Showing papers in "Cartographic Journal in 2002"
TL;DR: The Land Cover Map 2000 (LCM2000) as mentioned in this paper is a thematic classification of satellite image data covering the entire United Kingdom, which uses spectral segmentation of images to generate vector land parcels, which are then identified by the spectral classification of the image data in these parcels.
Abstract: Land Cover Map 2000 (LCM2000) is a thematic classification of satellite image data covering the entire United Kingdom. The map updates and substantially upgrades the Land Cover Map of Great Britain (LCMGB), made in 1990–92. This paper outlines the character of the map through a description of its specification, production and outputs. The paper is aimed at users of LCM2000 and derived data who need to understand more of the map and its characteristics. The paper also outlines plans for making data available to researchers and applied users.The most important development in LCM2000 was the spectral segmentation of images to generate vector land parcels. Land cover was then identified by the spectral classification of the image data in these parcels. Classification used specially developed procedures which exploited known spatial, spectral and contextual characteristics of land cover. The resultant GIS incorporates, within its vector structure, detailed attribute data which record parcel-based land ...
272 citations
TL;DR: A major project is building a specifically historical Geographical Information System (GIS) for Britain, mapping the evolving human geography of the past two centuries as discussed by the authors, which combines the changing boundaries of administrative units with a large database of historical statistics.
Abstract: A major project is building a specifically historical Geographical Information System (GIS) for Britain, mapping the evolving human geography of the past two centuries. This system combines the changing boundaries of administrative units with a large database of historical statistics. This paper focuses on England and Wales, where work is most advanced, and examines the sources for the mapping work, how the GIS is built, the uses of the GIS to map past geographies, and the potential for using mid-nineteenth-century boundaries for mapping much earlier sources including the Domesday Book.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this study, road features on topographic maps of Hong Kong from 1:1000 to 1:200 000 are studied and the dependence of road elimination on six types of thematic attributes is discovered, which could be used to formulate an overall weight to determine whether a particular road should be deleted, merged or combined in the generalization process.
Abstract: It has been widely recognized that, in order to automate the map generalization process, cartographic knowledge needs to be formalized. One method of knowledge acquisition is to analyse existing maps. Previous studies have concentrated on describing the phenomena on the surface. A typical example is the percentage change of the number of symbols or the percentage of open space on smaller scale maps. This study aims to go one step further, i.e. to analyse the association such changes with thematic attributes. In this study, road features on topographic maps of Hong Kong from 1:1000 to 1:200 000 are studied; six types of thematic attributes, i.e. 'type', 'length', 'width', 'number of lanes', 'number of traffic ways' and 'connectivity', are considered; and two statistic parameters, Lambda and Somers' Delta, are employed. It has been discovered that the dependence of road elimination on these attributes occurs in the following order: type (0.73), length (0.53), number of lanes (0.48), number of traffi...
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 50 pairs of school students, aged 11-14 years, were asked to make a map involving point symbol generalization in order to identify their mental representations of this type of thematic map.
Abstract: Small-scale thematic maps that use point symbols to show the location of economic activity are a common feature of school atlases. They have, however, undergone a considerable amount of generalization in their preparation and we know little about how school students make meaning from them. Using a simple software mapping tool, 50 pairs of school students, aged 11–14 years, were invited to make a map involving point symbol generalization in order to identify their mental representations of this type of thematic map. Using procedural 'schema' diagrams, some common misconceptions are identified.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an automated tool for the generalization of geological maps, which may assist the British Geological Survey in meeting the demands of the consumer's need for customized 'built-for-purpose' geoscientific data sets.
Abstract: The British Geological Survey is recognizing the consumer's need for customized 'built-for-purpose' geoscientific data sets. It is witnessing a move away from being merely producers of standard scale cartographic products. This research proposes an automated tool for the generalization of geological maps, which may assist the organization in meeting these demands. The research shows that in order to derive a coarse scale geological map from a fine scale geological database there is a requirement for contextual sensitivity. To achieve an appropriate result the interaction between the themes represented on the map must be considered and should reflect the interaction of geological objects in the real world. A case study is presented which illustrates how standard cartographic generalization operations can be combined, using a rule base, into a partially automated process to generalize a geological data set from 1:50 000 to 1:250 000 scale. Independent geoscientific professionals evaluated the result...
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the construction of land use classes during semi-automated generalization of a land cover map, using traditional methods of visual image interpretation, combined with the extensive, use of ancillary land use information.
Abstract: This paper describes the construction of land use classes during semi-automated generalization of a land cover map. The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) has been responsible for the creation of the CORINE Land Cover Map of Great Britain (CLCMGB), using the ITE Land Cover Map of Great Britain (LCMGB) as the primary input. Several of the CORINE land cover classes are more accurately described as 'land use' classes, (e.g. airports and construction sites). Since a land cover class (as identified on the LCMGB) could be related to several uses, the CORINE land use classes had to be identified separately from the CORINE land cover classes, within the generalization procedure. This was done using traditional methods of visual image interpretation, combined with the extensive, use of ancillary land use information. The interactive creation of the land use classes described in this paper is the main component that did not use wholly automated methods; 95% of the CLCMGB was created using automated meth...
18 citations
TL;DR: This paper classifies integration methodologies in terms of integration techniques applied and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages, and compares each approach based on the degree of interactivity, level of integration, and implementation effort required.
Abstract: GIS, environmental modelling and visualization techniques are increasingly being used together in environmental and forest management practices as decision support tools. There are many attempts to produce better integration of these techniques, especially advanced visualization techniques. This paper begins with the brief review of visualizations currently used in forest management, and then examines existing systems using those visualizations. An idealized forest decision support system is then proposed.The trend for spatial decision support system (SDSS) development is the integration of GIS, modelling and visualization. This paper classifies integration methodologies in terms of integration techniques applied and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages. Each approach is then compared based on the degree of interactivity, level of integration, and implementation effort required. The paper also describes and presents the results of several system developments attempted by the authors and ...
10 citations
TL;DR: A multi-criteria model for point feature annotation that examines the sometimes conflicting issues in the point labelling process is presented, and an application to mountain peaks in Grand Teton National Park illustrates how it can assist a cartographer as a preliminary step in assessing the difficulty encountered in labelling point symbols.
Abstract: Mathematical algorithms for placing labels upon maps have been used for the past thirty years. This paper presents a multi-criteria model for point feature annotation that examines the sometimes conflicting issues in the point labelling process. Based on a maximum labelling model, the primary goal is to place the maximum number of labels on the map, although secondary goals reflect other considerations such as point size, position preferences, and feature importance. By differentially weighting these separate factors, emphasis could be placed on each consideration in turn allowing the cartographer to assess the implications of each factor in the point annotation process. An application of this model to mountain peaks in Grand Teton National Park illustrates how it can assist a cartographer as a preliminary step in assessing the difficulty encountered in labelling point symbols as well as providing the cartographer with a choice of alternative scenarios upon which to base the final placement.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a more complete, cognitive model of the geometry of visualization is proposed, which allows a symbol or object to be positioned anywhere within several continua between the standard dimensional categories.
Abstract: The standard model of the geometry of cartographic visualization in geographic information systems (GISs) is based on the classification of cartographic objects into points, lines, and polygons, represented with zero-, one-, and two-dimensional symbols. This is restrictive because an object or symbol may actually span more than one of these dimensional categories or may occupy an intermediate position between categories. A more complete, 'cognitive' model of the geometry of visualization is proposed here. The new model is more flexible because it permits a symbol or object to be positioned anywhere within several continua between the standard dimensional categories.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the "Peters Phenomenon" in the North-South to West Wing: Why the 'Peters phenomenon' will simply not go away.
Abstract: (2002). From North–South to West Wing: Why the 'Peters Phenomenon' Will Simply Not Go Away. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 177-179.
5 citations
TL;DR: The appearance of symbols for public rights of way on Ordnance survey maps is taken for granted today as discussed by the authors and their authority as public ways is derived from the Definitive Map of Public Rights of Way which was prepared consequent to the provisions set out in Part IV of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949.
Abstract: The appearance of symbols for public rights of way on Ordnance Survey maps is taken for granted today. Their authority as public ways is derived from the Definitive Map of Public Rights of Way which was prepared consequent to the provisions set out in Part IV of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The Definitive Map was mainly surveyed by volunteers from all walks of life working to non-compulsory guidelines. The resulting maps differed in accuracy of depiction and content. The inclusion in the national map specification of information of variable standards caused cartographic design problems and major changes in policy for Ordnance Survey. The background to rights of way mapping, and its translation to the national map at the one-inch scale down to 1968 is examined here.
TL;DR: In this paper, Mapping Rich and Poor: Putting Charles Booth's Enquiry into London Life and Labour Online, the authors present a mapping of rich and poor in London.
Abstract: (2002). Mapping Rich and Poor: Putting Charles Booth's Enquiry into London Life and Labour Online. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 81-85.
TL;DR: In an increasingly digital age where technology advances by the day, how is Ordnance Survey, Britain's mapping agency for over 200 years, positioning itself? The Director General and Chief Executive explains how Ordnance survey is fusing heritage and innovation to lead the way in the geographical information revolution.
Abstract: The face of the geographical information industry and its applications are evolving as rapidly as the landscape of Great Britain. In an increasingly digital age where technology advances by the day, how is Ordnance Survey, Britain's mapping agency for over 200 years, positioning itself? The Director General and Chief Executive explains how Ordnance Survey is fusing heritage and innovation to lead the way in the geographical information revolution.