Showing papers in "European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire in 2006"
TL;DR: A survey of the main centres, trajectories, genres and practitioners of translations associated with the Enlightenment can be found in this paper, which examines the limits of the status of French as the eighteenth-century lingua franca, and dwells on such notable cultural links as the English-German translation route.
Abstract: During the eighteenth century modern European languages obtained a new wealth of literary, scientific and philosophical idiom through translation. Translations from Latin into French, Italian, Spanish, English and German, and to a lesser degree between these languages, multiplied steadily. This marked rise in inter-lingual renderings, within the general growth of the book market, paralleled a growing awareness of the complexities of translation, and novel attempts at its theorising. This paper offers a survey of the main centres, trajectories, genres and practitioners of translations associated with the Enlightenment. It examines the limits of the status of French as the eighteenth-century lingua franca, and dwells on such notable cultural links as the English–German translation route. Quantitative and qualitative approaches to the study of translations are presented, and a layout is offered for comparisons between disparate cultures of Enlightenment in respect of approaches to translation. Relatively und...
36 citations
TL;DR: The authors explores the specificity of colonial violence in India and explores the history of the imperial military in South Asia after 1857, outlining the complex and rather ambiguous relationship between the colonial state and its "native armies".
Abstract: This essay explores the specificity of colonial violence in India Although imperial and military historians are familiar with several instances of such violence—notably the rebellion in 1857 and the 1919 massacre at the Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar—there is a broader, and arguably more significant, history that has largely escaped attention In contrast to metropolitan European states, where sovereignty derived, at least in principle, from a covenant between subjects and government, the sovereign power of the colonial state was always predicated on the violent subjugation of ‘the natives’ However, while violence was integral to colonialism, such violence was never a purely metropolitan agency: most of those recruited to serve in the colonial military were, themselves, Indian Exploring the history of the imperial military in South Asia after 1857, the paper outlines the complex and rather ambiguous relationship between the colonial state and its ‘native armies’ resume Cet article se penche sur la spe
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine Victorian public baths as institutions of active, embodied liberalism: as political spaces where subjects went to practise and enhance their powers of self-government, and in so doing embody and perform a clean and respectable lifestyle.
Abstract: This article examines Victorian public baths as institutions of active, embodied liberalism: as political spaces where subjects went to practise and enhance their powers of self-government, and in so doing embody and perform a clean and respectable lifestyle. To some extent, public baths can be understood as disciplinary institutions. According to its promoters, personal cleanliness went hand in hand with sober, industrious habits and a conscientious sense of domestic and social responsibility. At the same time, they also formed significant ethical sites, for bathing was a privilege that had to be paid for and as such actively adopted as a lifestyle choice; and, to this extent, they were about facilitating, rather than coercing, a certain civilised freedom. Public baths also allow for an exploration of the material facets of Victorian liberalism, of its spatial and corporeal dimensions. Washing was a practice that not only took place within a privatising architecture but one that also entailed an intensif...
29 citations
TL;DR: The development of a ‘colonial’ police model has typically been linked to the Irish Constabularies as mentioned in this paper but little consideration has been given to the influences of the Palestine Gendarmerie.
Abstract: The development of a ‘colonial’ police model has typically been linked to the Irish Constabularies. Little consideration has been given to the influences of the Palestine Police. The British section of the Palestine Gendarmerie was created in 1920 with the recruitment of former members of the Royal Irish Constabulary and Black and Tans. Meanwhile training for colonial police officers continued in Northern Ireland until 1932. At this point it was the Palestine Police that provided the recruiting and training ground for senior colonial policemen until its disbandment in 1948. Thereafter, its ‘colonial’ policing practices and traditions were carried throughout the British Empire and Commonwealth by its former members.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the conflicting discourses that have been raised in regards to the construction of the New Acropolis Museum (NMA) in Athens and illustrate that, despite the changeability of values attached to heritage, there are stable values, unchangeable throughout the time.
Abstract: This paper explores the conflicting discourses that have been raised in regards to the construction of the New Acropolis Museum (NMA) in Athens. The argument, on which the analysis is based, is that the NMA constitutes a ‘conflicting terrain’ because the meanings, values and uses, which have been attached to the Acropolis Hill and its monuments throughout the history, conflict with each other. Moreover, the paper aims to illustrate that, despite the changeability of values attached to heritage, there are stable values, unchangeable throughout the time. This paper examines the diversity of uses and meanings that the Acropolis Hill and its monuments have acquired since 1834, when the Greek state gained its independence. The analysis follows a multileveled examination of the arisen disputes, exploring the ways in which the supporters and the opponents of the NMA legitimize their position on local, national, and international level. Resume: Cet article etudie les discours conflictuels relatifs au projet de co...
18 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the gender-specific experiences of female prisoners, using SOE agents arrested by the Nazis during the Second World War as a case study, in order to contribute an understanding of the complex interaction of the identities of ‘woman, ‘soldier, and ‘prisoner’.
Abstract: This article examines the gender-specific experiences of female prisoners, using SOE agents arrested by the Nazis during the Second World War as a case study, in order to contribute an understanding of the complex interaction of the identities of ‘woman’, ‘soldier’ and ‘prisoner’. Using oral history, as well as information gleaned from auto/biographies and SOE reports, it is argued that many female captives resorted to gender stereotypes by ‘playing the daft lassie’, that they experienced punishment with distinct sexist and sexual overtones and that gender was significant in their accounts of incarceration within concentration camps. Examining the gendered experiences of captivity casts light on the male chauvinistic nature of the Nazi regime, illuminating the SS and Gestapo response to being confronted with women who overstepped traditional gender boundaries by undertaking paramilitary roles. Resume Cet article considere l'experience de captivite des agents secrets feminins de facon a questionner les cat...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors take the Enlightenment as a form of sociocultural history and a product of contemporary urban culture, thus avoiding the regional typification and contextualizing local particularities by means of micro-historical meth...
Abstract: In the topography of the Enlightenment the region of Eastern Europe—broadly comprising the former Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire in Europe and Russia—is usually neglected on the grounds of its economic and political backwardness. Moreover, the contribution of East Europeans is mostly regarded as irrelevant for the general picture of the Enlightenment as an intellectual movement under the pretext that their ideas are mostly derivative and exhibit no originality in comparison with their Western counterparts. In contrast to such one-sided models, which treat the region as a whole in structural terms without taking into account its political, social and cultural differences, the author proposes alternative approaches to East European case studies. She takes the Enlightenment as a form of sociocultural history and a product of contemporary urban culture, thus avoiding the regional typification and contextualising local particularities by means of micro-historical meth...
16 citations
TL;DR: The essays gathered in this issue explore possibilities for re-conceptualizing the historical topography of the European Enlightenment through an examination of its communicative practices as mentioned in this paper, by what...
Abstract: The essays gathered in this issue explore possibilities for re-conceptualising the historical topography of the European Enlightenment through an examination of its communicative practices. By what...
15 citations
TL;DR: This special issue of the European Review of History has its origin in a session held at the Twentieth International Congress of Historical Sciences in Sydney between 3 and 9 July 2005.
Abstract: This special issue of the European Review of History has its origin in a session held at the Twentieth International Congress of Historical Sciences in Sydney between 3 and 9 July 2005. Panel parti...
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse three cases of field science: Linnaeus's global travelling enterprise, the Danish Arabia expedition, and the early attempts in Britiain and Scandinavia to establish a North Atlantic, if not an Arctic, science.
Abstract: This article is intended as a contribution to the geography of eighteenth-century science. It analyses three cases of field science: Linnaeus's global travelling enterprise, the Danish Arabia expedition, and the early attempts in Britiain and Scandinavia to establish a North Atlantic, if not an Arctic, science. It points to the emergence of what we may wish to call domestic exteriors. Countries such as Denmark, Sweden and Great Britian carved out their respective shares and pockets of foreign lands where they specialised and established a more or less continuing presence. Enlightenment field science travelled globally, connected small nations with major powers, and built networks and patterns of influence and power that extended into new territories. Some of these territories were themselves northern, regions to which the study of Enlightenment science has hitherto rarely connected. Resume: Cet article est une contribution a la geographie de la science du dix-huitieme siecle. En analysant trois cas de sci...
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate the links between Revolutionary privatisation of village common land and an expansion of viticulture in the department of Gard, southern France, and show that a significant amount of this newly privatised land was planted with grape vines.
Abstract: This article demonstrates the links between Revolutionary privatisation of village common land and an expansion of viticulture in the department of Gard, southern France. The Jacobin decree of 10 June 1793 authorised the partition of common land, but it was two laws that were passed in reaction to this decree that finally moved considerable amounts of common land into the private domain. Under the law of 9 Ventose XII and the Royal Ordinance of 23 June 1819 much communal land was privatised in the Gard, through either sale or lease. Most of this land took the form of Mediterranean garrigue hillsides, which were ideal for viticulture. Specific evidence from the implementation of these laws shows that a significant amount of this newly privatised land was planted with grape vines. This scenario makes sense as viticulture and the wine market remained buoyant throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic decades. Resume: Cet article demontre les liens entre la privatisation des communaux sous la revolution et l...
TL;DR: The last 30 years have seen an increasing acceptance of an apparently ubiquitous link between the state and the use of force, with violence now seen as a defining attribute of the state.
Abstract: The last 30 years have seen an increasing acceptance of an apparently ubiquitous link between the state and the use of force, with violence now seen as a defining attribute of the state. Few have questioned this approach, but it constitutes a significant shift that contrasts with that of previous eras, where violence was a symptom of failure. This unquestioned link would appear to be deepening our problems in considering the difficulties facing liberal democracies at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Resume: Les trente dernieres annees ont vu le renforcement du lien entre l'etat et l'usage de la force et la violence comme un attribut essentiel de l'etat. On a peu conteste cette approche bien qu'elle soit en contradiction avec des interpretations precedentes qui considerait la violence comme l'admission d'un echec. Remettre en question ce lien entre etat et violence permet de reconsiderer les difficultes des democraties liberales au debut du vingt et unieme siecle.
TL;DR: The questionnement sur les relations entre l'archeologie and son role social contemporain a tres recemment fait l'objet d'un nombre remarquable d'essais qui mettent l'accent sur l'importance du patrimoine archeologique dans la construction des identites nationales and sur les facons divergentes de saisir and presenter le passe as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Le questionnement sur les relations entre l'archeologie et son role social contemporain a tres recemment fait l'objet d'un nombre remarquable d'essais qui mettent l'accent sur l'importance du patrimoine archeologique dans la construction des identites nationales et sur les facons divergentes de saisir et presenter le passe.2 Une variete de facteurs a contribue a ce developpement.3 L'interet croissant porte aux responsabilites morales des archeologues qui ont manipule les traces du passe au service des ideologies politiques est a cet egard fondamental.4 Dans le cas de l'histoire italienne ce constat prend un sens particulier car il s'agit d'une terre de colonisations anciennes, ayant a la fois une histoire grecque, romaine, etrusque, dont chacune a investi differentes regions du pays. Si en Allemagne par exemple, a cote de la prehistoire et la protohistoire germanique, l'Antiquite grecque fournit un reservoir pour la construction de l'identite nationale, et cela des le debut du XIXeme siecle, en Italie les...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the several questions raised by the growing political and administrative presence of the British in India in the second half of the eighteenth century and connect them to the general context of the debates on European colonialism, its forms and its consequences, not only in the specific perspective of British politics with regard to India but also in terms of some basic problems faced by Enlightenment culture with reference to themes like empire, conquest, colonial dominion.
Abstract: This essay explores the several questions raised by the growing political and administrative presence of the British in India in the second half of the eighteenth century. It tries to connect them to the general context of the debates on European colonialism, its forms and its consequences, not only in the specific perspective of British politics with regard to India but also in terms of some of the basic problems faced by Enlightenment culture with reference to themes like empire, conquest, colonial dominion. The essay tries to elucidate the ideas emerging in the British and European debates out of the necessity of dealing not just with theoretical issues but with practical duties of government and administration in cultural settings entirely different from the European ones. The contributions elaborated in particular in Great Britain and France from the 1770s onwards delineate an approach revealing the sensibility to what can be termed the ‘rule of difference’. This expression is used here not in the po...
TL;DR: A state is an "imagined institution" that needs to create a shared belief, an image, of its own existence, stability and viability in order to satisfy its citizens, employers and neighbours as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A state is an ‘imagined institution’ For its citizens, employers and neighbours the state needs to create a shared belief, an image, of its own existence, stability and viability in order to funct
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the historical, intellectual, social and cultural context in which the Jane Harrison case originated and consider the various elements which forged that context during the previous decades of the nineteenth century.
Abstract: The somewhat copious literature dealing with ‘the Jane Harrison case’ is easily accessible to those interested in such a personality: a female Victorian scholar, often depicted as rebellious or even generating a hint of scandal. Her biography has been more thoroughly discussed than her actual work, giving way to hagiographic1 or even psychoanalytic2 analysis. Two recent biographies3 give better insight and provide useful material for an accurate approach to her life but the task of dispelling the ‘Jane Harrison myth’ remains, as far as her actual work is concerned, its methodology, and the evolution of her use of anthropology and iconography in her study of Greek religion. Jane Harrison's work, however, cannot be analysed without taking into account the historical, intellectual, social and cultural context in which it originated. Consequently, it seems useful to consider the various elements which forged that context during the previous decades of the nineteenth century. Understanding the foundation on wh...
TL;DR: One of the most unrelenting orthodoxies in the analysis of interwar fascist regimes concerns the commitment of the fascist leaderships to promote an integral "coordination" of the structures of pow...
Abstract: One of the most unrelenting orthodoxies in the analysis of interwar fascist regimes concerns the commitment of the fascist leaderships to promote an integral ‘coordination’ of the structures of pow...
TL;DR: The involvement of soldiers in staging and witnessing military spectacles, however, underlines their significance in representing and helping to produce the nation-in-arms in the French Revolution as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Prefiguring twentieth-century experiments, the French revolutionaries represented the war in which they were engaged after 1792 by staging military spectacles in the theatre and in civic festivals. Both plays and festivals were highly allegorical in nature, representing the war as a conflict between rival ideologies and providing stereotypical caricatures of enemy villains. Military plays won little acclaim from theatre critics, who objected to their implausibility and lack of originality. Audiences limited their enthusiasm to plays that brought romance and patriotism together. Allegorical representations spoke neither to the realities of war nor to the psychological needs of spectators. The involvement of soldiers in staging and witnessing military spectacles, however, underlines their significance in representing and helping to produce the nation-in-arms. resume: Tout comme le font certains mouvements au vingtieme siecle, les revolutionnaires francais representent la guerre dans laquelle ils se trouvent...
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the treatment of Jewish partisans from the perspective of the Nazi perpetrators, while also seeking to shed light on the evolving self-perceptions of the partisans themselves, and found that this accusation shaped Nazi actions and simultaneously played a critical role in the partisans' imagination of, and construction of their own identity as "Jewish fighters".
Abstract: This article deals with the history of Jewish partisans during the Second World War, with the general aim of encouraging further research into the subject. Despite the facts that partisan activity was a significant part of the war experience for Jews, and an important dimension of the conduct of the war against the Third Reich and its accomplices, the history of Jewish partisans occupies only a minute portion of Holocaust and World War II historiography. This article analyses the treatment of Jewish partisans from the perspective of the Nazi perpetrators, while also seeking to shed light on the evolving self-perceptions of the partisans themselves. The focus is the Nazi categorization of the Jewish partisans as ’criminals’, equating them with ‘bandits’ and ‘plunderers’. In large part, this accusation shaped Nazi actions and simultaneously played a critical role in the partisans' imagination of, and construction of their own identity as ‘Jewish fighters’.
TL;DR: This paper explored the contemporaneous writings of a relatively unknown figure, Patrick MacGill, who offered an alternative perspective that recognises both the well-known horrors of the Great War but also the persistence of certain ‘heroic’ values that have been misleadingly obscured by the wellknown retrospective accounts of the war.
Abstract: Despite a growing body of detailed studies of key aspects of the Great War, there remains a dominant image of the war as a major tragedy in which the idealism of a generation of young men was exploited by their incompetent and callous elders and out of which there emerged a profound disillusionment and rejection of past values. Such an interpretation rests on the evidence of a small, and untypical, number of ‘soldier-writers’. By exploring the contemporaneous writings of a relatively unknown figure, Patrick MacGill, this article offers an alternative perspective that recognises both the well-known horrors of the Great War but also the persistence of certain ‘heroic’ values that have been misleadingly obscured by the well-known retrospective accounts of the war. Resume: Malgre de nombreuses etudes detaillees sur la grande guerre, une image domine qui presente le conflit comme le tombeau des idealismes et dont ne sortiraient que la desillusion et le rejet des valeurs du passe. Bien des elements de cette int...
TL;DR: The concept of "philosophic geography" was related to Ledyard's sense of the difference between "civilisation and incivilisation" and involved making judgements about lands and peoples according to the supposedly ‘philosophical’ values of the Enlightenment.
Abstract: This article begins by discussing the phrase ‘philosophic geography’, as noted in the journal of John Ledyard in the 1780s, in the context of his project to walk round the world and, particularly, to cross Siberia to reach North America. The concept of ‘philosophic geography’ was related to Ledyard's sense of the difference between ‘civilisation and incivilisation’, and involved making judgements about lands and peoples according to the supposedly ‘philosophical’ values of the Enlightenment. Ledyard's vision was global inasmuch as it was related to his intended circumambulation of the globe, and the hypothesised trans-Pacific resemblance between the indigenous peoples of Siberia and of North America. This vision was also harnessed to eighteenth-century American imperial aspirations concerning continental North America, which in some ways corresponded to Russian imperial domination in Siberia. Ledyard's global vision emerged from the context of his earlier participation in Captian Cook's third voyage, whic...
TL;DR: The site de Cnossos is emblematique de ces querelles, toutes les Nations ayant cherche a s'y implanter, esperant decouvrir un site aussi riche que Mycenes, nouvellement mis au jour.
Abstract: A la creation de l'Etat grec, en 1830, la Crete est maintenue dans l'Empire ottoman et son histoire jusqu'a la fin du siecle est jalonnee des revoltes contre l'autorite turque et des luttes pour le rattachement de l'ile a la Grece. Ces tensions et l'instabilite politique qui en resulte constituent des obstacles a la recherche scientifique des savants etrangers. L'archeologie est utilisee par les Cretois comme un symbole de leur grecite. Parallelement, la Crete devient le theâtre de severes luttes de concurrence, chaque Nation occidentale cherchant a s'approprier les sites les plus interessants. Le site de Cnossos est emblematique de ces querelles, toutes les Nations ayant cherche a s'y implanter, esperant decouvrir un site aussi riche que Mycenes, nouvellement mis au jour. L'histoire de ces querelles peut etre retracee a travers les lettres echangees par les divers protagonistes de la scene archeologique. En 1878, une periode de paix a permis au Grec Minos Kalokairinos d'effectuer la premiere fouille a Cn...
TL;DR: The theme des contacts, echanges and influences entre le monde egeen and les mondes orientaux fait partie des grandes questions de l'historiographie de la Grece ancienne and mobilise des chercheurs issus de diverses disciplines as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Le theme des contacts, echanges et influences entre le monde egeen et les mondes orientaux fait partie des grandes questions de l'historiographie de la Grece ancienne et mobilise des chercheurs issus de diverses disciplines. Plusieurs sources attestent en effet, a des degres divers, de relations etablies entre ces regions. Des contacts ont ete noues de part et d'autre de la mer Egee des la periode minoenne (premiere moitie du deuxieme millenaire avant J.-C.). Malgre des vicissitudes et des intensites variables, les relations avec l'Orient—un Orient compose d'entites multiples et qui comprend pour notre propos l'Egypte, le Levant, le Proche-Orient, l'Asie Mineure et Chypre1—semblent etre toujours attestees dans l'une ou l'autre region grecque depuis la fin de l'epoque mycenienne (seconde moitie du deuxieme millenaire). L'Orient semble meme avoir exerce une fascination toute particuliere sur le monde grec a l'epoque archaique (VIIIe–VIe siecles), dont la premiere trace est l'adoption de l'alphabet phenicien...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss l'histoire de l'archeologie classique en Turkey, plus particulierement a travers l'exemple de l"historiographie des sites d'Ionie (entre Phocee et Milet, inclus les iles de Chios et Samos) a l'epoque archaique, and comprendre comment cette histoire a pu influencer la maniere donnees of ces sites on ete conduites and leurs donne
Abstract: Le but de notre contribution est d'eclairer l'histoire de l'archeologie classique en Turquie, plus particulierement a travers l'exemple de l'historiographie des sites d'Ionie (entre Phocee et Milet, inclus les iles de Chios et Samos) a l'epoque archaique, et de comprendre comment cette histoire a pu influencer la maniere dont les explorations archeologiques de ces sites on ete conduites et leurs donnees interpretees. Nous souhaitons porter notre attention sur deux notions historiographiques specifiquement liees a cette region: en premier lieu, nous souhaitons montrer que le mythe de « l'Age d'Or » a longtemps conditionne l'interpretation des donnees materielles fournies par l'archeologie en terme de developpement culturel et de civilisation. Par ailleurs, il apparait que le developpement de l'archeologie classique en Turquie est profondement lie a celui de la Republique turque, particulierement dans le choix des sites qui ont ete explores. A travers la creation d'un espace imaginaire qui relie la Turquie ...
TL;DR: The publication of the first issue of Cahiers socialistes at the very end of the war in 1944 and its nine-year run have to be considered in the framework of the new socialist politic, which combined realism and reformism.
Abstract: Summary The publication of the first issue of Cahiers socialistes at the very end of the war in 1944 and its nine-year run have to be considered in the framework of the new socialist politic, which combined realism and reformism. It is in answer to the ‘formal, parliamentarian and conformist’ socialism that the collaborators of Cahiers socialistes, mostly trained at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, formulated an alternative left-wing proposition focused on socioeconomic reforms grounded in moral ideals such as freedom and human dignity. Cahiers socialistes were thus the product of an intellectual elite which then had a career in academe or in the civil service. This small group did not have a great impact in the shaping of public opinion but it has left a considerable conceptual legacy for socialist intellectuals. La parution du premier numero des Cahiers socialistes dans les derniers jours de guerre en 1944, et la poursuite fructueuse de la publication au cours des neuf annees qui suivirent, doivent e...
TL;DR: The Premiere Guerre mondiale a longtemps ete consideree en Italie comme un element positif de la constitution du nouvel Etat, la premiere epreuve victorieuse de la nation, l'entree de l'Italie a ple...
Abstract: La Premiere Guerre mondiale a longtemps ete consideree en Italie comme un element positif de la constitution du nouvel Etat, la premiere epreuve victorieuse de la nation, l'entree de l'Italie a ple...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors re-examine the history of the study of the so-called precolonial frequentations in both areas and present a history of these frequentations.
Abstract: Apparu dans le cadre de l'etude des fondations de cites par les Grecs en Mediterranee occidentale (VIIIeme–VIIeme siecles av. J.-C.), le terme precolonisation designe avant tout la periode de contacts entre le monde grec et l'Occident juste avant la colonisation historique. En faire l'etude peut sembler accessoire tant ce mot est passe dans le langage courant des historiens et des archeologues depuis son apparition dans les annees 30. Pourtant, il est indeniable que ce terme pose probleme: frequemment decrie,1 tres souvent—presque systematiquement—employe avec des guillemets, sa definition est depuis l'origine tres fluctuante. Malgre cela, les recherches sur ce theme ont fleuri durant tout le XXeme siecle. SUMMARY: Going back to the publications of A. Blakeway, who identified the oldest Greek ceramics discovered in Italy and southern Gaul, the authors re-examine the history of the study of the so-called precolonial frequentations in both areas. Studies dealing with precolonial contacts (that is, exchanges...
TL;DR: In this article, public opinion on the work of Georg Forster amounts to a directive concept phrased in republican terms of social and political order, which can be described as a political discourse, a political practice, a revolutionary power, simple republican mores and an aggregation of all preceding revolutionary movements.
Abstract: Summary: Public opinion on the work of Georg Forster amounts to a directive concept phrased in republican terms of social and political order. The concept can be described as (1) a political discourse, (2) a political practice, (3) a revolutionary power, (4) simple republican mores and (5) an aggregation of all the preceding revolutionary movements. Public opinion became the source of self-reference of the revolutionary process. ‘L'opinion publique’ a ete elevee chez Georg Forster a une notion directrice couchee dans une conception republicaine d'un ordre social et politique. Les dimensions du concept peuvent etre decrit 1° comme un discours politique, 2° une pratique politique, 3° un ‘pouvoir revolutionnaire’, 4° une ‘simplicite de mœurs republicaine’, et 5° comme ‘un agregat de tous les mouvements revolutionnaires anterieurs’. ‘L'opinion publique’ devient un medium d'auto-reference du processus revolutionnaire.
TL;DR: In this paper, Scheffel, consul d'Allemagne a Volos, publie dans les Mitteilungen du noble Archaologische Institut d'Athenes la prospection qu'il aura effectuee a plus de 2900 metres d'altitude.
Abstract: Les explorateurs qui ont entrepris de gravir la montagne des dieux et qui ont rendu la chose publique ne sont pas si nombreux. Bien sur, toute une cohorte d'anonymes, bergers, bucherons, soldats, brigands, moines ou guides, a depuis toujours sillonne le massif. Mais entre 1673—date de la premiere expedition connue—et 1922—terminus post quem des explorations que nous pourrions qualifier de pionnieres—les voyageurs qui nous ont laisse des traces ecrites de leurs expeditions dans le massif de l'Olympe ne sont pas plus d'une trentaine. En 1673, Edward Brown (1644–1708), diplome de Cambridge et Fellow de la Royal Society, relate au cœur de ses ‘breves relations de voyage’, les elans montagnards et cynegetiques du sultan Mohammed IV (1641–1693). En 1922, Helmut Scheffel, consul d'Allemagne a Volos, publie dans les Mitteilungen du noble Archaologische Institut d'Athenes la prospection qu'il aura effectuee a plus de 2900 metres d'altitude. Ainsi en deux phrases, se trouvent presentes les acteurs et les enjeux de ...
TL;DR: The authors discuss l'importante confrontation entre les ecoles francaise et americaine for l'etude anthropologique (et accessoirement paleopathologique) sur le territoire grec.
Abstract: Cette recherche est fondee sur l'importante confrontation entre les ecoles francaise et americaine pour l'etude anthropologique (et accessoirement paleopathologique) sur le territoire grec. Cette opposition prend comme figures de proue Robert P. Charles, chercheur francais issu de la paleontologie et totalement novice en anthropologie tant physique que sociale, et John L. Angel, anthropologue americain forme par les plus grandes universites de la cote est. Si le premier n'a absolument pas evolue dans sa methodologie et s'est cantonne a un examen centre sur le crâne et negligeant le reste du squelette (Argos, Chypre, Crete…), le second a profite de ses doubles competences medicales et anthropologiques pour echafauder plusieurs hypotheses physiopathologiques et en verifier l'exactitude sur l'immense masse de squelettes examines au cours de sa carriere de 50 ans. Il developpe le concept d'hyperostose poreuse a Lerne et met en relation cette entite nosologique (aspect crible de la table externe de la voute cr...