Showing papers in "China Report in 1973"
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of the agricultural changes and performance in the People's Republic of China and India, against the background of the situation existing in pre-revolutionary China and pre-independence India, provides us with some insight into the working and development of agriculture within the framework respectively of totalitarianism and parliamentary democracy, and may also indicate the problems and prospects of agricultural development in the developing countries.
Abstract: are governed by their respective political ideologies and goals. A comparative study of the agricultural changes and performance in the People’s Republic of China and India, against the background of the situation existing in pre-revolutionary China and preindependence India, provides us with some insight into the working and development of agriculture within the framework respectively of totalitarianism and parliamentary democracy, and may also indicate the problems and prospects of agricultural development in the developing countries. The purpose of this article is to analyse the state of agriculture in pre-revolutionary China and preindependence India to serve as a background to the study of the agricultural development of the two countries in the last two decades.
11 citations
TL;DR: For previous documentation on this subject, see following issues of China Report: March-April, July-August, September-October, November-December (1969), January-February, March- April, July -August, November -December (I970).
Abstract: For previous documentation on this subject, see following issues of China Report: March-April, July-August, September-October, November-December (1969), January-February, March-April, July-August, November-December (I970); May-June, July-August, November-December (1971); January-April, November- December (I972); March-April and November-December (I973).
5 citations
TL;DR: The authors analyzed Indian, Chinese and Western traditions and their particularistic patterns of change at macro-level, and identified crucial ideological breaks during the pre- modern period in each case, and concluded with a brief elaboration of variable tradition-bound paths of modernity.
Abstract: Following a comparative and evolutionary perspective, this paper seeks to analyze Indian, Chinese and Western traditions and their particularistic patterns of change at the macro-level, moves on to identify crucial ideological breaks during the pre- modern period in each case, and concludes with a brief elaboration of variable tradition-bound paths of modernity. In doing this, the paper attempts to suggest a revision of the tradition-modernity continuum by introducing a sacred-secular dimens ion in the explanation of socio-historical changes.
3 citations
3 citations
TL;DR: A ceasefire agreement has been reached in Laos and a similar agreement is expected to be reached shortly in Cambodia as mentioned in this paper, and speculation has been rife from time to time as to the next "domino" that might fall in the region.
Abstract: EVENTS IN SOUTH EAST ASIA seem to have borne out the &dquo;domino theory&dquo;. The Geneva Conference of 1954 had conferred separate though provisional statehood on North Vietnam. From then on up to the signing of the Vietnam ceasefire agreement on 27 January 1973 in Paris, almost half of South Vietnam fell under the control of the Vietcong. The situation has not been very different in Laos and Cambodia. A ceasefire agreement has been reached in Laos and a similar agreement is expected to be reached shortly in Cambodia. Speculation has been rife from time to time as to the next ’domino’ that might fall in the region. Thailand has been often mentioned both in the Communist and Western press. It is the only country in South East Asia that has maintained its
3 citations
TL;DR: The Chinese authorities have been relatively more candid about the state of the economy since 1970 as discussed by the authors, which indicates internal normalization in China, and de-emphasis of political interpretation of statistical aggregates.
Abstract: SINCE 1970, THE Chinese authorities have been relatively more candid about the state of the economy. Chairman Mao had spoken to Edgar Snow6 about the &dquo;near anarchy period of 1967&dquo;. Premier Chou En-lai in an interview with V US, a magazine published in Zagreb, Yugoslavia,&dquo; admitted that &dquo;in course of 1967 and 1968 industrial production dropped to some extent&dquo;. He told visiting Nordic journalists in late 1972 that the food harvest during 1972 &dquo;has not been good&dquo;. In this environment, People’s Daily carried an article8 8 by Gong Sheau-wen in which he emphasized that s‘we must realize that accurate statistical figures are based on facts&dquo;. All this indicates internal normalization in China, and de-emphasis of political interpretation of statistical aggregates. This is of course to be welcomed.
2 citations
TL;DR: For example, after Bangladesh became an independent nation, confirmed after the December 1971 conflict between India and Pakistan, most nations of the world granted diplomatic recognition. But China did not grant diplomatic recognition as discussed by the authors, and used its newly acquired veto power in the U.N. to block Bangladesh's application for membership in the world body.
Abstract: common other than religion, together in one nation. Thus when Bangladesh became an independent nation, confirmed after the December 1971 conflict between India and Pakistan, most nations of the world granted diplomatic recognition. Bangladesh subsequently applied for membership in the United Nations, and again received widespread support. But China did not grant diplomatic recognition. Furthermore, Peking twice used its newly acquired veto power in the U.N. to block Bangladesh’s application for membership in the world body. This was the first veto used by Peking, and it produced reactions varying from disappointment to anger among nations that had already recognized Dacca especially nations of the third world. It seemed both odd and hypocritical that China, who had been excluded from the United Nations for so long, should use the veto to stop Bangladesh’s membership, and for reasons which resembled those which were used as justification for earlier excluding Peking. In addition, China’s veto gave the Soviet Union a propaganda victory. Moscow claimed credibly that its policy toward Bangladesh represented the developing nations, and that Peking was at odds with world public opinion. The U.S.S.R. thus enhanced its prestige and perhaps its political position in Asia and the third world at the expense of China. The questions must be asked : Why did China refuse to grant diplomatic recognition
2 citations
TL;DR: The first part of a series on various modes of socio-historical explanation of the Chinese Revolution is presented in this article. But it is focused on the transition of a moribund empire into a modern and Communist nation-state.
Abstract: THis ESSAY is intended as the first of a series on various modes of socio-historical explanation of the phenomenon of the Chinese Revolution. An explanation of this revolution, which is supposedly epitomized in the transformation of a moribund empire into a modern and Communist nation-state, must necessarily comprise three elements : a characterization of the pre-revolutionary Chinese system, a characterization of contemporary Chinese society, and an hypothesis regarding the mechanism or mechanisms whereby the former was transformed into the latter.
1 citations
TL;DR: The May Fourth Incident of 1919 was the single most important event of the May Fourth Movement as discussed by the authors, though there is some controversy about the date, the movement may be said to have begun in 1915 when Japan presented her notorious 21 demands to China.
Abstract: STUDENTS HAVE PLAYED an important role in all national movements in Asia and Africa. In China, though the students played a significant role in political movements even before 1919, the May Fourth Movement is the most famous one organized by them against foreign imperialist powers. The May Fourth Incident of 1919 was the single most important event of the May Fourth Movement. Though there is some controversy about the date, the movement may be said to have begun in 1915 when Japan presented her notorious 21 demands to China. In the same year, Chen Tuhsiu established the New Youth magazine which had a great impact on Chinese elite youth. Till 1917, only the students and intellectuals of Peking and those returned from Japan were active in the movement. The new intellectuals had not established any link with the emerging merchants and industrialists.’
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that if India hesitated to fill the vacuum created by the withdrawal of the British Navy from the Indian Ocean area, China would certainly not hesitate to do so.
Abstract: THE POSSIBLE ENTRY of China in the Indian Ocean area as a vacuum filler has been a much debated question in this country. The debate was sparked off by thc Naval Study Group’s Paper published in Ham/a in May 1969. Speaking in the Parliament, the then Defence Minister Swaran Singh dismissed the thesis of the young Naval Officers as &dquo;more an essay than a wellthought out and guided or balanced exposition’’.1 The Naval Study Group’s plea was for India assuming boldly the naval leadership in the Indian Ocean area. The Study Group said that if India hesitated to fill the vacuum created by the withdrawal of the British Navy from the Indian Ocean area, China would certainly not hesitate to do so.~ Our Naval offices therefore advocated the adoption by India of a definite national maritime goal in the Indian Ocean area as
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of agrarian revolution in an area of extreme backwardness and poverty was addressed, and in its ideology, as in its social composition, it owed as much to the indigenous tradition of peasant rebellion as to the Marxism-Leninism which its leaders formally espoused.
Abstract: area developed autonomously, largely independent of, and often in conflict with, central Communist Party control. It addressed itself primarily and consistently to the problem of agrarian revolution in an area of extreme backwardness and poverty, and in its ideology, as in its social composition, it owed as much to the indigenous tradition of peasant rebellion as to the Marxism-Leninism which its leaders formally espoused. Its military aspect was sub-
TL;DR: The current campaign to build up the militia was, in fact, launched only after the mass organizations were built up to the provincial level as mentioned in this paper, and the campaign is conspicuously silent about promoting military training.
Abstract: of the revolutionary mass organizations like the trade unions, women’s federations, Red Guard organizations, the Youth League and peasant organizations. The Party thus controls the militia through multiple channels. The current campaign to build up the militia was, in fact, launched only after the mass organizations were built up to the provincial level. Even so, in the minority areas where separatism continues to pose a danger, the campaign is conspicuously silent about promoting military training.
TL;DR: The 10th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) as mentioned in this paper was described as a Congress of Unity, Congress of Victory and Congress full of vigour, implying that the Party has just overcome an unprecedented crisis.
Abstract: THE COMMUNIQUE OF the Tenth Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), held inPeking from August 24 to 28, described it as a &dquo;Congress of Unity, Congress of Victory and Congress full of vigour&dquo;. The previous three Congresses were adorned only with the slogans of ‘unity’ and ’victory’. The new epithet for the Tenth Congress implies that the Party has just overcome an unprecedented crisis and acquired a sense of vigour. However, this Congress and the events which preceded it raise serious questions of ideology and organization which the Chinese system is still grappling with. How
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present guidelines for travelers to exchange goods and services to the advantage of buyer and seller alike in China, while considering the history of the Middle Kingdom and the current scene.
Abstract: report, confirmed by travellers and observers on the spot, was welcome news indeed, particularly to those who go to China not so much as tourists but so as to exchange goods and services to the advantage of buyer and seller alike. Whilst there is no room here for reminiscences about the history of the Middle Kingdom, it would seem prudent to bear in mind some of the guidelines which are relevant to the current scene :
TL;DR: In this article, the authors survey the specifics and pattern of the Soviet drive for economic cooperation with a large number of states irrespective of their creed and ideology against the background of the current Ninth Five Year Plan (1971-1975) which is designed to lay the basis of communism.
Abstract: being laid. In fulfilling these tasks, the Soviet economy has been faced with a number of bafHing problems. Agricultural setbacks, especially the one last year, insufficient growth of labour productivity, lack of certain types of advanced technical knowhow, the question of resource allocation, the consumers’ sector, are among the problematic features which have long accompained the progress of the Soviet economy. The purpose of this article is to survey the specifics and pattern of the Soviet drive for economic cooperation with a large number of states irrespective of their creed and ideology against the background of the current Ninth Five Year Plan (1971-1975) which is designed to lay the basis of communism.