Showing papers in "GSBE research memoranda in 1999"
TL;DR: In most industrialised countries, one may observe the tendency for higher educated people to be employed in jobs that used to be occupied by lower skilled people as mentioned in this paper, and this tendency appears to be a rather general phenomenon, but economic literature provides no clear clue about the causes of this stylized fact.
Abstract: In most industrialised countries, one may observe the tendency for higher educated people to be employed in jobs that used to be occupied by lower skilled people. Although this tendency appears to be a rather general phenomenon, economic literature provides no clear clue about the causes of this stylized fact. Explanations vary from the pessimistic view in which the value of diploma''s decreases over time and further investments in education are wasted money, to the view that knowledge becomes the crucial production factor, which is required in more and more occupations.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a flow model with which they can forecast the replacement demand at a detailed level of types of education, distinguished by age category and gender, and showed that the random coefficient estimates of labour market outflow are more reliable than the estimates of the Willems/De Grip model.
Abstract: Replacement demand due to regular and early retirement, disablement, temporary withdrawals of women owing to birth and child raising, et cetera, constitutes an important element of the future demand for newcomers on the labour market. It is, however, often neglected in manpower forecasting studies. In this paper, we develop a flow model with which we can forecast the replacement demand at a detailed level of types of education. The essential element of the model is the determination of the yearly outflow coefficients for each type of education, distinguished by age category and gender. Instead of applying a fixed coefficient approach (Willems and De Grip (1993), we will introduce the random coefficient estimation technique in the model. This technique takes the reliability of the flow coefficients explicitly into account. If a specific flow coefficient is unreliable, the random coefficient estimate will tend towards the mean value for that age category over the types of education. This means that ad hoc corrections based on judgmental forecasting can be considerably reduced. Moreover, it will be shown that the random coefficient estimates of labour market outflow are more reliable than the estimates of the Willems/De Grip model.
8 citations
TL;DR: New segregation indices are constructed which measure the relative importance of pre- and postsorting in the occupational segregation more accurately, and are relevant when choosing the policy instruments needed to achieve equal employment opportunities for men and women.
Abstract: This article concentrates on the measurement of both occupational and educational segre gation between the men and women of the Dutch labour force. The majority of studies which have been conducted in this area are rather one-sided, concentrating on occupational segregation alone. However, occupational segregation can be split into three components. The first component concerns presorting as a consequence of the different educational choices made by boys and girls. The second component concerns postsorting (given their educational status), as a result of the differing occupational choices and opportunities for promotion between men and women during their careers. If men and women with the same educational background are directed towards different occupations, then postsorting may add to the occupational segregation which was already induced by the earlier educational segregation. This kind of postsorting increases the gap between occupational and educational segregation. The third component, which we refer to as reintegration is also a kind of postsorting, narrowing the gap between occupational and educational segregation. This occurs when men with a ''male type'' of education and women with a ''female type'' of education come together in one occupation. Given that educational segregation of the labour force is fixed in the short term, reintegration is the only effective, but probably difficult affirmative action program to reduce occupational segregation in the short term. More usual programs are ineffective and can even be counterproductive. After using the Duncan and Duncan segregation index we construct new segregation indices which measure the relative importance of pre- and postsorting in the occupational segregation more accurately. A more detailed insight into these three components is relevant when choosing the policy instruments needed to achieve equal employment opportunities for men and women.
4 citations
TL;DR: The capacity of employees to adapt to new skill requirements that result from technological developments and global market dynamics is especially stressed (IRDAC, 1990; WRR, 1995; European Commission, 1996).
Abstract: Recent demands for people at the workplace are described by modern concepts like flexibility and ability to learn. The capacity of employees to adapt to new skill requirements that result from technological developments and global market dynamics is especially stressed (IRDAC, 1990; WRR, 1995; European Commission, 1996). This implies that important concepts under consideration for research into what makes people successful in labour market functioning are related to learning behavior. In order to become and stay employable, worker’s capacity for life-long learning becomes crucial.
2 citations