Showing papers in "Foreign Affairs in 2022"

Ukraine’s European Integration in the Context of War

Abstract: The relevance of the study is due to the need to conduct an investigation of the conditions, features, and prospects of Ukraine’s European integration during the war, and an examination of the status of a candidate country for EU membership, granted to it on June 23, 2022. The purpose of the study is to establish the conditions and features of Ukraine’s European integration in the context of the war and the problems and requirements that arise on the way to EU membership. Within the framework of the study, the following methods were used: dialectical, historical, and hermeneutical, formal-legal, legal-cognitive, logical, induction and deduction, modelling and system analysis, axiomatic etc. The results of the study are the definition of the main concepts and terms, namely: “European Union”, “European integration”, “status of a candidate for EU membership”; the features and purpose of the activities of European Union are established; the analysis of the European integration process of Ukraine during all the years of its independence is investigated and analysed; the achievements that Ukraine has already accomplished in cooperation with the European Union are clarified; the existing problems and obstacles to joining the European Union are established; the analysis of the features of Ukraine’s European integration in the conditions of war is conducted; the features of the status of a candidate for membership in the European Union is investigated and established; the prospects and advantages that arise in connection with granting Ukraine the status of a candidate country for membership are established; the tasks and conditions that Ukraine must fulfill to join the EU are investigated and clarified; the experience of countries that have joined the European Union is analysed. The provisions in the study are of practical value primarily for the authorities and authorised persons, whose duties include conducting reforms and performing tasks for European integration of Ukraine

The “Ukrainian Question” on the Eve of the First World War

Abstract: After analysing the current socio-political conditions in Ukraine caused by the war unleashed on February 20, 2014 by the Russian Federation, the author noted that they have common features with those that were before the outbreak of the First World War. This fact made this study relevant, since it requires an analysis of the “Ukrainian Question” from the standpoint of different countries at the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine the essence of the Ukrainian national question on the eve of the First World War. For this purpose, the study used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, generalisation, and historical method. As a result, the content of the “Ukrainian Question” was determined for the countries that participated in the First World War. In particular, it was established that Russia's goal was to capture Eastern Galicia, northern Bukovina and Transcarpathia, while under the auspices of the pan-Slavist policy and the Association of “Half-Blood Russian brothers”. Initially, Austria-Hungary also pursued the desire for territorial expansion, in particular, through the annexation of Volhynia and Podillia. As a result, the unification of Western and Eastern Europe was expected. Germany's goal was to divide the Russian empire into different territorial units and to seize the countries of Eastern Europe, in particular Ukraine, and settle its citizens on them. The positions of foreign countries on the “Ukrainian Question” considered in the study allowed for the conclusion that none of them considered the interests and aspirations of the Ukrainian people. The practical significance of the study was revealed in the fact that it can be used by modern researchers, in particular historians, when determining the prerequisites and nature of the current war of Russia against Ukraine

Countering Russian Propaganda During the War

Abstract: The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been going on for a substantial period of history, but over the past decade, the confrontation between the two countries has taken on a major scale. At first, Russia resorted to conducting a hybrid war, and from February 24, 2022, it began a full-scale war. In the course of this, the enemy uses information influence as one of the types of weapons, so today the ability to fight back is very important. The purpose of the study will be to consider and find ways to counter Russian propaganda. In the course of writing the study, the following research methods are used: information analysis, synthesis, specification, and generalisation. As a result of the study, a large amount of information of various types is considered, in particular, studies, books of popular science genre, legislative acts, statements and appeals of high-ranking officials, and, most importantly, publications in the media. In the course of analysing this information, it is determined which aspects of life are affected by Russian propaganda, those include: worldview, history, and information on the conduct of military operations. In addition, the methods Russians use to spread propaganda are considered, in particular, television and social networks. Thus, it is concluded that countering Russian propaganda should take place in the field of education, in particular, the introduction of media literacy courses, the development of the historical industry, statements by Ukrainian state institutions, and cybersecurity. The study creates a new perspective and ground for further investigation by sociologists who study the phenomenon of Russian propaganda in detail, teachers working to develop new teaching methods, and specialists in the field of cybersecurity

Diplomatic Service of Maria Dontsova: Little-Known Facets of a Famous Figure (Personal Story to the Collective Portrait of Ukrainian Women Diplomats)

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to highlight the activities of Maria Bachynska-Dontsova in the field of diplomatic service during its formation as a state institution in the closest to modern form. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, historicism, and systematicity. To identify and classify sources, the methods of archival heuristics and source study criticism were used; to study the activities of M. Dontsova as a representative of women in Ukrainian diplomacy, methods of prosopography were used. The relevance of the study stems from the lack of scientific research on the role of women in the formation of the Ukrainian diplomatic service during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, and in particular the lack of coverage in the scientific literature of M. Dontsova’s activity as a member of Ukrainian diplomatic missions. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the reconstruction based on the identified archival sources of M. Dontsova's activity as an employee of the Ukrainian diplomatic service and the reflection of her personal history in the collective portrait of Ukrainian female diplomats. M. Bachynska-Dontsova went down into the history of the Ukrainian diplomatic service as the wife of the head of the press bureau of the EDM UPR in Switzerland, prominent statesman and politician D. Dontsov, whom she helped with information and publishing activities, translations, and maintaining contacts with readers. Through her tireless work, she had demonstrated the essential role of a diplomat's wife in the diplomatic service. At the same time, she became one of the representatives of women in the Ukrainian diplomatic service. Like the vast majority of women in diplomatic missions, she did not have leadership authority but was a “universal government official” as an accountant, translator, clerk, and government commissioner. Noteworthy is her activity in the field of public and cultural diplomacy after completing diplomatic service in women’s NGOs to form a positive image of Ukraine abroad, to tell the truth about Ukrainian problems, to develop tools for cultural diplomacy

Specific Features of the Process of Decolonisation of Modern Textbooks on the History of Ukraine

Abstract: The relevance of the subject matter was conditioned by the need to develop a programme for the process of decolonisation of modern Ukrainian history textbooks, the construction of a historical narrative and its consolidation in the public consciousness, and the great importance of practical application and implementation of decolonisation under modern requirements of the time. The purpose of this study was to conduct a detailed analysis of the process of decolonisation of modern textbooks on the history of Ukraine, separate the available information in textbooks from unreliable facts, and develop recommendations for improvement. The basis of the methodological approach in this study was a qualitative combination of methods of system analysis, theoretical research, and to a certain extent, empirical research, which allowed highlighting and generalising the direct data of observations, and the combination of these methods created the dynamics of scientific knowledge as an integral organised system. The main results obtained in the framework of this study should be considered the definition of the main features of the decolonisation process, their implementation and further improvement. The results also include the formulation of the main goals and objectives of decolonisation. The results of this study and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of significant importance primarily for students, students and teachers who will repeatedly apply and operate information from textbooks, for historians, subjects whose professional activity is related to the reliability of facts about the historical past and present, which is essential from the standpoint of spreading false information and subjectivism of authors in history textbooks, and for all citizens of Ukraine

The Foreign Policy of the UPR Directorate Through the Prism of Cooperation with the Entente

Abstract: The relevance of the article lies in the need to study the topic of the peculiarities of the functioning of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic and its international policy with the countries of the Entente and Europe, because in recent years access to new archival documents from the times of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1920 has opened. The purpose of the research work is to analyze the aspects of creation and management of foreign policy of the UNR Directorate, in particular V. Vinnichenko and S. Petliura, taking into account the specifics of cooperation with the Entente countries, as well as the determination of the achievements and losses of the Directorate, which influenced the creation of the Ukrainian state. Research methods were used in the work, namely: chronological, historical, and analytical methods. Ukrainian and foreign historiography was analyzed, which described aspects of the foreign policy activity of the Directorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic, highlighted the greatest achievements during the conduct of foreign policy and the peculiarities of the Directorate's struggle for the liberation of the Ukrainian people and the recognition of Ukraine as a state by Europe and the world as a whole. The results of the study are the determination of specific actions by the Directory that led to the recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, namely the establishment of rights and laws for the population. It was established that the authorities did not have a specific example from the side of running the state, which explains the use of erroneous policies by the leadership, and despite all the problems created on the way to the creation of a new state, the result of such work was the formation of a clear structure of diplomacy and the recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The practical significance of the results obtained in the research lies in their use to continue learning about the topic of the formation and work of the Directory, as well as the movements of national diplomacy during the creation of state entities and the creation of Ukraine. The results of the study can serve as a basis for creating analytics regarding Ukraine's foreign policy and possible prospects for cooperation with neighboring countries

Cross-Border Regionalism in European Integration Strategies: A Conceptual Dimension

Abstract: At the turn of the millennium, the issues of borders and border territories that arose as a result of the reinterpretation of the place and role of national states and supranational entities became the focus of social analysis. Scientific attention to cross-border strategies of European integration processes is determined both by a new vision of the phenomenon of regionalism and the characteristic features of territorial identities. The relevance of the study of crossborder regionalism lies in the awareness of the increasing specific weight of territoriality in the modern world system and the need to find algorithms to answer the challenges of our time, which are marked by “binding to the territory”. The purpose of the article is the theoretical and methodological study of models and concepts of cross-border cooperation, which are formed under the influence of interconnected processes of globalization and regionalization within the European space. The current conditions of functioning of countries in the context of cross-border cooperation necessitate the substantiation of conceptual approaches to uncovering the essence of the cross-border region as a methodological construct. The application of geopolitical and geohistorical methodology determines the representation of the essential characteristics of cross-border regionalism as well as the determination of the role and place of border regions in European integration strategies. As a result of the study, it was proven that the effectiveness of cross-border cooperation depends on the extent, to which the historical traditions, mentality and social attitudes of the population of the border areas are taken into account in the process of creating Euroregions. It has been found that the minimization of risks caused by the long-term development of societies within various state organizations directly depend on the degree of scientific understanding of the specifics, potential and opportunities of cross-border regions, as well as the variability of value orientations and behavioral stereotypes. It was determined that the “transparency” of borders is a powerful resource for the balanced development of states, increasing the role of cross-border dynamics in the sphere of economy, culture, and ecology. The practical significance of the study is determined by the representation of spatial trends in the coordination of European integration strategies, the development of regional identity, and the decentralization of decision-making. Increasing scientific knowledge about cross-border regionalism will help to better understand the role and place of Ukraine in the modern world and bring it closer to entering the European political space

Prerequisites for the 1994 Budapest Memorandum in the Context of Ukrainian-American Relations

Abstract: The Budapest Memorandum is one of the many international guarantees of Ukraine's territorial integrity. That is why the study of this treaty turned out to be relevant and necessary not only in the context of Ukrainian-American relations but also in the context of modern events related to the threat to the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The purpose of the research work was to study the development of Ukrainian-American relations against the background of the nuclear disarmament of Ukraine. It was also necessary to find out the main prerequisites that became catalysts for the signing of the Budapest Memorandum. The main methods used in writing the work are: historical, terminological, statistical methods of scientific knowledge, systematic, and others. As a result of conducting scientific research on the specified topic, some events that became the reasons for signing the Budapest Memorandum were outlined, and the relationship between the development and improvement of Ukrainian-American relations and the signing of the relevant international agreement was clarified. The question of the influence of the United States of America on the nuclear disarmament of Ukraine was also investigated. Attention was also paid to the issue of guarantees and assurances of the signatory states regarding the territorial integrity of Ukraine and the obligation to fulfill them. The research paper also provided some statistical data on the nuclear potential of Ukraine as the third nuclear power in the world after the USA and the Russian Federation. The consequences of signing the Memorandum and its direct effect in the context of encroachments on the territorial integrity of Ukraine were outlined. The results of research work can be used in further research by historians, legal scholars, and other authors as a comprehensive study of American-Ukrainian relations in the conditions of nuclear disarmament of the Ukrainian state

The Causality of the Abkhaz War and russia's Role in the Conflict

Abstract: The relevance of the research is determined by the active intervention of the occupying Russian troops and the implementation of the general policy of officials in the external and internal processes of the state system of post-Soviet countries, in particular, in the processes of the occupation of part of Georgia. The purpose of the work is to identify the main prerequisites for the beginning of the military conflict. The article used such methodological approaches as a theoretical approach, a formal-legal approach, a logical analysis method, a synthesis method, a deduction method, and others. The main reasons for Russia's aid to Abkhazia were identified, among which it is worth noting the geopolitical location of the territory, the obstruction of Georgia's accession to NATO, access to pipelines for the transport of hydrocarbon resources, and the increase in the sphere of influence in the space of post-Soviet countries. A detailed analysis of the factors influencing political and military processes in Abkhazia by Russia was carried out. An important stage during the work was proving the fact about the policy of a violent nature, which is manifested in the occupation and annexation of sovereign territory by another state. It was found that Russia usually uses a wide range of military and non-military influence tools and methods to implement its plans; such influence is carried out on a systemic basis and has a comprehensive character in various spheres. It is worth noting that the military confrontation between Russia and Georgia has a significant impact on the strategic and political outlook of Georgia and, directly, on the occupied region. The practical value of the obtained results will help establish the cause-and-effect relationship of the Russian-Georgian confrontation and highlight the role of Russia as an aggressor state, which will help to highlight ways to avoid possible military conflicts for other countries of the post-Soviet space

Law-Conservative Ideology of Orban’s Government the Main Reason for the Systemic Conflict between the EU and Hungary

Abstract: The Ukrainian-Russian war, which began on February 24, 2022, accelerated Ukraine’s process of becoming a member of the European Union. In recent months Kyiv approached one step closer to the EU membership. Of course, the path to full membership into the European Community is long and thorny. But today we must be aware of what difficulties and problems await Ukraine when it acquires this status. Therefore, the task of studying the experience of our neighbours, who have been within the EU and NATO since 2004, is extremely important and relevant for both domestic and foreign policy of Ukraine.The aim of the article is to analyze the experience of Hungary within the European Union and the problems and contradictions that have arisen between Budapest and Brussels during the years of Hungarian membership. It is also important to find out the causes of the conflict between the EU and Hungary in order to prepare the Ukrainian society and the government already today to prevent the recurrence of Hungarian mistakes. As a result of the analysis in this article of the influence of the rightwing conservative ideology of Viktor Orban`s government on Hungary’s relations with the EU, it was found, that this is the main cause of acute conflicts that arise from time to time between the parties. The European Union, whose main ideology is liberalism, absolutely does not accept the enshrinement in the Hungarian Fundamental Law that one religion is dominant in the country, the prerogative of the Hungarian national minority living abroad to demand collective rights, intolerance of same-sex marriages and doubts about the rights on abortion. It was also found that Hungary has had a dictatorship of the constitutional majority in the National Assembly since 2010, which allows Viktor Orban`s government to pass any laws in support of his course to establish illiberal democracy in the country. It is confirmed that despite sharp criticism from Brussels of the Hungarian government coalition’s policy, Budapest continues to pursue its policy of strengthening the governance of democracy and public sector reform towards centralization, returning to the conservative traditions of the Hungarian state, curtailing democratic governance and strengthening authoritarian trends. All this has led to the imposition of the EU sanctions on Hungary in the form of cuts in funding for certain programs, sharp criticism of the EU leaders, and even threats to terminate membership in the organization. The author used the following methods preparing the article: structural and functional; conflict theory; behaviorism; historical; informal (traditional) document analysis. Further research on this topic is promising due to Ukraine’s future membership in the EU. From a practical point of view, this article can be used in the activities of those government agencies that are currently working on Ukraine’s European integration into the EU, as well as units of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, which take care of further development of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations

Ukrainian Women in Austria and Attempts to Resume the Activities of the Union of Ukrainian Women (1945-1957)

Abstract: The present study investigates the predicament of Ukrainian women in post-war Austria, where numerous Ukrainian refugees found themselves after the end of the Second World War. Ukrainian women were active in public life, which led to attempts to resume the activities of the Ukrainian Women's Union. The relevance of this study is conditioned upon both the lack of its research and its importance for the history of the Ukrainian women's movement. The purpose of this paper is to consider the attempts to consolidate Ukrainian women, intensify the Ukrainian women's movement, resume the activities of the Union of Ukrainian Women in emigration, the main tasks and vectors of Ukrainian women's activities in post-war Austria. The study is based on the use of documentary materials stored in the Central State Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, the memories of people who were in DP camps and materials of the then Ukrainian press. The study employed general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction) and special-historical methods – problem-historical, chronological, comparative-historical, which enabled a comprehensive analysis of the problem. In the first post-war years, the Ukrainian women's movement was revived in camps for displaced persons and refugees in Austria and West Germany. The intensification of women’s activities was connected both with the need to solve a number of social and national problems of refugees and with the continuation of the traditions of the Ukrainian women’s movement. It was in Austria in 1945 that the Union of Ukrainian Women resumed its activities and the idea arose to establish a single organisational superstructure that would unite Ukrainian women in new political circumstances and emigration conditions (a project of the Union of Ukrainian Women of Europe). The authors of this study draw attention to the need to review the tasks of Ukrainian women in exile. Although the post-war living conditions of Ukrainian refugees in Austria did not allow for the implementation of part of the programme of the Ukrainian Women's Congress in Feldkirch, the activities of local branches of the Union of Ukrainian Women in DP camps were important for the life of Ukrainian communities, as women themselves were actively engaged in support activities, social work, organisation of cultural and educational activities, preservation of Ukrainian traditions in emigration. The present research can be used to write summary works on the history of life of Ukrainians in camps for displaced persons in Germany and Austria after the Second World War, the history of the women's movement and Ukrainian emigration

Historical Aspects of the Establishment of the Great Seven

Abstract: The relevance of the study is conditioned by many historical and modern aspects. In particular, by revealing the issues of creating an international organisation, it is possible to understand what functions the organisation had, and the purpose of the organisation's existence against the background of historical events and modernity. The purpose of the study is to highlight the prerequisites and history of the creation of the International organisation Group of Seven (also known as G7), to investigate the influence and significance of this organisation, both in the past and in the context of modern international relations. The scientific approach is based on methods of systematic analysis of other studies and publications, and analysis of documents, in particular, international treaties, memoranda, etc. In addition, historical and comparative, historical and system methods were used, which allowed determining the place of the organisation in the general historical process. The main results of scientific research should be considered the definition of both the prerequisites for the establishment of the Group of Seven and its results, namely: the activities and significance of the organisation, and the definition of the role of an international organisation in historical and modern contexts. Practical application of the results obtained in the course of research is possible as a tool for solving a number of both historiographical and political science problems. In particular, the study can help solve the problem of interstate relations between developed countries and developing countries, the problem of the political and economic unity of developed countries, the problem of relevance and loss of influence of Western countries, and the growth of influence of developing countries, the problem of the relevance of the G7 format and its replacement with the G20 format, etc.

Solving the Border Issues of the USA and Canada in the Field of Joint Use of Water Resources

Abstract: The relevance of the research topic is justified by the fact that the USA and Canada have significant fresh water reserves, but they also experience a shortage of this resource, despite the fact that they are among the top five countries with the richest water resources in the world. In order to ensure the water security of the region and preserve the Great Lakes in a favorable condition, the United States and Canada have worked closely together for many years and share the fresh water resources of the Great Lakes, which is an example for other countries of the world. Based on relevance, the main goal of the article is the analysis of urgent border issues of the USA and Canada in the field of joint use of water resources. It is shown that the USA and Canada have adopted 21 legally binding documents, which recognize that these countries have a responsibility to all people currently living on our planet and to future generations to ensure the safety of this water source in the interests of all mankind, and that a balanced ecosystem approach is used in these countries as part of the climate change adaptation measures. It has been found that since the 1980s, concern has arisen in both countries that the diversion of Great Lakes water outside the basin area may impose negative consequences for the ecosystem and limit the possibilities of using these water reserves in the future. It has been proven that the effectiveness of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement has decreased in the conditions of increasing competition for water resources in North America. The fact is substantiated that the current management and control system of the Great Lakes waters under the 1909 Treaty is the best of all existing systems, although it requires improvement. On the one hand, the USA and Canada become increasingly aware of the value of their wealth called the “Great Lakes”, but on the other hand, many trends indicate that the goal of states becomes joint cooperation for the purpose of preserving and enriching water resources as well as privatization and ensuring control over territories, including water, to meet their own needs. Besides the irrational use of water, which is observed both in water-poor regions of the United States and in waterrich regions of Canada, both sides of the border lack of vision for a unified water pricing policy. The article has practical significance for Ukraine, since the experience of the USA and Canada can be useful as an example of solving urgent problems in the field of providing our country with fresh water and preserving water resources

European Integration of Ukraine. What will be the Path to Full Membership and How will Military Operations Affect it?

Abstract: The urgency of the subject matter is primarily conditioned upon the desire of the Ukrainian people for economic and cultural integration into the European community of democratic states and the need for Ukraine to defend its European choice by military means. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that this topic is not sufficiently covered by other researchers, political scientists, and sociologists. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to reveal the topics of economic, political, and cultural integration of Ukraine into the European Union. Moreover, the objectives of this study are to reveal the problems on the way to full membership of Ukraine in the European Union and to investigate the impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the integration process. The main methods of research are analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, which allow the study to describe and highlight the most important aspects of Ukraine's European integration. The paper investigates the process of integration of Ukraine into the economic, social, and cultural space of the European Union; defines the European Union, describes its power institutions; reveals the problems and difficulties of Ukraine related to the integration process; examines how the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine would affect the further development of the country's European integration. The materials of the study are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists, sociologists, other representatives of the scientific community and researchers on the topic of European integration of Ukraine, who are interested in the features and aspects of this process, investigate the problems that prevent the Ukrainian state from moving along the path of European integration

Energy Security of the West in the Conditions of Russian Aggression Against Ukraine

Abstract: The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the fuel and energy sector of the state is one of the key ones for ensuring a comfortable life of the population. In recent years, the process of energy development has been negatively affected by climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, but now the most important problem is the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Political events have only proved that Europe is suffering significant losses in the energy sector and is quite dependent on Russia's fuel and energy resources. That is why the issue of ensuring fuel and energy security and creating a sufficient level of reserves is the most relevant. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyse the issue of energy security of Western countries in the context of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The leading methods of investigating this problem are logical analysis, periodisation, induction, deduction, comparison and systematisation of approaches, which will help determine the consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the current state of energy security development in Europe. The paper describes the concept of security and its features in the energy sector; analyses the studies by historians, economists, sociologists, political scientists, and researchers who deal with the problem of energy security of the West in the context of Russia's aggression against Ukraine; describes the danger of further use of Russian gas; suggests various methods and ways to save energy and help reduce dependence on Russian gas supplies; diagnoses risks and threats in the fuel and energy sector of Ukraine and Western Europe; disclosed main statistical data and facts of dependence of European countries on fuel and energy resources from Russia. The materials of the study are of practical and theoretical value for political scientists, economists, politicians, and diplomats, which would help them create conditions for ensuring the country's energy security. In addition, the information may be relevant for researchers and scientists who are concerned about the economic damage to the whole world as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

The Consequences of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk for the 1918 UPR in German and Austrian Historiography

Abstract: The relevance of this topic is conditioned by the fact that in the history of the Ukrainian revolution from 1917 to 1921, additional aspects are revealed when inspecting the terms of the signed Brest-Litovsk peace treaty between the Ukrainian Central Rada (UCR) and Germany and Austria-Hungary. The study includes an analysis of the circumstances that prompted the Ukrainian leadership to ask for help from the Quadruple Alliance (QA) in February 1918 and conclude a military convention with them. The conclusion of the agreement is a particularly important moment in the history of Ukraine, as it fundamentally affected the future, namely, it contributed to maintaining the country's independence and development. The main purpose of the study is to investigate and analyse the changes that have occurred since the conclusion of the agreement between Ukraine and Austria-Hungary and Germany. The object of research is the process of concluding the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and the subject is the document itself. The following scientific methods were used when writing the paper: structural and functional, dialectical, logical analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature, and generalisation. The main results are the analysis of the practical and theoretical consequences of the peace treaty on the fate of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR). The practical significance of the study is that by investigating the mistakes of the UCR in the state creation, it would help to avoid similar problems in the future. During the writing of the paper, statistical data, scientific studies, and historical sources were analysed and scientific works of political figures of that time were reviewed. Important are the works of the chairman of the Central Rada of the UPR Mykhailo Hrushevsky and political and public figure Volodymyr Vynnychenko

Transcarpathia in Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations 1991-2022

Abstract: The relevance of the research lies in the fact that in the conditions of the modern stage, cooperation and relations between Ukraine and Hungary are tense. This is related to the pro-Russian position of Hungarian politicians, which arose after the appearance of the conflict in Donbas in 2014. Additionally, Hungarians defend their position regarding the level of protection and support of their minorities on the territory of Ukraine. It is reasonable to believe that Hungary is blocking Ukraine's path to European integration through open conflicts. The purpose of the article is the study of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations in the period 1991-2022, as well as the resolution of the conflict regarding Transcarpathia to stabilize relations between the countries. The methods used in the work include the historical method, based on which the dynamics of the development of relations between countries were studied; the statistical method, which consists in studying the demography of Transcarpathia; a comparative method based on which the consequences of the influence of relations on Ukraine's integration into Europe were considered. The results of the study determined that the improvement of relations between the countries can take place through the provision of simplified conditions for obtaining Hungarian citizenship for Hungarians from other countries, as well as the promotion of the development of cross-border infrastructure in Transcarpathia to provide new opportunities for the population, which will be an impetus for development in the political and cultural aspect, as well as the termination of cooperation between Ukraine and Hungary. The found ways of resolving conflicts between the countries will be an incentive for the development of both states: Ukraine will be able to continue its integration into Europe and establish favorable conditions for cooperation with Hungary; Hungary will be able to improve its relations with neighboring countries and stabilize the political aspect of these relations. The practical value of the research lies in the use of scientific material and its results to create a unified strategy for the establishment of Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, as well as the continuation of the integration movement of Ukraine into Europe

Diplomatic Relations Between Ukraine and North Korea: History and Specific Features of Development

Abstract: The relevance of the subject of the study is largely due to the need to investigate the causes and prerequisites for severing diplomatic ties between Ukraine and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea against the background of modern geopolitical changes. The importance of such an analysis lies in the militarisation policy of North Korea, which may affect the partnership of the country with the Ukrainian state. The need to conduct such an examination also lies in the insufficient number of papers on the outlined subject. The purpose of the study was to clarify the main aspects of cooperation between Ukraine and the DPRK during 1992-2022. The methods of scientific knowledge used to conduct the research are: historical, comparative, statistical, systemic, and terminological. The main achievements that were obtained as a result of the study can be outlined as follows: clarification of the course and development of relations between Ukraine and North Korea, examination of the nature of the relevant relations through the analysis of regulatory legal acts concluded between the two states. The attitude of Ukraine to the nuclear potential of the DPRK and the policy towards the unification of the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea are outlined. The main reasons why Ukraine declared a statement on the termination of diplomatic relations with the DPRK and the position of North Korea on the annexation and occupation of certain territories of Ukraine, diplomatic relations between Russia and the people’s diplomatic Republic of Korea against the background of a full-scale invasion of the territory of the Ukrainian state by the Russian Federation are clarified. The results of the study can be used by historians, geopolitics, lawyers, and other researchers as a basis for further work on related subjects

Ukraine and NATO: Problems, Challenges, Prospects

Abstract: Since the beginning of Ukraine's independence, namely on 24 August 1991, there has been a lively debate among social and legal theorists and practitioners alike as to the advisability of Ukraine joining NATO. However, this issue became particularly relevant after February 24 2022, when the Russian Federation launched a full-scale war against Ukraine, and of course, it remains on the agenda until now, as it concerns guarantees of national security and independence of the state. Based on this, the purpose of the study is to identify current problems, challenges, and prospects related to the process of Ukraine's accession to NATO. To achieve this goal, the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, and historical methods were used in the study. As a result, it was found that Ukraine's accession to NATO is a priority for its future development and security. The paper managed to analyse the main Euro-Atlantic prospects for Ukraine, the most important of which at the moment is the protection of its territory by other member countries of the alliance. The analysed modern challenges allowed the authors to establish that in the conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian war, the Ukrainian authorities implemented a number of measures aimed at developing the military-political industry, in particular, they abandoned the non-aligned position, approved the updated national security strategy of Ukraine, and most importantly approved the Euro-Atlantic direction of Ukraine's development in the Constitution of Ukraine. In conclusion, it was possible to reveal not only the priority of Ukraine's accession to NATO, but also to investigate the practical means and tools that are already being used to implement this process. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used both by theorists for an in-depth investigation of this topic, and by practitioners, in particular by legislators, in the development of new laws and regulations related to the Euro-Atlantic process

Features of Adaptation of Ukrainian Refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada

Abstract: Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths, destruction of cities and towns, homes and infrastructure. The constant threat is a consequence of the large flow of refugees who are forced to leave the country in search of security and asylum. European Union countries, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada have accepted those fleeing the war and provided temporary protection. The relevance of the study consists in the identification of ways for assistance and benefits conferred, which are aimed at adapting and supporting Ukrainian refugees. The purpose of this paper is to study the features of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada, the socio-psychological state of refugees during the adaptation period, to compare the concepts of “refugee” and “person in need of temporary protection”, the characteristics of the social assistance package for Ukrainian refugees. The methods used to investigate the topic are: comparative, legal recognition, logical and legal method, hermeneutical method, analysis, etc. The results of this study are a comparison of the main concepts, including: “refugee”, “person in need of temporary protection”, characteristics of Ukrainian and international laws and regulations on refugee protection issues, clarification of the features of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU countries, Great Britain, USA, and Canada, psychological aspects of refugee adaptation, comparative analysis of social assistance and benefits for refugees between EU countries, Great Britain, USA, and Canada, processing statistics to compare the number of refugees between countries that provide asylum and protection. The provisions presented in this paper reveal the current problems of adaptation of Ukrainian refugees in the EU, Great Britain, USA, and Canada and may be useful for further study

International Cooperation Between Thailand and Democratic Kampuchea

Abstract: This article discusses the cooperation between the Kingdom of Thailand and Democratic Kampuchea in the military, political and economic spheres. Contrary to the popular myth that Democratic Kampuchea was an isolationist country, in reality the country was quite open to the world. Thailand became the first country with which Democratic Kampuchea began to cooperate. Cooperation between the two states began in April 1975, immediately after the victory of the Khmer Rouge over the Khmer Blue regime (better known as the previous ruler Lon Nol), and lasted until the final fall of Democratic Kampuchea under the pressure of the Vietnamese troops in 1979. It can be confidently said that the aspirations of the Thais and Khmers in developing relations were sincere. Thailand has sought to improve relations with its neighbours, and in particular with Kampuchea, undertaking various initiatives even during the standoff from October 1976 to October 1977, not to mention agreeing to border revisions or the joint exploitation of resources along the blurred water border. Democratic Kampuchea also took the initiative and went for rapprochement, and this was especially evident at the eighth Asian Olympic Games, when Kampuchea took part in them only for the sake of Thailand. The period of 1979 was the culmination of the development of friendly relations: from a simply friendly country, Kampuchea became an ally of Thailand. True, in the future, after the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops from Cambodia, Thailand will begin to rapidly move away from the Khmer Rouge, who have become increasingly associated with the “bloody genocide of their people”. Then, Thailand, which went out into the world and joined the global system, wanted to have a good reputation and for this broke with the Khmer Rouge

Зовнішні справи європейської діаспорології та діаспорної дипломатії: інституціональна історія Українського Вільного Університету (до 100-літнього ювілею)

Abstract: Актуальність дослідження обумовлена необхідністю проведення аналізу етапів інституціональної історії Українського Вільного Університету (УВУ) у форматі персоналій і інституціоналізації архіву, цієї унікальної освітньої, наукової та культурної інституції. Мета публікації – розкрити прогресивний характер і особливості інституціональної моделі УВУ для вивчення інституціональної історії українства та його освіти, культури і науки у світовому та європейському дискурсах. Головна місія Українського Вільного Університету – це підтримка інтегративності української освіти і науки в публічному просторі, а також пріоритетності питань щодо збереження національної ідентичності українців. У статті наголошується на методах дослідження, яке має міждисциплінарний характер і ґрунтується на важливих пізнавальних принципах: науковості та історизму. Застосування різноманітних загальних та спеціальних методів дозволило визначити траєкторію наукового пошуку для реальної реконструкції історичних і сучасних подій в інституціоналізації освіти та науки УВУ. Розглядається інституціональна історія формування традицій і сучасної моделі Українського Вільного Університету в умовах глобалізованого світу, а також – архівної інституції як важливої системоутворюючої складової Університету, його політики пам’яті та ресурсно-інформаційного забезпечення. Усі три етапи інституціональної історії Українського Вільного Університету (віденський, празький, мюнхенський) у період 1921–2021 років були й залишаються пріоритетним осередком для української діаспори та зарубіжного українства у сфері освіти, науки і культури. Інноваційні підходи в діяльності Українського Вільного Університету обумовили і нові напрями міжнародного співробітництва та інтернаціоналізації освіти – упровадження інструментарію освітньої та наукової дипломатії, розвитку української науки і освіти за кордоном, української діаспори, інституціональної діаспорології в цілому. Український Вільний Університет упродовж усіх періодів своєї інституціональної діяльності був на захисті та в інституціональному фарватері української освіти, науки і культури. УВУ консолідував навколо себе освітню дипломатію і наукову дипломатію української діаспори та зарубіжного українства. Інституціональна історія Українського Вільного Університету (УВУ) тісно пов’язана з інституціональною діаспорологією та діаспорною дипломатією, сприяє їх розвиткові та поширенню по всьому світові, де проживають закордонні українці

The Republic of Cyprus is a Country of Active Diplomatic Life

Abstract: Академічний рецензований журнал з відкритим доступом, який публікує оригінальні дослідницькі та оглядові статті зі сфери історичних і політичних наук, що стосуються історичного минулого, сьогодення та перспектив розвитку міжнародних відносин

Review of Zhvanko Lyubov Mykolaivna’s Publication “Diplomatic Missions of the Republic of Poland in Kharkiv (1921-1937): Review of Issues and Author’s Reflections of Contemporary Polish Historiography”

Abstract: Академічний рецензований журнал з відкритим доступом, який публікує оригінальні дослідницькі та оглядові статті зі сфери історичних і політичних наук, що стосуються історичного минулого, сьогодення та перспектив розвитку міжнародних відносин

Foreign Policy of the Ukrainian State Based on the Diary of Pavlo Skoropadskyi

Abstract: The struggle of the Ukrainian people for independence during the war of national liberation of 1917-1921 is an important period in the history of Ukraine and is relevant today. One of the most prominent figures of this period is P. Skoropadskyi, who made many important political decisions during his rule. The then Ukrainian State pursued an active foreign policy, the investigation of which is relevant for historians, for the purpose of a broad and objective study of this period, and for diplomats who, based on the experience of the past, determine the current geopolitical course of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is an in-depth analysis of the foreign policy of the Ukrainian State, based on the memoirs of P. Skoropadskyi. When writing the paper, the following methods were used: analysis, comparison, specification and generalisation of information. Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: the foreign policy of the then Ukraine and the Hetman's government was determined by the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; most of all, the Ukrainian State cooperated with Germany, which had an impact on the course of internal political processes. The study discussed in detail the activities of the Germans in the context of the creation of the Ukrainian army and land policy. The issue of whether this cooperation can be considered an occupation was also considered. In addition, Ukraine's international relations with such states and regions as Romania, Bolshevik Russia, Crimea, and Kuban were considered. In the course of the study, in addition to the actual material, the opinions and plans of P. Skoropadskyi's foreign policy activities were considered. The paper outlines the ideas of Hetman and creates the basis for further research on the history of external relations of this period. This study also touched upon an important topic that few researchers had previously considered, namely the problem of relations between Hetman's government and the Entente

Confrontation with Beijing as One of the Priorities of US Foreign Policy

Abstract: The United States and China are by far the most powerful countries on the planet by many indicators, and both of these countries can influence the course of many processes around the world. In particular, the United States has a substantial influence on the world stage, so it is necessary to investigate the significance of the confrontation with Beijing in the context of their foreign policy, and what are the prospects for its continuation. Thus, the relevance of the subject is determined by the fact that the results of this confrontation have an impact on the policy of all countries in the future. The main purpose of the study is to determine the level of priority of the confrontation with China for the United States, by analysing the foundations of the geopolitical theory of the United States and considering the history of this conflict. When writing the study, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison, specification and generalisation of information. As a result of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn: the confrontation between the United States and Beijing takes place in three main areas of activity: trade, economic, and ideological; it was determined that the United States is the most influential country in the world and is trying to maintain this influence; it was identified that the key aspect of the US foreign policy influence is trade, which is one of the main reasons for the confrontation with China; the impact of this conflict on the whole world was established; certain problems of US internal policy and possible prospects for the development of this conflict were considered. The originality of the study is that it considers the conflict between the United States and China as broadly as possible, considering various fields of activity. The results of this study will be useful for economists who study the economic problems of the whole world, and Ukraine in particular, including researchers in the United States, to draw attention to the problems and threats of their own country

Strengthening EU Defence Capabilities Under Conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian War

Abstract: The issued article describes the military-political dimension of the European Union's activity and its prospects for transformation into a collective security association within the framework of the Russian-Ukrainian war. This topic was the focus of researchers, however, it was considered by them in the context of the history of the European Union and did not involve a separate study. The purpose of this study is to consider the gradation of the defense capability of the European Union in the period from the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war (2014) to the moment of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine (2022) and the prospects for further development of this area within the EU. The basis of methodological basis of the research is a combination of general historical and political science methods, among which retrospective and institutional methods take the leading place. Analytical work with materials and selection of certain works for each of the tasks was accompanied by the use of critical-dialectical, historical-systemic, action, and problem-chronological methods. As a result of the study, it was found that the military component of the defense capability of the European Union consists of the review and development of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP), the creation of new defense programs (PESCO), “loyalty programs” (European Partnership Policy) and other possible structures for the emergence of a large security space on the borders with Russia and its satellites. The practical value of the work is revealed in the possibility of using the mentioned facts in the further study of the topic of the development of the defense sphere of the European Union in the 21st century, as well as the problems of supranational security formations, in particular on the territory of Europe

Swedish Policy of Сountering the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract: Statement and relevance of the problem. In early 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease came as a surprise to the whole world. The need for effective counteraction at the global and regional levels required decisive action from international organisations and state governments. The World Health Organization has announced the pandemic and the need for a thorough and urgent fight against it. European countries have introduced strict restrictive measures, in particular, mass self-isolation, restrictions on economic and trade activities, termination of the educational process with its subsequent transfer to distance learning, etc. Sweden was the only EU member state to pursue a much softer and more liberal policy in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of the study is primarily to investigate features of the Swedish model of countering the spread of COVID-19. Scientific research is based on the use of comparative historical and statistical methods, and elements of retrospective and prospective factor analysis. Conclusions and prospects of the study. Based on the investigation of the Swedish government's policy on the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of features of the measures applied were highlighted. The Swedish model was based on the principle of public responsibility and reliance on a highly developed national health system. The basic course was to develop collective immunity in society. An important role was played by the principle of voluntariness, which did not provide for the introduction of a nationwide quarantine. Therefore, (especially at the initial stage) restrictive measures in Sweden were mild and mostly advisory in nature. Additionally, the need to maintain social distance and personal hygiene was emphasised. No strict measures or restrictions were introduced for the economy; businesses and institutions were advised to switch to remote work. Sweden has become the only EU country that has not implemented a lockdown in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic. Swedish counteraction policy, as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, was based on the principle of situational response: the authorities implemented certain measures in accordance with their timeliness and effectiveness. All this suggests a special Swedish model of state policy aimed at effectively overcoming the manifestations and consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. The generalisation of Sweden's experience would allow developing approaches for creating effective measures to prevent and quickly counter such threats

Women of Europe in the Great War (1914-1918)

Abstract: The relevance of this topic was primarily conditioned upon the need to cover women's experience during combat operations, both on and off the front lines. The importance of highlighting such experiences was the insufficient level of study of the relevant issue, as a result – the unsatisfactory level of awareness among the population of the importance of women during military operations. The purpose of the study was to investigate and clarify the issue of the participation and role of European women in the First World War. The following methods were used to conduct the study: comparative, statistical, historical, systematic, terminological, etc. The findings revealed the place of women during the World War in 1914-1918, and identified the main changes observed among the female population in the corresponding time intervals, in particular, the issue of women's emancipation and the feminist movement. On the example of a number of countries, including France, Romania, and Ukraine, statistics on women's employment in jobs that belonged to men before the war were presented. A comparative analysis of the involvement of women in direct military operations during 1914-1918 was carried out. Some changes in the political, social, and economic environment of European countries in relation to women are presented as the main results of emancipation and feminist movements during the First World War, in particular, the Ukrainian women's movement of 1914-1918 is considered. The results of this study can be used to further clarify women's experience during military operations by historians and researchers, as well as public figures to highlight the participation of women in the First World War among the population

Історія еволюції національної безпеки суб’єктної України

Abstract: Актуальність поданої теми теми полягає в необхідності дослідження процесу руйнування усталеного світу, колапсу системи міжнародних відносин, відсутністю розуміння і повним ігноруванням з боку агресора усіх гуманітарних важелів в ситуації війни і збройного протистояння. Теоретичний аналіз як метод дослідження слугує контекстом і основою для знаходження і опанування об’єктивною інформацією; діалектичний метод переливання кількісних складників у якісні є необхідним для віднайдення відповідних важелів виявлення і покарання агресора. При написанні статті були використані також ідеї теорії систем та для всього тексту запроваджено синергетичний метод. Мета статті полягає у дослідженні об›єктивних реалій сьогодення і знаходження можливих адекватних агресії відповідей для нейтралізації загарбника. В результаті дослідження автор розробила відповідну схему безпекового існування держави. Схеми Безпеки, що запроваджуються в міжнародних відносинах, мають кілька рівнів і варіантів захисту. В українському варіанті поза розбудовою власних безпекових ресурсів і закріплення партнерства стратегічного виміру, Україна сьогодні переважно розраховує на третій рівень колективного захисту, в якому беруть участь кілька держав, що об’єднують власні зусилля у протистоянні ворогові. Така схема, що нагадує безпекову мережу, містить різноманітні варіанти захисту. Задача очільників держави об’єднати найприйнятніші позиції трьох рівнів і запровадити відповідну логістичну складову із залученням НАТО схем там, де ООН потужності не спрацьовують