Showing papers in "Harvard Educational Review in 1985"
TL;DR: In this article, the author views the teacher as dilemma manager, a broker of contradictory interests, who "builds a working identity that is constructively ambiguous." She concludes with an examination of how her view contrasts with prevalent academic images of teachers' work.
Abstract: The author is a scholar of teaching practice and also an elementary mathematics teacher. Her work, like that of her colleagues at the Institute for Research on Teaching, focuses on teaching practice from the point of view of the practitioner. Here, in two case studies, she views the teacher as dilemma manager, a broker of contradictory interests, who "builds a working identity that is constructively ambiguous." To emphasize her conviction that teaching work is deeply personal, the author makes herself the subject of one of these studies. She concludes with an examination of how her view contrasts with prevalent academic images of teachers' work.
726 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the psychological and social determinants of reading failure and found that anxiety, maladaptive strategies, conflicting motives, and causal attributions have a profound effect on reading ability.
Abstract: Using three compelling case studies, Peter Johnston examines the psychological and social determinants of reading failure — factors that he feels have been generally overlooked in main-stream reading theory. Extensive verbal reports by the three male participants reflect the effects that anxiety, maladaptive strategies, conflicting motives, and causal attributions have on reading ability.
122 citations
TL;DR: In this article, L. David Brown presents a case for the combined use of people-centered development and participatory research as a tool for maximizing local human resources to deal with local concerns.
Abstract: Traditional approaches to helping developing countries have often played down human development in favor of production of physical and economic resources. It is on this premise that L. David Brown presents a case for the combined use of people-centered development and participatory research as a tool for maximizing local human resources to deal with local concerns. In building his case, Brown defines participatory research as a legitimate form of inquiry, drawing some distinctions between it and more traditional forms of research. He illustrates his point with a brief discussion of a research project that involved farmers from several villages in India.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue for the use of a bilingual/bicultural instructional approach in the education of the deaf, arguing that the deaf are a cultural and linguistic minority and should be considered as a minority.
Abstract: Timothy Reagan analyzes the education of the deaf as a cultural and linguistic minority by exploring the distinctive cultural and linguistic aspects of the American deaf community and the competing approaches to the education of the deaf. He argues for the use of a bilingual/ bicultural instructional approach in the education of the deaf.
67 citations
TL;DR: The origins and development of the International Baccalaureate program as an outgrowth of continuing curriculum innovation in international schools was traced by Elisabeth Fox as discussed by the authors, who describes its rapid expansion in North America, where many school systems are attracted by its challenging academic curriculum.
Abstract: Elisabeth Fox traces the origins and development of the International Baccalaureate program as an outgrowth of continuing curriculum innovation in international schools. She describes its rapid expansion in North America, where many school systems are attracted by its challenging academic curriculum. Worldwide university recognition of the program is steadily increasing. Fox concludes by considering the prospects for future development, with particular emphasis on attempts to move the Baccalaureate beyond its Euro-centric origins.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Nyerere describes the literacy and teacher training programs and discusses the relationship between the country's educational policy and international economic conditions, and presents the dilemmas currently facing the new socialist government.
Abstract: Educational philosophy and policy in Tanzania have undergone a transformation since the country gained its independence from British colonial rule in 1961. President Julius Nyerere describes their accomplishments and presents the dilemmas currently facing the new socialist government. He describes the literacy and teacher training programs and discusses the relationship between the country's educational policy and international economic conditions.
60 citations
TL;DR: Ernest F. Dube as mentioned in this paper traces the relationship between racism and education in South Africa in light of the numerous racist policies and practices that the South African government has pursued and continues to implement.
Abstract: Ernest F. Dube traces the relationship between racism and education in South Africa in light of the numerous racist policies and practices that the South African government has pursued and continues to implement. He postulates that, contrary to a general belief that racism is practiced primarily by the Afrikaners, the English-speaking South Africans have also been racist. Dube describes the introduction of Bantu Education and draws attention to the intended and unintended outcomes of this system. He offers his insights into the gravity of the situation and forecasts that serious consequences will result from the oppressive educational practices that exist today.
41 citations
TL;DR: This paper used data from the National Longitudinal Study of high school students to calculate the actual improvement in freshman grade point averages, college completion, and total years of schooling resulting from colleges' use of the SAT.
Abstract: The College Entrance Examination Board and the Educational Testing Service claim that the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) improves colleges' predictions of their applicants' success. James Crouse uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of high school students to calculate the actual improvement in freshman grade point averages, college completion, and total years of schooling resulting from colleges' use of the SAT. He then compares those predictions with predictions based on applicants' high school rank. Crouse argues that the College Board and the Educational Testing Service have yet to demonstrate that the high costs of the SAT are justified by its limited ability to predict student performance.
30 citations
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental writing program for honors and remedial students at the College of the Virgin Islands was described, which involved linguistic analyses of Creole and English, included discussion of the political, sociological, and psychological dimensions of language use and writing in and about both languages.
Abstract: In this article the authors document an experimental writing program for honors and remedial students at the College of the Virgin Islands. The program, which involved linguistic analyses of Creole and English, included discussion of the political, sociological, and psychological dimensions of language use and writing in and about both languages. Elsasser and Irvine conclude that writing programs based on biliteracy in Creole and English would not only enable students to perform well in both languages but would expand the functions of Creole as well.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the transformation of a Jesuit colegio in El Salvador from a school for sons of wealthy landowners into a school open to all people, despite threats of violence from political opponents and an internal struggle within the order.
Abstract: In the years since the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic church has become an agent of social change in many Third World nations. Charles Beirne, S.J., describes the transformation of a Jesuit colegio in El Salvador from a school for sons of wealthy landowners into a school open to all people. Despite threats of violence from political opponents and an internal struggle within the order, the Jesuits made the social and economic conditions of El Salvador a central part of the school's curriculum.
TL;DR: Martin's argument is based on the observation that kindergartners are deeply aware of their own learning needs and will practice the skills and activities necessary to satisfy those needs if allowed to do so as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Anne Martin's impassioned essay assaults teacher-proof curricula and abstract, formal learning theories. Her argument is based on the observation that kindergartners are deeply aware of their own learning needs and will practice the skills and activities necessary to satisfy those needs if allowed to do so. A key element in developing these individualized curricula is an autonomous teacher who has ample time to discover and help with what it is the children are trying to learn on their own.
TL;DR: In this paper, Hanna Buczynska-Garewicz describes the organization and purpose of an underground university in a totalitarian state, drawing on her experience as a teacher in the most recent Polish clandestine or "flying" university.
Abstract: Drawing on her experience as a teacher in the most recent Polish clandestine or "flying" university, Hanna Buczynska-Garewicz describes the organization and purpose of an underground university in a totalitarian state. Polish teachers and scholars have a long history of responding to repression and curtailment of academic freedom by organizing flying universities. With the censorship and the restrictive interpretation of such subjects as history, philosophy, and literature in the state universities, clandestine teaching has provided an alternative source of information and enlightenment. It is fitting to begin this article with a translation of the flying university's original declaration.
TL;DR: In this article, Donald Thomas communicates his teaching philosophy through one of his first experiences as a teacher and the setting of his story is the Harvard-Newton summer training program back in 1961 when he was one of four interns assigned to a master teacher and to a single class.
Abstract: In this thoughtful essay Donald Thomas communicates his teaching philosophy through one of his first experiences as a teacher. The setting of his story is the Harvard-Newton summer training program back in 1961 when he was one of four interns assigned to a master teacher and to a single class. The master teacher set the curriculum and the interns were required to teach parts of it. Thomas, now as then, believes in immersing students deeply in education, awakening them to confront the perplexities of life.
TL;DR: In this paper, Crouse concludes that the answer to this question is, essen-tially, no, and that the College Board's answer on behalf of the SAT is, essentially, yes.
Abstract: An article by James Crouse in the May 1985 issue of the Harvard Educational Review poses the question: "Does the SAT Help Colleges Make Better Selection Deci sions?" Based on analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study (NLS) of the Class of 1972, Crouse concludes that the answer to this question is, essen tially, no. M y answer on behalf of the College Board is, essentially, yes. For several reasons, the data examined by Crouse and the results he reports pro vide no definitive or final answer to the sweeping question contained in the title of his paper, nor is any single, simple answer possible. Many colleges consider Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores along with other information about appli cants in admissions, and these colleges differ in terms of their levels of selectivity, characteristics of their applicants, and aims of their admissions programs. S A T scores provide information that helps different colleges satisfy their different aims to varying degrees. The extent to which this information is useful needs to be as sessed by each institution, taking into account its applicants, constraints on the ad missions process (such as the number who can be admitted), and the objectives the college seeks to attain. While analyses of data from such sources as the N L S can shed light on the role played by the SAT in the admissions process and on the value of this information in helping colleges to make better and more equitable decisions, the results of such analyses need to be interpreted within a context that reflects with reasonable ac curacy the ways that test scores are, in fact, used, and with a recognition of limita tions in the data under study.
TL;DR: Fasheh as discussed by the authors argues that there are basically two conceptions of what might be called international education: the first is exemplified by the case studies in the book under review, while the second is a vision that addresses the real dangers confronting humanity.
Abstract: In the following essay, Munir Fasheh argues that there are basically two conceptions of what might be called international education. The first is exemplified by the case studies in the book under review, while the second is a vision that addresses the real dangers confronting humanity.
TL;DR: In this paper, Chistopher Kruegler and Patricia Parkman argue that organized political violence continues to be the ultimate political recourse despite a widespread yet erroneous belief in its efficacy, and because nonviolent sanctions remain underdeveloped in the face of skepticism about their effectiveness.
Abstract: Despite its current threat to the world's survival, organized political violence continues to be the ultimate political recourse. Chistopher Kruegler and Patricia Parkman argue that this is so because of a widespread yet erroneous belief in its efficacy, and because nonviolent sanctions remain underdeveloped in the face of skepticism about their effectiveness. The authors document the largely unrecognized history of nonviolent action and suggest its potential power to resolve today's conflicts. In conclusion, they call for greater efforts by educators to research and teach alternatives to political violence and present specific directions which these efforts might take.
TL;DR: Oliveira et al. as mentioned in this paper introduced the concept of development education as a response to what he calls the "morally unacceptable fact of poverty, inequality, and human misery amidst the plentiful resources of the world."
Abstract: Every year millions of people die trapped in hunger, disease, extreme poverty, political violence, and natural disasters. Joseph Short, the former director of Oxfam America, introduces the concept of development education as a response to what he calls the "morally unacceptable fact of poverty, inequality, and human misery amidst the plentiful resources of the world." Oxfam America works in partnership with organizations in the Third Word to improve living conditions while promoting community consciousness-raising. Its guiding philosophy, financially independent character, and strong commitment to development have made Oxfam America a vivid example of an alternative approach to traditional development patterns.
TL;DR: In this article, Luiza Fernandes discusses the evolving role and increasing involvement of the Catholic church on behalf of the poor and persecuted in what is considered the largest Catholic country in the world.
Abstract: Recently, considerable attention — both within the United States and around the world — has been focused on the role and involvement of the Catholic church in worldly problems related to peace, the nuclear threat, the economy, and education. Of particular importance is the Latin American scene. In this article, Luiza Fernandes discusses the evolving role and the increasing involvement of the Catholic church on behalf of the poor and persecuted in what is considered the largest Catholic country in the world — Brazil. She focuses on what are known as Basic Ecclesiastic Communities, which were developed in Brazil within the Catholic church and now number over 80,000. Based partially on her own experience with these communities, Fernandes describes their function and the concerns of the participants. She stresses the interaction of politics, religion, and education and the role of the latter two in understanding and challenging the inhuman and unjust conditions under which the vast majority of Brazilians live...
TL;DR: This article argued that the belief that the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) helps colleges make better academic selection decisions is not supported by the facts and presented statistical evidence to support their argument.
Abstract: In the August 1985 issue of the Harvard Educational Review, George Hanford, on behalf of the College Board, has responded to my criticism. I argued that the pop ular belief that the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) helps colleges make better aca demic selection decisions is not supported by the facts. Unfortunately, his re sponse distorts my argument and attempts to deflect attention from the issues at hand. Hanford's reply simply restates the Board's usual defense of the S A T , does not give evidence to support these views, and ignores and downplays the statistical evidence I present to support my argument.
TL;DR: McCarthy as discussed by the authors provides a historical analysis of the efforts to clarify church/state/school relations and an in-depth look at recent Supreme Court rulings on this subject, highlighting the sensitive issues involved and the current Supreme Court's stand in applying First Amendment guarantees in public schools.
Abstract: In the past several years, a number of public school issues have generated volatile church/ state disputes. Silent and spoken prayer, student-initiated devotional meetings, and religious challenges to the secular curriculum are among the topics eliciting active involvement of all three branches of government. Martha McCarthy provides a historical analysis of the efforts to clarify church/state/school relations and an in-depth look at recent Supreme Court rulings on this subject. McCarthy's work illuminates the sensitive issues involved and the current Supreme Court's stand in applying First Amendment guarantees in public schools.
TL;DR: Sbaratta as discussed by the authors reflected upon his interactions as a community college English instructor in Beverly, Massachusetts, and these vignettes offer a poignant view of teaching in an institution that has a unique place in the American educational system.
Abstract: In this essay Philip Sbaratta reflects upon his interactions as a community college English instructor in Beverly, Massachusetts. These vignettes offer a poignant view of teaching in an institution that has a unique place in the American educational system.