Showing papers in "Governance in 1990"

Administrative Reform in Public Management: Paradigms, Principles, Paradoxes and Pendulums

Abstract: The universal administrative reform movement in public management of the past two decades, as illustrated in the three articles on administrative reform in Britain, Australia and New Zealand which follow this article, has obviously been driven in large part by the requirement that governments respond to the fiscal stresses brought about by changes in the international economic system on the one hand and by the unrelenting demands for government services and regulations in national political systems on the other. These stresses have led to the paramountcy of policy responses aimed at budgetary restraint and at downsizing the public services of governments, as well as - various measures to privatize government operations and to deregulate private economic enterprises. Within the context of these developments, two major sets of ideas have come to influence the design of governance and management therein. They are not unrelated to the policy responses which have come to be characterized as ”neo-conservative,” but they have a separate identity. The first set of ideas, emanating from the school of thought known as public choice theory, focuses on the need to reestablish the primacy of representative government over bureaucracy. The second set of ideas, now generally referred to as the “managerialist” school of thought, focuses on the need to reestablish the primacy of managerial principles over bureaucracy. Taken together, they have had a profound impact on the ways in which governments are structured for the purposes of administering public affairs. Although the changes which have been introduced or proposed as a result of these two sets of ideas might be regarded as a ”return to the basics” of representative government and public administration, there is an important sense in which the fundamental prescriptions of the two proceed from quite different premises about what constitutes public management. The coupling of the two thus must inevitably give rise to tensions, if not outright contradictions, in the implementation of these ideas. At the same time it is clear that these tensions and contradictions are inherent in the governance of modern administrative states (Waldo 1984). It is not illogical, therefore, that governments should attempt to pursue the

Reform of the Public Service in Australia and New Zealand

Abstract: tag=1 data=Reform of the Public Service in Australia and New Zealand. by R.C. Mascarenhas. tag=2 data=Mascarenhas, R.C. tag=3 data=Governance. tag=4 data=5 tag=5 data=1 tag=6 data=January 1990 tag=7 data=75-95. tag=8 data=PUBLIC SERVICE tag=10 data=The objectives of the reforms are varied and reflect the growing public concern with the quality of the public service under conditions of intense pressure for public resources. Provided by MICAH, Canberra. tag=11 data=1990/2/10 tag=12 data=362 tag=13 data=CAB

Public Choice and the Politics of Comprehensive Tax Reform

Abstract: เพอเปนพนฐานในการทำความเขาใจ และสรางขอเสนอแนะสำหรบการแกไขปญหาความหวาดกลวตออาชญากรรมของประชาชนในหมบานเมองเอก ตำบลหลกหก อำเภอเมอง จงหวดปทมธาน การวจยครงนจงมวตถประสงคเพอศกษาระดบความหวาดกลวตออาชญากรรม และความแตกตางของระดบความหวาดกลวตออาชญากรรมของประชาชนในหมบานเมองเอก รวมถงความคดเหนตอความรนแรงของปญหาอาชญากรรม ตลอดจนสาเหตของปญหาดงกลาวในหมบานเมองเอก ดวยวธการวจยเชงปรมาณ โดยอาศยแบบสอบถามเกบรวบรวมขอมลจากตวอยางจำนวน 400 ตวอยาง ผลการวจยพบวา ผตอบแบบสอบถามสวนใหญ ในรอบ 1 ปทผานมา ไมเคยมประสบการณเกยวกบอาชญากรรมกบตนเองและคนในครอบครวภายในหมบานเมองเอก แตรบทราบถงปญหาอาชญากรรมกบคนอนภายในหมบานเมองเอก 1-2 ครงและมภาพรวมระดบความหวาดกลวตออาชญากรรมในหมบานเมองเอกอยในระดบมากโดยมความคดเหนวาในอนาคตจะถกขมขนหรอกระทำชำเราในหมบานเมองเอกมากทสด การวเคราะหเปรยบเทยบระดบความหวาดกลวตออาชญากรรมในหมบานเมองเอก พบวา เพศ ประสบการณเกยวกบอาชญากรรมในหมบานเมองเอก และการรบทราบถงปญหาอาชญากรรมในหมบานเมองเอกแตกตางกน ทำใหมระดบความหวาดกลวตออาชญากรรมในหมบานเมองเอก แตกตางกนอยางมนยสำคญทางสถตทระดบ .01 ทงน ผตอบแบบสอบถามสวนใหญมความเหนวา การลกทรพย เปนปญหาอาชญากรรมทมความรนแรงมากทสดในหมบานเมองเอก และมความคดเหนวาสาเหตสำคญของปญหาอาชญากรรมในหมบานเมองเอกนาจะเกดจากการมสถานเรงรมย มากทสด This article provides the basic idea to understand and create the recommendation to solve the fear of crime among people in MuangAke, Lak Hok, Muang, Pathumthani. This research has the objectives to study the level of crime fear and the difference of the crime fear level of the people living in Muang-Ake including the opinions to the crime violence along with the cause of the crime problem in the village by utilizing the quantitative methods with the questionnaire of 400 samples. The result found that over the past year, most of the samples did not have the crime experiences for both their family members and themselves in the village, but they acknowledge that the crime happened to other villagers 1-2 times. Also, their overall level of crime fear is at the high level and the fear of the rape and sexual harassment in the village is at the highest level of fear. The comparison analysis of the crime fear in Muang-Ake shows that the sex, related-crime experiences, and the acknowledgement of crime problem are different making the levels of crime fear in the village are statistically different at the 0.01 level of significance. Furthermore, most questionnaire respondents commented that the robbery is the highest violent crime in the village and the most important cause of these crimes will come from the entertainment places.

Politics and Administration: A Trichotomy?

Abstract: This article compares changes in the education and career paths of senior federal civil servants in Canada between 1967 and 1987. It shows that there has been a marked trend toward managers with less formal education than had previously been the case and also a shift toward managers with less experience in the policy areas within which they are responsible for providing policy advice and program management. This finding is consistent with Osbaldeston's study of Canadian deputy ministers, and with studies of bureaucratic elites in other Western democracies. In an increasingly complex environment, problems facing government decision-makers require high levels of technical expertise. This requirement is central to Weber's concept of bureaucracy, and it has been used as an explanation for the increasing prominence of bureaucrats in the policy-making process. In recent decades, however, bureaucratic reforms have emphasized the administrative functions of senior managers at the expense of their technical roles. In Canada, at least, this process appears to have gone so far that it may have seriously compromised the capacity of senior civil servants to give informed advice and to make knowledgeable decisions about the policies and programs of their departments.

Theoretical Developments in Public Administration: Implications for the Study of Federalism

Abstract: The perspective of public administration potentially carries great relevance for the development of theory concerning federal systems. However, the impact of each specialty on the other has often been uneven. Reasons for this state of affairs are explored. Some recent and current research on public administration is highlighted for its implications regarding the study of federalism.

The President as Institution Builder: The Reagan Case

Abstract: Every president bestows upon his successors a “legacy” that will have an impact on both policy issues and institutional operations. Although attention is commonly focused on the president's role as a policymaker, he serves as an institution builder, as well, leaving a legacy that is manifested in long-term developments, in technical details of managing the job, and in patterns of interaction with other actors in the political environment. Reagan's institutional legacy has been the subject of intense debate and is addressed here in relation to five vantage points as they were employed during his eight years in office: personnel, structure, standard operating procedures, modes of exercising influence, and norms. These dimensions are examined in relation to the presidency, the bureaucracy, Congress, and the judiciary. Reagan's departures in the selection and management of executive and judicial branch personnel were the most distinctive features of his legacy. Important changes were also made in the regulatory review and budgetary processes. Politicization and centralization, two long-term developments in the presidential office, gained renewed vigor, and Reagan elaborated a judicial strategy for achieving policy goals while refining the administrative strategy pioneered earlier by Nixon. Serious damage may well have been done to the norms of public service and justice under the rule of law. The framework introduced here promises to help scholars deal more systematically with the institutional impacts of both past and future presidents.

Political Influences on Monetary Policy 1914–84

Abstract: This study examines political, institutional and economic influences on monetary policy in the long run. A monetary policy reaction function is estimated, which focuses principally on the influence of the administration, Congress and the Federal Reserve on outcomes; these influences are estimated together with a variety of economic and political controls. The findings show that partisan control of the White House is particularly important in explaining variations in the growth of the quantity of money over time. Republican control of the White House is associated with tighter money, and Democratic control with looser money, but there are exceptions. Finally, the indirect influence of partisanship on the economic variables in the reaction function suggest that the total effects are stronger than the direct effects alone.