenville Front adds approximately 3500 sq. miles (9060 sq. km) to the redefined Nain province. This wedge-shaped area, lying north of the Grenville Front, shows northeasterly to easterly trends as opposed to northerly trends in most of the redefined Nain province. This structural discordance indicates a new sub-province, the Mak-kovik, immediately north ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the temperature, pH, and carbonate hardness of 415 water samples were determined in four limestone areas in the southern Rocky Mountains and Selkirk Mountains of Canada.
Abstract: The temperature, pH, and carbonate hardness of 415 water samples were determined in four limestone areas in the southern Rocky Mountains and Selkirk Mountains of Canada. Sampling covered all of the major carbonate rock formations of the region, ranged across the floral lifezones and included surface and sub-surface examples. In the forest zone at Crowsnest Pass, solute concentration in a major karst spring was inversely proportional to discharge; solute concentrations in a nearby creek and lake showed little variation with discharge. In tundra and alpine desert zones at Mt. Castleguard, solute concentrations were lower than in the forest, and marked depletion of PCO2 was indicated in some restricted cases. In the Maligne River basin, limestone forest and tundra waters were again contrasted. Solute concentrations in the trunk river and in lakes and underground channels along its course were determined by the mixing of karst and non-karst waters. At the Nakimu Caves there is a strong contrast between limest...