Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Forest Research in 1994"
TL;DR: The light transmission characteristics of the nine deciduous and coniferous species that dominate the transition oak–northern hardwood forests of southern New England are analyzed.
Abstract: We have analyzed the light transmission characteristics of the nine deciduous and coniferous species that dominate the transition oak–northern hardwood forests of southern New England. Maximum like...
717 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of the light-dependent growth functions for the 10 dominant tree species revealed three apparent interspecific trade-offs: species growing quickly at high light tended to grow slowly at low light and vice versa, and the order of species from fast growing at highLight to fastgrowing at lowLight did not correspond to traditional classifications of shade tolerance, and variation along this axis was approximately continuous.
Abstract: Radial and height growth are characterized for saplings of 10 dominant tree species in a transition oak–northern hardwoods forest in southern New England. Growth of saplings in the field is regress...
359 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, estimates of individual-tree narrow-sense heritability and additive genetic coefficient of variation of seven traits of forest trees were compiled from 67 published papers, and distributions of the val...
Abstract: Estimates of individual-tree narrow-sense heritability and additive genetic coefficient of variation of seven traits of forest trees were compiled from 67 published papers. Distributions of the val...
279 citations
TL;DR: The potential for use of a partial canopy for controlling growth of Calamagrostiscanadensis (Michx.)•Beauv.
Abstract: The potential for use of a partial canopy for controlling growth of Calamagrostiscanadensis (Michx.)•Beauv., and Epilobiumangustifolium L. among regenerating Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss saplings was assessed in the understory of 24 established stands in the P. glauca–Viburnum–Rubuspubescens association of the lower boreal cordilleran ecoregion of Alberta. Stand overstories were dominated by Populustremuloides Michx., P. glauca, or were a mixture of these two species The composition, basal area, and light transmission of the overstory of each stand were measured. Hardwood-dominated overstories transmitted between 14 and 40% of incoming light while P. glauca canopies transmitted between 5 and 11 % of light. Cover and height of C. canadensis and E. angustifolium decreased with decreasing light transmission; at 40% light, both species were greatly reduced compared with open-grown conditions and both were virtually eliminated from stands with less than 10% light. The annual height increment of P. glauca saplings...
255 citations
TL;DR: The southern boundaries of boreal forest and aspen parkland were compared with geographic patterns of several climate variables to provide a preliminary assessment of how global climate change could affect forest distribution in the future.
Abstract: Four species of boreal forest conifers share a similar southern limit of natural distribution in the three Prairie Provinces of western Canada. The southern boundaries of boreal forest and aspen pa...
220 citations
TL;DR: Some physical, thermal, and chemical properties of bark of 16 tree species native to the central hardwood region were measured to determine their potential to protect the vascular cambium from dama...
Abstract: Some physical, thermal, and chemical properties of bark of 16 tree species native to the central hardwood region were measured to determine their potential to protect the vascular cambium from dama...
202 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested the hypothesis that naturally occurring nitrogen isotope ratios in foliage (from plants that do not symbiotically fix atmospheric N2) are an indicator of soil N dynamics in forests.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that naturally occurring nitrogen (N) isotope ratios in foliage (from plants that do not symbiotically fix atmospheric N2) are an indicator of soil N dynamics in forests. R...
196 citations
TL;DR: Age structures and growth curves were used to determine the origin and to follow the development of 17 balsam fir stands in the middle of the Boreal Zone in the north of Lake Saint-Jean, Quebec.
Abstract: Age structures and growth curves were used to determine the origin and to follow the development of 17 balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) stands in the middle of the Boreal Zone in the north of ...
186 citations
TL;DR: The results are contrary to the common assumptions that forests get consistently darker through time, and that transmittance is inversely proported with age, as well as many simple measures of forest structure, including aboveground biomass and leaf area index.
Abstract: We measured the photosynthetically active radiation transmitted through the canopies of 24 Maryland forest stands, each around midday in midsummer. We then compared the observed values of PAR trans...
165 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from control and urea-nitrogen fertilized soils of a mature slash pine (Pinuselliottii var. elliotti Englem.) plantation in Alachua County, Florida.
Abstract: We measured fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from control and urea-nitrogen fertilized soils of a mature slash pine (Pinuselliottii var. elliottii Englem.) plantation in Alachua County, Florida. The fert...
163 citations
TL;DR: Geostatistics provides tools to model, estimate, map, and eventually predict spatial patterns of tree size and growth.
Abstract: Geostatistics provides tools to model, estimate, map, and eventually predict spatial patterns of tree size and growth. Variogram models and kriged maps were used to study spatial dependence of stem diameter (DBH), basal area (BA), and 10-year periodic basal area increment (BAI) in an old-growth forest stand. Temporal variation of spatial patterns was evaluated by fitting spatial stochastic models at 10-year intervals, from 1920 to 1990. The study area was a naturally seeded stand of southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. scopulorum) where total BA and tree density have steadily increased over the last decades. Our objective was to determine if increased stand density simply reduced individual growth rates or if it also altered spatial interactions among trees. Despite increased crowding, stem size maintained the same type of spatial dependence from 1920 to 1990. An isotropic Gaussian variogram was the model of choice to represent spatial dependence at all times. Stem size was spa...
TL;DR: Coarse woody debris is integral to the functioning and productivity of forested ecosystems and standing snags and large logs on the forest floor affect soil processes, soil fertility, hydrology and more.
Abstract: Coarse woody debris (CWD) is integral to the functioning and productivity of forested ecosystems. Standing snags and large logs on the forest floor affect soil processes, soil fertility, hydrology,...
TL;DR: It is suggested that the assumption of an age-invariate climate–growth function is therefore invalid at these sites and apparent age-dependent responses are site specific and may reflect physi...
Abstract: We test one of the fundamental assumptions of most dendroclimatological research, that the radial growth response of trees to climate does not vary with age once the biological growth trend has been removed. Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss from three sites in the western Northwest Territories, Canada, are disaggregated into age-classes, and their response to climate examined through response function and linear regression analyses. These data are then used in multiple regression analyses to estimate June-July temperatures at Norman Wells, N.W.T., from 1909 to 1989 using both age-dependent and standard (age-independent) models. The response function and regression analyses suggest that the response of Piceaglauca radial growth to climate differs between trees greater than 200 years old and less than 200 years old. These results suggest that the assumption of an age-invariate climate–growth function is therefore invalid at these sites. These apparent age-dependent responses are site specific and may reflect physi...
TL;DR: This article conducted soil moisture manipulation experiments in a red pine (Pinusresinosa ait) plantation at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, Mass.) in August 1992 and May 1993.
Abstract: We conducted soil moisture manipulation experiments in a red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) plantation at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, Mass.) in August 1992 and May 1993. To manipulate soil moisture, ...
TL;DR: Overall analysis of presence/absence of truffles using log-linear models revealed that CWD and mature forest status of stands each significantly influence truffle occurrence.
Abstract: Production of hypogeous fungi (truffles) in high-elevation, 180-year-old mature forest fragments of Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco was compared with surrounding regenerated clearcuts ranging f...
TL;DR: Averaged across ecosystems, daily rates of soil respiration did not significantly differ between intact and clear-cut plots, nor did they differ between ecosystems or sites nested within ecosystems.
Abstract: The flux of CO2 from forest soils is controlled by the respiration of plant roots and soil microorganisms, the rates of which are likely to change following forest harvesting. Root respiration should decrease, whereas microbial respiration should increase, in response to warmer soil temperatures and greater soil C availability following removal of the overstory. We investigated the influence of forest harvesting on seasonal patterns of soil respiration in two different northern hardwood ecosystems. One ecosystem was dominated in the overstory by Acersaccharum Marsh, and Quercusrubra L., and the other by A. saccharum and Tiliaamericana L.; two stands were studied in each ecosystem type. We measured daily rates of soil respiration using the soda-lime technique. Averaged across ecosystems, daily rates of soil respiration did not significantly differ between intact and clear-cut plots, nor did they differ between ecosystems or sites nested within ecosystems. Peak daily rates ranged from 2.75 to 3.00 g CO2-C•m...
TL;DR: In this article, a visual survey technique for evaluating acorn production is described, which yields ratio-level data on annual productivity that are analyzable with standard statistics and, by sampling the same trees each year, data on the reproductive patterns of individual trees.
Abstract: We describe a visual survey technique for evaluating acorn production. In contrast with previously proposed methods, our technique yields ratio-level data on annual productivity that are analyzable with standard statistics and, by sampling the same trees each year, data on the reproductive patterns of individual trees. We compared this technique with two independent sets of acorn-trap data acquired on oaks of three species at Hastings Reservation in central coastal California. Correlations between acorns counted by the visual surveys and collected from acorn traps under the same trees were significant for all three species. Most scatter in the data appeared to be attributable to three causes: (1) sampling error, especially among trees with very small crops, (2) finite counting speed, leading to a lack of discrimination among trees with very large crops by the visual surveys, and (3) arboreal acorn removal by animals. This latter factor can be particularly large, rendering visual surveys more reliable than...
TL;DR: Dendroecological techniques were used to study the influence of climate on the growth of sub alpine fir, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine larch in the North Cascade Mountains of Washington state, finding that aspect is the most significant factor affecting growth response to climate.
Abstract: Dendroecological techniques were used to study the influence of climate on the growth of subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii Parry), and subalpine larc...
TL;DR: By measuring incident precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow chemistry, the roles of coniferous and deciduous-dominated forest canopies as a source of and sink for ions in precipitation were examined in this article.
Abstract: By measuring incident precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow chemistry, the roles of coniferous- and deciduous-dominated forest canopies as a source of and sink for ions in precipitation were exa...
TL;DR: The dynamics of coarse woody debris (logs and snags) in old-growth forests by estimating rates of tree mortality, snag change, and log decay in hemlock–hardwood stands located in northern Wisconsin and northern Michigan are studied.
Abstract: We studied the dynamics of coarse woody debris (logs and snags) in old-growth forests by estimating rates of tree mortality, snag change, and log decay in hemlock–hardwood stands located in norther...
TL;DR: The amount of coarse woody debris and the number of pool-forming pieces are relatively high in wide, sinuous reaches, where a complex structure of floodplains and riparian forests develops in association with a braided channel pattern.
Abstract: The distribution of coarse woody debris in a fifth-order Cascade Range (Oregon) stream system was examined from a geomorphic point of view. The number, volume, location, orientation, decay class, a...
TL;DR: Woody vegetation was surveyed in 58 forest stands in northern Virginia to examine the effects of previous land-use history on past and present-day forest composition and dynamics and coupling radial growth analysis with age–diame...
Abstract: Woody vegetation was surveyed in 58 forest stands in northern Virginia to examine the effects of previous land-use history on past and present-day forest composition and dynamics. Stands were separ...
TL;DR: Modelling approaches are examined and compared, based on the state-space description of dynamic systems, and a multidimensional generalization of the Richards model illustrates many of the ideas.
Abstract: Systems theory can provide a useful conceptual framework for the development of forest growth models. Modelling approaches are examined and compared, based on the state-space description of dynamic...
TL;DR: In this article, cross sections from coast redwood trees (Sequoiasempervirens (D.Don.)Endl.) in and near Redwood National Park were dendrochronologically cross-dated and used to develop a fire history from 1714 to...
Abstract: Cross sections from coast redwood trees (Sequoiasempervirens (D.Don.)Endl.) in and near Redwood National Park were dendrochronologically cross-dated and used to develop a fire history from 1714 to ...
TL;DR: Results indicated that asymmetrical cones and an acute angle of cone attachment to the branch were reliable indicators of serotiny even in burned trees.
Abstract: A 1992 study of serotiny in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) in Yellowstone National Park asked four questions: (i) are there morphological characteristics that...
TL;DR: The objectives of this research were to quantify the effects of tree size and silvicultural treatment on the vertical distribution of foliage of individual trees of loblolly pine and to estimate foliage quantity and distribution using easily measured tree data.
Abstract: Silvicultural practices such as thinning and fertilization can affect both canopy foliage quantity and distribution, altering stand growth. The objectives of this research were to quantify the effects of tree size and silvicultural treatment on the vertical distribution of foliage of individual trees of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and to estimate foliage quantity and distribution using easily measured tree data. In three stands sampled in North and South Carolina, fertilization and (or) thinning treatments had been applied 2 years prior to sampling. A fourth stand was untreated. Nonlinear and linear regression models were developed to test the effects of silvicultural treatment on individual branch foliage biomass and whole tree foliage biomass. Vertical distributions of foliage and branches were modelled using a Weibull probability density function. Analyses indicated that individual branch foliage biomass was positively related to branch size but negatively related to distance from the top of the tree...
TL;DR: The nuclear DNA content estimates obtained by flow cytometry for a group of twelve Eucalyptus species and five fast-growing hybrids that includes those most widely planted throughout the world are reported, showing the closer the species were in phylogenetic relationship the more similar were their nuclearDNA content values.
Abstract: This paper reports the nuclear DNA content estimates obtained by flow cytometry for a group of twelve Eucalyptus species and five fast-growing hybrids that includes those most widely planted throughout the world. Estimates of nuclear (2C) DNA content for the species surveyed ranged from 0.77 pg/2C for Eucalyptuscitriodora Hook. (subgenus Corymbia) to 1.47 pg/2C for Eucalyptussaligna Smith (subgenus Symphyomyrtus). This range corresponds to a haploid genome size range of 370–700 megabase pairs. The average physical equivalent of a 1 cM distance could be as low as 200 kilobase pairs in Eucalyptus, an attractive feature for positional cloning efforts in woody plants. The closer the species were in phylogenetic relationship the more similar were their nuclear DNA content values. All the interspecific hybrids surveyed displayed a nuclear DNA content in the expected intermediate range between the respective parental species, with the exception of one originating from Rio Claro, Brazil, whose exact parentage is ...
TL;DR: Mean annual aboveground leafless biomass production averaged 14.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1 at harvest at 4 years of age for Populustrichocarpa Torr.
Abstract: Mean annual aboveground leafless biomass production averaged 14.8, 11.4, and 24.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1 at harvest at 4 years of age for Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray, Populusdeltoides Marsh., and P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids, respectively. These trees were planted at 1 × 1 m spacing on a medium- to coarse-textured alluvial soil in western Washington. Branches accounted for 13.2–20.3% of the aboveground weight. Total weight of stumps and coarse roots at harvest varied from 12.3 to 29.6 Mg•ha−1, or 22–33% of the weight of aboveground leafless biomass. Small and fine roots sampled to a depth of 3.17 m using soil cores amounted to an additional 6.6–11 Mg•ha−1 of roots. Stumps and all roots as a ratio of aboveground biomass (root/shoot ratio) ranged from 0.34 to 0.42, with hybrids accounting for the entire range of values present. Mass of the fine roots (less than 0.5 mm diameter) ranged from 4.0 to 6.5 Mg•ha−1, or an average of 6.8% of the aboveground biomass. The smallest of the fine roots measured 0.06...
TL;DR: The frequency of canopy disturbance over the past 150 years was reconstructed on a 5-ha study area dominated by a patchy mosaic of old-growth sugar maple and eastern hemlock forest in the Sylvania Wilderness Area in western Upper Michigan.
Abstract: The frequency of canopy disturbance over the past 150 years was reconstructed on a 5-ha study area dominated by a patchy mosaic of old-growth sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) and eastern hemlock ...
TL;DR: Quantitative assessments of the incidence and severity of Mycosphaerella leaf disease were made on nine provenances (encompassing the four subspecies) of Eucalyptusglobulus Labill over three seasons in 1990 in a trial in Victoria, Australia.
Abstract: Quantitative assessments of the incidence and severity of Mycosphaerella leaf disease were made on nine provenances (encompassing the four subspecies) of Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. over three seaso...