Showing papers in "Copeia in 1964"
158Â citations
TL;DR: In contrast, the northern anchovy, a clupeoid inhabiting much of the same ecological range as the sardine, hatches sooner and develops normally at these low temperatures, and a close correspondence at all but extreme temperatures was showed.
Abstract: Incubation time, development, and growth of individual Pacific sardine eggs and larvae were studied in relation to environmental temperatures between 11 and 21 C. Time from spawning to hatching decreased with increasing temperature from approximately 140 hr at 11 C to 34 hr at 21 C. Maximum growth occurred in yolk sac larvae between 16 and 17 C before shrinking due to starvation. A functional jaw and pigmented eyes failed to develop in sardine larvae at temperatures below 13 C. In contrast, the northern anchovy, a clupeoid inhabiting much of the same ecological range as the sardine, hatches sooner and develops normally at these low temperatures. A comparison of incubation times deduced from field studies with these experimental results showed a close correspondence at all but extreme temperatures.
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69Â citations
TL;DR: The presence of transitory teeth on the maxillaries in larval Scopelosaurus may be indicative of a close phylogenetic association of this family with the Isospondyli, and indicates that fishes in most of the higher orders of fishes studied develop the upper jaw structure in a manner similar to that in the Iniomi.
Abstract: (Gregory 1933, Fig. 283). Development of the upper jaw in the Iniomi is similar initially to that in the Isospondyli, but while still in the larval stage the premaxillaries continue to grow posteriad and force the maxillaries completely out of the gape. The presence of transitory teeth on the maxillaries in larval Scopelosaurus may be indicative of a close phylogenetic association of this family with the Isospondyli. Representatives of other, higher orders of fishes studied develop the upper jaw structure in a manner similar to that in the Iniomi. This indicates that fishes in most of the
68Â citations
TL;DR: Staccatos are produced less frequently at night when the fish are most active in feeding than during the day when they hover over their rock crevices, and a type of "mobbing" behavior with the production of staccatos occurred.
Abstract: Staccatos are produced less frequently at night when the fish are most active in feeding than during the day when they hover over their rock crevices. Various fishes introduced to a population of squirrelfish demonstrated that constantly moving fish caused many staccatos to be produced. Under certain circumstances more staccatos were produced toward introduced alien species than toward squirrelfish. A type of "mobbing" behavior with the production of staccatos occurred. When 3 types of sounds were played out underwater, the following modifications in behavior were recorded: sometimes the fish "jumped," they retreated into their crevices, they turned their heads toward the sound, and either during sound or after, the fish investigated the source. This did not occur with lobster sounds. The characteristic daily cycles of sound production of various fishes are discussed. The significance of the playback experiments is discussed particularly in relation to orientation to the source of sound. It is considered that fishes do orient to the source and the possibility of binaural localization should be considered more seriously as a possible mechanism. The grunt sounds of variable time intervals seem related primarily to aggressive behavior in territorial defense. The staccato is first accompanied by escape behavior, then a shift occurs to investigative behavior, and finally it is involved with a special "mobbing" behavior which is probably aggressive. The sounds in relation to the fish's behavior are quite complex and need further study. A large number of parallelisms occur between the way squirrelfishes utilize their sounds in a complex community and the way birds have organized acoustical signal systems.
66Â citations
TL;DR: The basic social organization of nonreproductive blue gouramis is a fairly stable dominance hierarchy, and interactions between adjacent territorial males contain a complex series of motor patterns, several of which seem to be markedly ritualized.
Abstract: The basic social organization of nonreproductive blue gouramis is a fairly stable dominance hierarchy. For the most part, fish of both sexes confine themselves to nonagonistic maintenance activities. Overt aggression tends to appear at feeding times, when new fish are introduced into an established hierarchy, or at certain periods when 2 well-balanced fish test each other. The imminent commencement of a reproductive cycle also increases the frequency of agonistic behavior, as dominant fish nip and chase subordinates increasingly. The onset of a reproductive period in males usually is marked by increasing aggressiveness, a gradually developing tendency to remain in or near a certain part of the tank, and frequently the initiation of a bubble-blowing behavior that eventually results in the construction of a bubble nest at the air-water interface. The floating bubble nest serves as a depository for the fertilized eggs when spawning occurs. When fully in the territorial phase, males are highly aggressive in defending a definite area in which the nest usually has been constructed. Encounters between adjacent territorial males contain a complex series of motor patterns, several of which seem to be markedly ritualized. Most territorial males respond to the sexual stimulus provided by the presence of a ripe female with another series of behavioral patterns which collectively could be called courtship activities. These activities appear to attract and/or stimulate the female and facilitate successful spawning, at least during the early phases of the spawning cycle. The end result of courtship of the male is the presence of the female immediately under the nest in a position suitable for the consummatory sexual actions. The spawning sequence is triggered by one or more bites that the female directs at the side of the male. This usually results in the male dropping down beneath the female so that his dorsum touches or nearly touches her breast. He then moves back and forth in a fairly rhythmical movement I call rubbing. To my knowledge, rubbing is not present in other anabantoid species. After rubbing for a minute or so, the male begins to curve his body and revolve in a horizontal plane. The female moves into the center of this curve and is clasped by the male. The clasped pair turnsover so that the female is belly up, and strong contractions of the body muscles cause the fish to vibrate visibly before the sex elements are released. After a brief period during which both fish appear stunned (swimming inhibition), the male chases the female away and begins to retrieve eggs which he blows up into the bubble nest. After some time, the male either seeks out the female or she comes up to the nest again, and the spawning sequence is repeated. After several spawnings, the female usually ceases further sexual activity, although on occasion, the male terminates a spawning series by becoming highly aggressive and preventing the female from approaching the nest.
TL;DR: This is the first comprehensive revision of the chaenopsid fishes that has appeared since 1898 and identifies ten genera (2 new) and 37 species (6 new) that range from California to Peru in the Eastern Pacific and from Florida to Brazil in the Western Atlantic oceans.
Abstract: By John S. Stephens, Jr. 1963 (December 31), University of California, Publications in Zoology, 68:1-133, 15 pls. Price $3.50.This is the first comprehensive revision of the chaenopsid fishes that has appeared since 1898 (Jordan and Evermann, U. S. Natl. Mus., Bull. 47, vol. 3). Ten genera (2 new) and 37 species (6 new) are recognized. These range from California to Peru in the Eastern Pacific and from Florida to Brazil in the Western Atlantic oceans. No
TL;DR: Acknowledgements Movement ................................. S p a t i a l S t a b i l i t y . Home Range . . .. Homing ........................ I n t e r a r e a Movements.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Movement ................................. S p a t i a l S t a b i l i t y . Home Range . . . . Homing ........................ I n t e r a r e a Movements T e r r i t o r i a l i t y . . P o p u la t io n . . . . . . . . Summary . ............................ Page v i
TL;DR: The Mediterranean is usually defined as a warm-temperate sea, but it comprises several basins, in which the conditions differ more or less widely, and between which some of the faunistic features differ remarkably.
Abstract: Strictly considered, omitting the adjacent part of the Atlantic Ocean and the Black Sea, the Mediterranean fish fauna comprises about 550 species. Although long known, these fishes need further researches, especially in respect to their geographical distribution and differentiation. They are dispersed according to several distributional patterns. The largest group is Atlantic (Boreal, West African, or Amphi-Atlantic). Other species are endemic or cosmopolitan. Some, especially those that have been found in scattered regions of the world, pose unsolved problems, both systematic and biogeographical. Deep-sea fishes are scarce; four species only have been found below 2,000 m. The Mediterranean is usually defined as a warm-temperate sea, but it comprises several basins, in which the conditions differ more or less widely, and between which some of the faunistic features differ remarkably. These differences are evident in both west-east and north-south directions. Tropical fishes occur mainly in the southern region and in the eastern basin. In this basin there are now about 30 Indo-Pacific
TL;DR: Larvae of Rhyacotriton, Gyrinophilus, and Ambystoma are representative of groups of salamanders inhabiting, respectively, mountain brooks, streams, and ponds.
Abstract: Larvae of Rhyacotriton, Gyrinophilus, and Ambystoma are representative of groups of salamanders inhabiting, respectively, mountain brooks, streams, and ponds. Mountain brook dwellers differ from stream and pond dwellers by their modified and reduced gill rami, the loss of the second row of gill fimbriae, the heavy gular fold, and the restriction of the fins posterior to the vent. Stream dwellers differ from pond dwellers by their shorter, heavier gills, reduced gill rakers, less biconvex gular fold, more depressed body, more extensive fins, absence of balancers, etc. The distinction betwean highly specialized mountain brook species and stream species has not been recognized previously.
TL;DR: The results of preliminary mating tests under controlled conditions suggest that female sex attractants may be involved in species recognition and the elicitation of a species-specific courtship in Taricha.
Abstract: The basic pattern of courtship is similar in all species of Taricha. The male embraces the female just posterior to her shoulder region with his forelimbs, hooks his chin over her nose, and rubs it with lateral head movements while pressing his cloaca against her dorsum. After about an hour, the male advances obliquely over the left or right shoulder of the female and deposits a spermatophore a few centimeters away from her head. He then orients at a right angle to the axis of her body and makes lateral hip movements; she responds by moving down his side until her cloaca is in position to pick up the spermatophore. The male frequently mounts again for a second period of amplexus. The minor differences detected between the courtship behavior of the species of Taricha do not seem great enough to serve as the basis of reproductive isolation between sympatric forms, and the results of preliminary mating tests under controlled conditions suggest that female sex attractants may be involved in species recognition and the elicitation of a species-specific courtship.
TL;DR: The osteological and other differential characters of the species of the European and North American clupeoid nominal genera Alosa, Caspialosa, and Pomolobus have been studied and they are united here under one name, Alosa Linck.
Abstract: The osteological and other differential characters of the species of the European and North American clupeoid nominal genera Alosa, Caspialosa, and Pomolobus have been studied. Because the previous arrangement of these fishes into three genera does not reflect their relationships, they are united here under one name, Alosa Linck. The distinction between Alosa and Caspialosa is very slight and does not warrant subgeneric status. The differences between Alosa and Pomolobus are considerably more significant, and Pomolobus is defined as a subgenus of Alosa.
TL;DR: The character and significance of sound production among fishes of the western North Atlantic is studied, from data on biological noises and the deep scattering layer.
Abstract: FISH, MARIE P. 1954. The character and significance of sound production among fishes of the western North Atlantic. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 14:1-109. HERALD, E. S., AND R. P. DEMPSTER. 1957. Courting activity in the whitelined squirrelfish. Aquarium J. 28:43-44. JOHNSON, M. W. 1948. Sound as a tool in marine ecology, from data on biological noises and the deep scattering layer. J. Marine Res. 7:443-458.
TL;DR: The clupeoid fishes of the genera Pomolobus, Brevoortia and Dorosoma and their allies are revised and related species in other seas are studied.
Abstract: , AND B. W. EVERMANN. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. Pt. 1. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 47:1-1240. LINCK, H. F. 1790. Versuch einer Eintheilung der Fische nach den Zahnen. Mag. Neu. Phys. Naturges. 6(1):28-38. LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Tom. 1, Ed. 10. ii-824 pp. MILLER, R. R. 1957. Origin and dispersal of the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, and gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, in the Great Lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 86(1956): 97-111. REGAN, C. T. 1916. The British fishes of the subfamily Clupeinae and related species in other seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 8, 18: 1-19. 1917. A revision of the clupeoid fishes of the genera Pomolobus, Brevoortia and Dorosoma and their allies. Ibid. 19:297-316. SVETOVIDOV, A. N. 1932. Sur le rapport entre le caractere de la nourriture et la nombre des appendices pyloriques chez les harengs. Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. URSS A (8):202-204. 1952a. O zavisimosti mezhdu colichestvom pulorichescikh pridatcov i kharacteram pitanya ryb. (On the correlation between the number of pyloric caeca and the character of food in fishes.) Ocherki po obschim voprosam ikhtyologyi. Akad. Nauk SSSR:282-289. 1952b. Seldevye (Clupeidae). Fauna SSSR. Ryby 2(1), 331 pp.
TL;DR: The present study began with an attempt to determine whether the Atlantic monacanthid fish Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani) can be distinguished from the Indo-Western Pacific C. pardalis (Riippell) and to recover from synonymy the second Atlantic species of the genus, C. macrocerus (Hollard).
Abstract: share one or more of these characters with Amanses and Cantherhines. Eleven species of Cantherhines are recognized: longipinnis (endemic to Lord Howe Island); the Indo-Pacific dumerili (carolae and howensis are synonyms); macrocerus from the tropical western Atlantic Ocean (a large species long confused with pullus); multilineatus from Japan; fronticinctus from East Africa and the Indo-Malayan region; verecundus from Hawaii; tiki, a new species described from one specimen from Easter Island (unique in its produced snout and short first dorsal spine); melanoides from Queensland, Australia; sandwichiensis, a second Hawaiian endemic; the Indo-Western Pacific pardalis (a common species with 11 synonyms); and pullus, abundant on tropical Atlantic reefs. The last three species are closely related; all have 2 prominent white spots on the body, 1 at the posterior base of the soft dorsal fin and a small one at the posterior base of the anal fin. THE present study began with an attempt to determine whether the Atlantic monacanthid fish Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani) can be distinguished from the Indo-Western Pacific C. pardalis (Riippell) and to recover from synonymy the second Atlantic species of the genus, C. macrocerus (Hollard). The study was extended to a review of the genus which is here regarded as distinct from the monotypic Amanses. Eleven species of Cantherhines are reported, 1 of which from Easter Island is described as new.
TL;DR: The compilation of data by Needham and Behnke (unpublished) on more than 2,000 specimens of the genus Salmo from western North America has demonstrated that, indeed, the Mexican golden trout is a distinct group and worthy of taxonomic recognition.
Abstract: distinctive characters had a genetic basis and were not mainly phenotypic expressions of local environmental phenomena. The compilation of data by Needham and Behnke (unpublished) on more than 2,000 specimens of the genus Salmo from western North America, collected from virtually their entire native range, has demonstrated that, indeed, the Mexican golden trout is a distinct group and worthy of taxonomic recognition. Taxonomic methods used are essentially those listed in Hubbs and Lagler (1949) with the modifications noted in Needham