Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Soil Science in 1969"
TL;DR: In this article, an evaluation of polyethylene glycol (P.E.G.) 6000 and P.G. 20,000 in the osmotic control of soil water matric potential was conducted using the pressure membrane as a standard.
Abstract: An evaluation of polyethylene glycol (P.E.G.) 6000 and P.E.G. 20,000 in the osmotic control of soil water matric potential was conducted using the pressure membrane as a standard. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the three methods at four matric potentials between −0.51 and −15.3 atmospheres. Hence, either P.E.G. 6000 or P.E.G. 20,000 can be used satisfactorily in the osmotic control of soil water matric potential.
97 citations
TL;DR: The effect of Ni pretreatments on the yield and concentration of Ni in oats and alfalfa grown in four soils in pot tests varied with the rate of added Ni, with lime and phosphate treatments, and with soil properties, notably pH and organic matter content.
Abstract: The effect of Ni pretreatments on the yield and concentration of Ni in oats and alfalfa grown in four soils in pot tests varied with the rate of added Ni, with lime and phosphate treatments, and with soil properties, notably pH and organic matter content. The concentrations of Ni in the crops showing repressive effects of added Ni were at least 60 ppm in the oat grain, 28 ppm in the oat straw, and 44 ppm in the alfalfa. The amounts of soil-extractable Ni and the concentrations of Ni in the plants were reduced by liming of the acid soils and they tended to be increased by addition of phosphate. The effects of the Ni pretreatments on growth were less severe in a neutral soil and in one containing considerable organic matter than in the others.
88 citations
TL;DR: The Pb content of oats and alfalfa grown in four soils pretreated with PbCl2 in pot tests varied inversely with the organic matter content and pH of the soils as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The concentrations of Pb in five species of plants were found to increase with proximity of the sampling sites to a well-travelled highway.The Pb content of oats and alfalfa grown in four soils pretreated with PbCl2 in pot tests varied inversely with the organic matter content and pH of the soils. The amounts of Pb taken up by the plants were reduced upon addition of phosphate or of lime to the acid soils. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of organic matter, phosphate and lime in reducing Pb in the plants were usually in accord with corresponding reductions in extractable Pb in the soils as measured in 1 N neutral ammonium acetate and 0.1 M CaCl2.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of pH and exchangeable cation on the adsorption of two substituted ureas and five triazines by a montmorillonite was investigated.
Abstract: Investigations were made of the effect of pH and exchangeable cation on the adsorption of two substituted ureas and five triazines by a montmorillonite. The adsorption of the ureas was virtually independent of pH and exchangeable cation, whereas the adsorption of the triazines was influenced by both factors. It is postulated that the ureas are adsorbed by physical forces and possibly the formation of coordination complexes with exchangeable cations, while the triazines are adsorbed by a combination of these two mechanisms plus protonation and consequent ion exchange reactions, the relative importance of each process being determined by pH, exchangeable cation and the characteristics of the adsorbate molecule.Studies with mixtures of clay and organic matter show that they associate in a manner which reduces the total surface available for herbicide adsorption. It is suggested that in the soil, little of the clay mineral surface will be accessible to herbicide molecules.
69 citations
TL;DR: The free amino acids and the total ninhydrin-reacting material found in the rhizosphere of plants grown under field conditions were compared with those in the nonrhizosphere soil and with root extracts and water, 20% ethanol and carbon tetrachloride-water were used as extractants.
Abstract: The free amino acids and the total ninhydrin-reacting material found in the rhizosphere of plants grown under field conditions were compared with those in the nonrhizosphere soil and with root extracts. Water, 20% ethanol and carbon tetrachloride-water were used as extractants. While the last two removed more amino acids than the water, this was probably the result of partial decomposition of the cellular material of the soil. The use of water as an extractant should give a better measure of the amount of amino acids in the soil under natural conditions. The rhizosphere contained greater quantities of amino acids than the soil from outside this zone. In general, the most prominent amino acids were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine; asparagine, glutamine and citrulline were also present. The amino acid content of the rhizosphere varied with the plant. Although root extracts contained very large quantities of amino acids, comparison of these extracts with the rhizosphere s...
54 citations
TL;DR: A leachate, collected in the field in a lysimeter placed between the Ae and Bhf horizon of a Humic Podzol in Newfoundland, was analyzed by chemical and spectroscopic methods as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A leachate, collected in the field in a lysimeter placed between the Ae and Bhf horizon of a Humic Podzol in Newfoundland, was analyzed by chemical and spectroscopic methods.About 87% of the dry, ash-free weight of the leachate was fulvic acid, the remainder consisting mainly of polysaccharides and nitrogenous compounds. A comparison of the analytical characteristics of the purified leachate with those of extracted and purified Podzol Bh fulvic acid showed that the main structural features of the two materials were very similar. Judging from its high contents of oxygen-containing functional groups and from its water solubility, the organic matter in the leachate had all the characteristics of an efficient metal–complexing agent, capable of playing a significant role in metal–organic matter interactions in soils.An organic matter–silica sediment was isolated from the leachate, consisting of 47.6% organic matter and of 52.4% of almost pure SiO2∙nH2O. The organic matter in the sediment accounted for about 10...
49 citations
TL;DR: Fulvic acid-metal-phosphate complexes were characterized by means of electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration, and methods for differentiation of organic and inorganic phosphorus as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes prepared in the laboratory and corresponding complexes extracted (0.1 N NaOH and chelating resin) from a soil were characterized by means of electrophoresis, Sephadex gel filtration, and methods for differentiation of organic and inorganic phosphorus. The findings can be summarized as follows:(1) The prepared material in aqueous solution (after purification by dialysis) comprised three different entities: a fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complex, a fulvic acid–metal complex, and unbonded inorganic phosphate. These entities were reaction products obtained during the formation of fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes.(2) Upon hydrolysis in mild alkaline media, the metal–phosphate bonds of the fulvic acid–metal–phosphate complexes were broken; the fulvic acid–metal complexes, freed from the phosphate, remained intact.(3) While metal ions were necessary for bridging phosphorus and fulvic acid, phosphorus in turn may have bridged the fulvic acid–metal units.(4) Significant am...
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a field test was conducted with commercial fertilizers applied to barley, flax and rapeseed by placing in the row and by placement in different positions away from the row.
Abstract: Fields tests were conducted with commercial fertilizers applied to barley, flax and rapeseed by placement in the row and by placement in different positions away from the row. Emergence of barley was delayed but not substantially reduced by row placement of 33.5–0–0 at a rate of 34 kg N per ha, or by 0–45–0 and 11–48–0 at rates up to 39 kg P per ha. Yields were no greater when the fertilizers were, instead, placed away from the row.Emergence of flax and rapeseed was often reduced to less than half by row placement of 33.5–0–0 at a rate of 17 kg N per ha, or by 11–48–0 at rates of 15 to 20 kg P per ha, and yields were usually greater when damage to emergence was avoided by placing the fertilizers away from the row. When higher rates of fertilizers were used, placement away from the row produced much greater yields than placement in the row.The efficiency of the phosphorus fertilizers varied considerably with the position in which they were placed. When phosphorus fertilizers were placed away from the row, ...
33 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, free iron determined after extraction by acid ammonium oxalate was found to be abnormally high in various horizons of two Quebec soils containing magnetite, namely: an Orthic Humic Podzol (Pikauba series) and an orthic Regosol (Malbaie series).
Abstract: Free iron determined after extraction by acid ammonium oxalate was found to be abnormally high in various horizons of two Quebec soils containing magnetite, namely: an Orthic Humic Podzol (Pikauba series) and an Orthic Regosol (Malbaie series). When magnetite was removed, prior to the analysis, truer values for free amorphous sesquioxides of iron and aluminum were obtained and could serve to distinguish Podzolic from other classes of soils. The calculated pH-dependent cation exchange capacities were not affected by the presence of magnetite in soils. This last criterion, together with pH in CaCl2, exchangeable aluminum and degree of base saturation, can well serve as a substitute for differentiating Spodic B horizons from other horizons as used in the Canadian taxonomic classification of soils.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, nine soils representing the dominant groups in the major soil zones of Alberta were characterized with respect to the distribution and selected properties of organic fractions, and detailed results were presented only for A horizon samples.
Abstract: Nine soils, representing the dominant groups in the major soil zones of Alberta, were characterized with respect to the distribution and selected properties of organic fractions. Detailed results are presented only for A horizon samples. Well humified materials in surface horizons exhibited remarkable similarities despite the range of conditions under which they accumulated.In general, differences between organic components of soils within a soil zone were much less distinct than differences between soil zones. In the sequence Gray Wooded to Black to Brown soil zones, Ah horizons showed decreasing organic matter content, decreasing hexose and pentose content, but little change in organic P content or hexose as percent of total organic matter.De-ashed humic acid fractions showed little variation between soils with respect to elemental composition, functional groups, amino acid and carbohydrate components, electrophoretic behavior or infrared, spectra. Optical properties and behavior toward electrolytes of ...
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the extent of movement of phosphorus from the application site of P-32 labelled monoammonium and diammonium phosphate pellets and found that the amount of added phosphorus was greater in non-calcareous than in calcareous soils.
Abstract: The extent of movement of phosphorus from the application site of P-32 labelled monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate pellets was investigated. The rate of movement of phosphorus from a monoammonium phosphate pellet was also studied. The extent of phosphorus movement from a monoamnionium phosphate pellet was greater than that from a diammonium phosphate pellet. This observation was more noticeable in the calcareous soils than in the noncalcareous soils. The extent of phosphorus movement was greater in noncalcareous soils than in calcareous soils for both sources of phosphorus when added as a pellet. The rate of movement of phosphorus was also more rapid in noncalcareous soils than in calcareous soils.It is most likely that the high pH and large amounts of calcium and magnesium found in the soil solutions of the calcareous soils resulted in a rapid precipitation of the added phosphorus very close to the pellet site. Thus, the rate and extent of phosphorus movement in the calcareous soils was rest...
TL;DR: The metascable nature of basic aluminum sulfate with respect to gibbsite in the systems used is shown in two-dimensional diagrams in this article, where the ion-activity product (H)2(SO4) is less than 10−9.3.
Abstract: The metascable nature of basic aluminum sulfate with respect to gibbsite in the systems used is shown in two-dimensional diagrams. When the ion-activity product (H)2(SO4) is less than 10−9.3, the basic aluminum sulfate is metastable with respect to gibbsite, which was the case in the systems investigated. Seeding these systems with gibbsite induced the dissolution of basic aluminum sulfate and growth of gibbsite crystals took place. The SO4 ions did not diffuse out of basaluminite when it was suspended in H2O.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors described yield as a function of moisture use arc reported for fallow-seeded wheat for the years 1960 to 1965, inclusive, and for wheat seeded on stubble land from 1964 to 1967.
Abstract: Equations describing yield as a function of moisture use arc reported for fallow-seeded wheat for the years 1960 to 1965, inclusive, and for wheat seeded on stubble land from 1964 to 1967. In general, yields increased linearly with water use; second-degree functions did not greatly increase the correlation, but represent more realistic yield functions. The increase in yield per cm water used was larger on fallow than on stubble land, and increased with fertilization. Growing season precipitation ranged from 5 to 26 cm during the study period; the long-term average is 19 cm. Mean yields for unfertilized and fertilized fallow and stubble wheat were 1,500 and 1,860 kg/ha, and 1,340 and 1,720 kg/ha, respectively.Yield, water used, and water use efficiency varied somewhat, depending on whether the crop was grown on a knoll, upper slope, lower slope, or in depressional areas.
TL;DR: In this paper, 16 soils from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick that were studied had Ae horizons, acid sola and dense, reddish brown parent materials, but they differed widely in the kind and the degree of B horizon development.
Abstract: Nearly all of the 16 soils from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick that were studied had Ae horizons, acid sola and dense, reddish brown parent materials, but they differed widely in the kind and the degree of B horizon development. Particle-size analyses supported the micromorphological observations in indicating that marked illuviation of clay had occurred in some soils, and weak illuviation in others. In a few soils it was difficult to estimate the extent of Bt horizon development as there were obvious discontinuities in the materials. Horizons having the chemical requirements of Podzol B horizons (Bf), significant accumulations of amorphous Al and Fe associated with organic matter, were found in only three of the soils. None of the soils had a Bft horizon; hence, the subgroup, Textural Podzol, should be eliminated. Bisequa development was evident in several of the soils and one was a Bisequa Podzol. Prominently mottled Bg horizons were the most obvious feature of the Gleysolic soils and some of them had Bt...
TL;DR: In this paper, Humic acids from the horizons of palaeosols from five locations were examined by infrared spectroscopy, and the percentage of opal phytoliths in the coarse silt (20 to 50μ) fraction was determined.
Abstract: Palaeosols may: be found in almost every stream valley in southern Alberta. Humic acids from Ah horizons of palaeosols from five locations were examined by infrared spectroscopy, and the percentage of opal phytoliths in the coarse silt (20 to 50 μ) fraction was determined.The combination of the character of the infrared spectra of humic acids and opal phytolith counts was helpful in explaining the genesis of the palaeosols of the five locations. Sometimes the presence or absence of evidence of human occupation will add to the interpretation. In the locations examined, grasslands apparently have been dominant during post-glacial times with invasions of trees, such as Populus spp. and Salix spp., in the moister and more sheltered riparian habitats in this area. Any of these invasions naturally led to a transformation of these grassland soils.
TL;DR: In this article, a morphological study of 10 soils formed in reddish brown deposits in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick revealed appreciable differences in the kind and degree of development of pedogenesis.
Abstract: Detailed morphological studies of monoliths and thin sections of 10 soils formed in reddish brown deposits in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick revealed appreciable differences in the kind and degree of development. Contrary to recent concepts of pedogenesis in this area, it was found that Podzol development was restricted to the coarser materials. Clay translocation had occurred in most of the soils and five of them, including two Gleysolic soils, had Bt horizons. Free carbonate occurred within 140 cm of the surface of seven of the soils, but it was not established that free carbonate had occurred in all of the materials from which the sola developed. Bisequa development was evident in four of the soils, and in one of these it appeared that there were two sequa of clay eluviation and illuviation. No micromorphological evidence was found of a Bft horizon in any of the soils. The study casts further doubt upon the validity of the concept that there is, in the Atlantic Provinces, a group of soils (Textural Podz...
TL;DR: In an experiment designed to show the effects of time of addition of NH4 relative to Cs-137 and of NH, compared with NO3, the results showed conclusively that NH4 caused higher Cs -137 concentration as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In an experiment designed to show the effects of time of addition of NH4 relative to Cs-137 and of NH, compared with NO3, the results showed conclusively that NH4 caused higher Cs-137 concentration
Abstract: A study was made to determine the long-term effect of two cropping systems and various fertilizer treatments on organic carbon, nitrogen and some of the carbohydrate constituents in Breton plot soils.Organic carbon, nitrogen, hexose, pentose, uronic acid, hexosamine and hexosamine-N contents were significantly greater in soils from plots in a five-year rotation of grains and legumes than in a wheat–fallow sequence. The proportion of organic carbon in the form of hexose did not differ significantly in either of the cropping systems, but the values for pentose, uronic acid and hexosamine were markedly greater in the five-year rotation plot soils.The contents of organic carbon, nitrogen and carbohydrate materials in soils increased considerably following the manure and fertilizer applications, whereas lime had no effect. Manure and fertilizer treatments also appeared to increase markedly the proportion of organic carbon present as hexose and hexosamine.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that both the quantity of roots in the fertilizer reaction zone and the efficiency of root in absorbing phosphorus are important factors in the ability of plants to absorb fertilizer phosphorus.
Abstract: In greenhouse experiments, the utilization of fertilizer phosphorus by crops grown on calcareous soils decreased in the order of buckwheat > rape >> oats > flax. Mixing monopotassium phosphate with a portion of the soil compared with adding this source as a single pellet increased the availability of fertilizer phosphorus to oats and flax. In contrast, mixing the phosphorus source with the soil either had no effect or lessened the availability of fertilizer phosphorus to rape and buckwheat. Availability of phosphorus from carriers, when added as pellets, decreased in the order dipotassium phosphate > monopotassium phosphate > dicalcium phosphate dihydrate for oats and flax and dipotassium phosphate = monopotassium phosphate > dicalcium phosphate dihydrate for buckwheat and rape.It is suggested that both the quantity of roots in the fertilizer reaction zone and the efficiency of roots in absorbing phosphorus are important factors in the ability of plants to absorb fertilizer phosphorus.
TL;DR: In this article, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine Fe, Al and Mn in distilled warer, NH4-oxaIate, and Na-dithionite solutions.
Abstract: Fe, Al and Mn in distilled warer, NH4-oxaIate, and Na-dithionite solutions were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Concentration ranges for sensitive absorption by Fe, Al, and Mn were 2.5 to 20, 25 to 125 and 2 to 10 ppm, respectively. Concentration ranges of extracting solutions for the determination of Fe, Al and Mn were 0.01 M, 0.20 M and 0.04 M, respectively. Accurate and rapid determinations of Fe, Al, and Mn in NH4-oxalate and Na-dithionite solutions are obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy without the destruction of the organic extractants.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of snow cover on the overwinter breakdown of medium-textured soils in southwestern Saskatchewan was studied during the winter of 1967-1968, where a continuous snow cover was provided artificially (with snow fencing), where a decline in the percentage of soil particles < 1"mm in diameter from October to April, with a marked drop from February to March when the snowmelt was high.
Abstract: The effect of snow cover on the overwinter breakdown of medium-textured soils in southwestern Saskatchewan was studied during the winter of 1967–1968. Where a continuous snow cover was provided artificially (with snow fencing), there was a decline in the percentage of soil particles < 1 mm in diameter from October to April, with a marked drop from February to March when the snowmelt was high. The percentage of fine soil aggregates in the unprotected field depended upon the amount of natural snow cover and the moistening effect of snowmelt which occurred from time to time. Where a snow cover was prevented artificially, surface drying occurred and the exposed soil layer became highly erosive, particularly during February and March when air temperatures fluctuated widely. The fact that this occurred on treatments where air circulation was permitted and not under polyethylene cover is interpreted as evidence of the importance of water loss by sublimation iii the process of deaggregation.
TL;DR: This paper used regression estimates of temperature normals at nearly 1200 locations based on latitude, longitude and elevation, together with photoperiod data, in a biometeorological time scale equation to compute where spring wheat would mature, and the normal minimum air temperature at maturity.
Abstract: Regression estimates of temperature normals at nearly 1200 locations based on latitude, longitude and elevation were used, together with photoperiod data, in a biometeorological time scale equation to compute where spring wheat would mature, and the normal minimum air temperature at maturity. The resulting wheat zonation, which seemed reasonably realistic, indicated that an elevation of 1200 m in the southwest corner of Alberta was equivalent to about 160 m near Great Slave Lake. Southern parts of the Great Plains were zoned as favorable for maturing wheat, except in the foothills and some other areas of relatively high elevation, such as the Cypress Hills. North of Edmonton the favorable areas, with estimated normal minimum at wheat maturity of at least 5 °C, were confined to the main valleys, and the area where wheat would theoretically mature extended down the Mackenzie valley to around Wrigley.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative amounts of solid phase hydroxyaluminum to polynuclear ionic hydroxaluminum formed, according to methods developed by one of the authors, during titrations of dilute AlCl3 solutions with a base.
Abstract: Experiments were made to determine the relative amounts of solid phase hydroxyaluminum to polynuclear ionic hydroxyaluminum formed, according to methods developed by one of the authors, during titrations of dilute AlCl3 solutions with a base. With both 10−3 and 10−2 M AlCl3 solutions, and with both fast (less than 5 minutes) and slow (12 hours) titrations, the solid phase and the polynuclear ions were present at each degree of neutralization at which measurements were made. During the greater part of the titrations the solid phase was the major product with the fast titrations, and the polynuclear ions were the major product with the slow titrations. Beyond about 80% neutralization the polynuclear ions began to decrease in concentration until at 100% the solid phase approached 100% of the products regardless of the rate of titration. There was a considerable amount of Cl associated with the solid phase during most of each titration, but the Cl/Al molar ratio of the solid approached zero as neutralization ...
TL;DR: Using the sand cone method as a standard, bulk density measurements by the core sampler method were found to be unreliable by as mentioned in this paper, who found that the auger method was sufficient for routine determinations on the soils examined.
Abstract: Using the sand cone method as a standard, bulk density measurements by the core sampler method were found to be unreliable. Bulk density as determined by the auger method was found to be sufficiently accurate for routine determinations on the soils examined.
TL;DR: In this paper, residual effects of fertilizer on native grassland throughout southwestern Saskatchewan persisted for six years or more, and were more important than the initial response, resulting in yield increases and in increased phosphorus content of the forage.
Abstract: Residual effects of fertilizer on native grassland throughout southwestern Saskatchewan persisted for six years or more, and were more important than the initial response. These residual effects resulted in yield increases and in increased phosphorus content of the forage. The sodium bicarbonate-extractable (available) phosphorus in the soil was increased by the use of phosphatic fertilizer; this increase persisted for six years after fertilizer application. The correlation coefficients between yield response and measured soil properties were not high for any of the measurements. The yield response was more closely related to the amounts of available N in the soil, the pH, and the texture than to the other soil and plant measurements. Responses were greatest on medium-textured soils, low in fertility and with a pH above 7.
TL;DR: Gleysolic profiles contained higher levels of organic sulfur in a reduced state (carbon-bonded sulfur) relative to nitrogen than did better-drained profiles, with values of horizon samples (LH, Ah and Bg) ranging from 1.3 to 30 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Total sulfur contents of surface horizons of selected Gleysolic profiles were substantially higher (mean of 2,183 and 1,539 ppm for LH and Ah, respectively) than contents previously reported for Chernozemic and Podzolic soils of Alberta. Easily soluble sulfate contents were very variable, with ranges of 20–160 ppm S, 13–1,820 ppm S and 2–1,740 ppm S for LH, Ah and Bg horizons, respectively.Gleysolic profiles contained higher levels of organic sulfur in a reduced state (carbon-bonded sulfur) relative to nitrogen than did better-drained profiles. This trend was less marked with Eluviated Gleysols than with Gleysols or Humic Gleysols.N: total S ratios were extremely variable, with values of horizon samples (LH, Ah and Bg) ranging from 1.3 to 30.
TL;DR: Water containing 0.1 n ammonium or divalent cations penetrated a sodic soil upwards of 50 times as fast as water alone as discussed by the authors, and the water was applied to a Duagh soil treated with these solutions.
Abstract: Water containing 0.1 N ammonium or divalent cations penetrated a sodic soil upwards of 50 times as fast as water alone. Infiltration of water applied to a Duagh soil treated with these solutions va...
TL;DR: In this article, the distribution and type of grass opal phytoliths in upslope soils and in the surface horizons of associated soils in up-slope positions were studied.
Abstract: Soils with very thick Ah horizons occur in downslope positions in the foothills of Alberta. The distribution and type of grass opal phytoliths in these soils and in the surface horizons of associated soils in upslope positions were studied. Opal phytoliths from Calamagrostis species, which grow in moist sites, occur throughout the depth of the cumulic soils. Also, the numbers of opals in the soil increase toward the surface. Since Festuca-type opals occur in only the upslope soil, we conclude that the cumulic soils accrete by soil creep as a result of their downslope position on a valley side.