Showing papers in "Helia in 2009"
TL;DR: Sunflower breeders worldwide should commit to a greater use of wild Helianthus species in breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses, and make more use of molecular breeding techniques.
Abstract: Due to a specific structure of its main organs (root, stem, leaves, head), sunflower can be successfully grown on marginal soils and in semi-arid conditions and it is more resistant to abiotic stresses than other field crops. In sunflower breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses, the greatest progress has been made in selection for drought resistance. Breeders use over 30 different parameters in sunflower screening for drought resistance, with physiological ones being the predominant type. Best breeding results have been achieved using the phenomenon of stay-green, with the added bonus that this method incorporates into the cultivated sunflower not only drought resistance but resistance to Macrophomina and Phomopsis as well. The diversity of the wild Helianthus species offers great possibilities for increasing the genetic resistance of the cultivated sunflower towards abiotic stresses. In using wild sunflower species in sunflower breeding for drought resistance and resistance to salinity, best results have so far been achieved with H. argophyllus and H. paradoxus, respectively. In addition to the use of wild Helianthus species, sunflower breeding for abiotic stress resistance should also make more use of molecular breeding techniques. More progress has been made in sunflower breeding for heat resistance than in that for cold resistance. Specific breeding programs dealing with sunflower resistance to mineral deficiency and mineral toxicity have yet to be established. Sunflower breeders worldwide should commit to a greater use of wild Helianthus species in breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses.
44 citations
TL;DR: This work evaluated the chemical composition of the seeds, defatted meal and oil quality of two new varieties of Sunflower varieties developed by Embrapa Soybean, aimed at evaluating their chemical composition and protein quality.
Abstract: SUMMARY Sunflower is the world fourth most important source of edible oil, after palm oil, soybean and rapeseed/canola. Sunflower acreage in Brazil has been consolidated due to the constant efforts in genetic and agronomical studies carried out by Brazilian research institutions. Although easily adapted to many Brazilian regions, genetic and agronomical improvements were needed so that economically viable crops could be harvested. Sunflower varieties with interesting oil composition as well as noteworthy protein quality were obtained. As part of these efforts, two new varieties were developed by Embrapa Soybean, Embrapa 122 V2000 and Embrapa F2 BRS 191. This work was aimed at evaluating the chemical composition of the seeds, defatted meal and oil quality of these varieties. The oil content varied from 44 to 52% in F2 BRS and from 36 to 47% in E 122. Linoleic (62-69%) and oleic (20-25%) were the major fatty acids in both varieties. The protein content of the defatted meal ranged from 28 to 32%. Slight differences were observed in amino acids profile, sterols and chlorogenic acid content.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested different integrated seed treatment options tested for the management of Alternaria blight of sunflower, and the highest benefit was obtained in the seed treatment with Carbendazim+Iprodione (Quintal) at 0.3% in water along with hexaconazole foliar spray (0.1%) followed by seed treatment of Pseudomonas fluorescens ( 0.8%) in jelly+hexaconazoles foliar spraying.
Abstract: Of the different integrated seed treatment options tested for the management of Alternaria blight of sunflower, highest benefit was obtained in the seed treatment with Carbendazim+Iprodione (Quintal) at 0.3% in water along with hexaconazole foliar spray (0.1%) followed by seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens (0.8%) in jelly+hexaconazole foliar spray. Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed dresser can be enhanced by bio-priming the sunflower seeds for the effective and eco-friendly management of Alternaria blight of sunflower.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new, highly virulent population of broomrape attacked sunflower in Romania in 2006, and several genotypes fully resistant to this new broomrape population have been identified in the sunflower germplasm collection of Fundulea institute.
Abstract: The pathogenic composition of broomrape populations in Eastern Europe, Turkey and Spain has changed over the years, slowly at first and then rapidly. In Romania, there are three important areas infested with broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.). These areas differ in infestation degree and presence of different virulence groups. A new, highly virulent population of broomrape attacked sunflower in Romania in 2006. Many commercial hybrids belonging to different companies or to research institutes lost their resistance to the parasite in a heavily infested area near the Black Sea. The sunflower differentials set for the different races of the parasite have permited to identify a new, highly virulent population of broomrape in this area. The parasite infestation degree on the hybrids resistant to the old races has showed that this population is very aggressive. Several genotypes fully resistant to this new broomrape population have been identified in the sunflower germplasm collection of Fundulea institute. These genotypes (lines) can be used as sources of resistance genes as well as for obtaining resistant hybrids.
19 citations
TL;DR: Based on the results obtained by comparing the observed parameters, further interdependence (correlation) of the observedParameters of sunflower seed quality is established and significant differences were determined between localities in whichSunflower seed was produced.
Abstract: Sunflower is an important source of oil and proteins necessary for development of healthy humans. By producing sunflower seeds, the main gains a possibility to use oil and proteins in different forms. The content of the observed parameters varies and depends on numerous factors. Environmental factors, the choice of genotypes and measures that apply during the production of seed all influence the content of oil and proteins in sunflower seed, as well as seed germination, one of the most important seed characteristics. Based on the results obtained by comparing the observed parameters, further interdependence (correlation) of the observed parameters of sunflower seed quality is established. Significant differences were determined between localities in which sunflower seed was produced. During the research, significant positive and negative correlations were found between the observed parameters of sunflower seed quality.
14 citations
TL;DR: Investigating how sunflower yield and evapotranspiration were affected by deficit of available soil water during the growing season found period from flowering to maturity was the most sensitive towards water deficiency.
Abstract: SUMMARY An experiment was conducted at Rimski Sancevi Experiment Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad during 2000 - 2005. The soil in the experimental plot was calcareous chernozem on loess terrace. Using the yield response factor (ky), the study investigated how sunflower yield and evapotranspiration were affected by deficit of available soil water during the growing season. The experiment consisted of an irrigated treatment (T1), in which irrigation was used when soil moisture levels dropped to 60-65% of FC (field capacity), and a nonirrigated control treatment (T0). The sunflower hybrid used in the study was NS-H-111. On average, no significant differences in yield level were observed between T1 (3.79 t ha -1 ) and T0 (3.75 t ha -1 ) treatments. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ETm) obtained in T1 treatment was in the 402-479 mm range. The yield response factor (ky) was obtained as 0.20 for total growing season and 0.27, 0.31 and 0.48 for vegetative, flowering and yield formation period, respectively. Period from flowering to maturity was the most sensitive towards water deficiency.
14 citations
TL;DR: A five-year field trial evaluated 71 oilseed sunflower, Helianthus annuus L, accessions, 32 breeding lines, and 25 interspecific crosses for resistance to infestation by naturally occurring populations of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in North Dakota as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A five year field trial evaluated 71 oilseed sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., accessions, 32 breeding lines, and 25 interspecific crosses for resistance to infestation by naturally occurring populations of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in North Dakota. Germplasm with resistance to attack by the banded sunflower moth and subsequent larval feeding damage in the seeds was identified. PI 251902 had less than 10% feeding damage per head in all five years of testing and less than 6% in three of the five years. PI 372259 and PI 170401 exhibited 12% or less seed damage in three years of evaluation and PI 253776 had only 3% damage in two of the three years and was the least damaged in 2004. Four other accessions (PI 170385, PI 291403, PI 494859, and PI 505651) revealed resistance in three of five years. A number of the interspecific crosses which were retested based on earlier results showed reduced seed damage in 2003, but subsequently exhibited much greater damage the following year due to higher populations of banded sunflower moth. Hybrid 894 was earlier used by others as a susceptible check; however, in the current investigation, this hybrid consistently had the lowest average seed damage from C. hospes feeding among the germplasm evaluated. Results from this investigation indicate that there is potential for developing resistant genotypes with reduced feeding injury that will help sunflower producers reduce yield loss due to the banded sunflower moth. In addition, plant resistance can effectively be combined with delayed planting to decrease densities of C. hospes, thus reducing crop losses without disrupting the control of the larvae by parasitoids.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the resistance to broomrape in 15 new experimental hybrids was tested on locations in Serbia (Pacir) during three years (2006, 2007 and 2008) and in Romania (Baragan, Braila) during 2008.
Abstract: One of the directions in sunflower breeding is the selection for resistance to broomrape. The population of broomrape has been stable in Serbia for a long period of time, but the racial composition has changed in recent years, with race E being predominant in the regions of north Backa and Banat. Cultivated sunflower is genetically narrow and deficient in many desirable genes. Its genetic variability can be increased by the use of wild sunflower species and interspecific hybridization. The resistance to broomrape in 15 new experimental hybrids was tested on locations in Serbia (Pacir) during three years (2006, 2007 and 2008) and in Romania (Baragan, Braila) during 2008. These hybrids were produced by crossing female inbred lines (Ha-26PR-A, PH-BC2-92-A and Ha-98-A) susceptible to broomrape race E and new Rf inbred lines (RHA-D-2, RHA-D-5, RHA-D- 6, RHA-D-7, RHA-D-8), developed from interspecific populations originating from H. deserticola and resistant to race E. All examined hybrids were resistant to broomrape in both locations. Since broomrape race F is present in the location in Romania, it is expected that the new Rf inbred lines - male components of the examined hybrids, possess the resistance gene for race F also.
13 citations
TL;DR: Broomrape tests of sunflower hybrids in the trials based on National Sunflower Research Project was conducted in Trakya region, which holds 75% of the sunflower production in Turkey, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, and showed that the tested materials were resistant to the new races of broomrape used in the study.
Abstract: SUMMARY Broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loeffl.) is the most serious problem in sunflower production in Turkey, some East European countries and Spain. A research covering broomrape tests of sunflower hybrids in the trials based on National Sunflower Research Project was conducted in Trakya region, which holds 75% of the sunflower production in Turkey, in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Based on this project, in conditions of natural infestation, 306, 443 and 533 commercial and candidate hybrids, inbred lines, etc. were tested in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Of the tested materials, 12 in 2006, 56 in 2007 and 140 in 2008 were found to be resistant. During winter, broomrape tests continued in growth chambers and in pots, under conditions of artificial infestation. Broomrape seeds were collected from a naturally infested area in Trakya region and used to determine the reaction of developed hybrids and lines to the collected races. In this part of the study, 1752, 816 and 1389 genetic material were tested in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The tests showed that 332, 94, and 404 materials in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively, were resistant to the new races of broomrape used in the study.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was established that broomrape resistance was transferred from 11 perennial Helianthus species to interspecific hybrids developed on the basis of new sunflower lines, some of the new lines possessed other desirable agronomical characters, which could be successfully transferred to new sunflowers hybrid cultivars.
Abstract: SUMMARY Accessions from different Helianthus species, cultivated sunflower forms and interspecific hybrid forms and lines were included in this investigation It was established that broomrape resistance was transferred from 11 perennial Helianthus species to interspecific hybrids developed on the basis of new sunflower lines Some of the new lines possessed other desirable agronomical characters, which could be successfully transferred to new sunflower hybrid cultivars Differences were observed in the origin of broomrapes found in different locations of northern Bulgaria Diverse origin of some of the obtained sunflower forms was confirmed using the RAPD analysis
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a single foliar treatment with Imazamox + imazapyr (15 g/l), 43.75+18.75 g/ha was applied on imidazolinone-resistant sunflower plants at 8-10 true leaf stage.
Abstract: Broomrape (O. cernua) is one of the most serious hindrances in sunflower production throughout Turkey and East Europe. Previous and recent studies have shown that imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides applied on Imidazolinone- resistant sunflowers effectively control O. cernua by rapid absorbtion, translocation and accumulation in the root-attached parasite. However, susceptibility level of susceptible sunflower cultivars to herbicides has been an obstacle in the application of these herbicides. Preliminary studies have been conducted with susceptible sunflower cultivars. Best results were obtained with a single foliar treatment with Imazamox (35 g/l) + imazapyr (15 g/l), 43.75+18.75 g/ha was applied on imidazolinone-resistant sunflower plants at 8-10 true leaf stage. The treatment caused serious damage to susceptible sunflower plants but no damage was observed on IMI resistant cultivars since they completely controlled O. cernua, resulting in a significant increase in sunflower seed yield over the non-treated control. In addition, the same treatment controlled key weeds that seriously affect sunflower production. Broomrape (O.cernua) and weeds have infested sunflowers and significantly reduced yield in the observed sunflower production area. But, use of IMI resistant and broomrape tolerant hybrids has effectively suppressed and decreased weed population and epidemics in recent years.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of an analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying 10 seed morphological traits including seed and kernel size, shape and stripe, and disk diameter in both F2 population and F2:3 families derived from an oilseed by confection cross were reported.
Abstract: Seed morphology and disk diameter are agronomically most important traits for the confection sunflower. This paper reports the results of an analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying 10 seed morphological traits including seed and kernel size, shape and stripe, and disk diameter in both F2 population and F2:3 families derived from an oilseed by confection cross. A linkage map containing 165 target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) and 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was constructed from 120 F2 plants. This map contained 17 linkage groups and spanned a total genetic distance of 1784.3 cM. A total of 51 QTLs were detected and 32 of them were identified in both generations. Each QTL explained 5.1-29.3% of the phenotypic variation, suggesting these traits were controlled by multiple genes. Most of the QTLs were clustered in six chromosomal regions. Two of the three QTLs identified for disk diameter were also located in two of the six regions. Moreover, alleles from the confection line at these QTLs had positive effects on these traits. Both QTL congruence and correlation analysis revealed that different genetic bases are responsible for seed shape, stripe, and other confection traits. The information generated by this study will facilitate confection sunflower breeding.
TL;DR: The frequency and spectrum of morphological and physiological mutations obtained in M2 and M3 generations after sunflower immature embryos treatment with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) have been studied as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The frequency and spectrum of morphological and physiological mutations obtained in M2 and M3 generations after sunflower immature embryos treatment with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) have been studied. Immature 9 - 10 and 14 - 15-day-old embryos of two genotypes were treated with EMS at the concentration of 0.02% for 16 hours. Thirty-three types of mutation were found, described, and classified into the following groups: chlorophyll deficiency (3 types), cotyledon mutation (1), leaf mutations (6), stem mutations (9), inflorescence mutations (11), seed mutation (1) and physiological mutations (2). Differences were observed between genotypes for the spectrum and frequency of mutation. Mutation frequency after immature embryo treatment in the M2 generation did not exceed the amount of mutations in M3. At the same time, some mutations such as sterility, leaf venation, and different shapes of leaf lamina were unique for the M3 generation. Morphological mutations were rarest after mutagen treatment of immature 9 - 10-day-old embryos.
TL;DR: In this paper, a line (VK 623) resistant to race F was previously found among the lines from the VNIIMK breeding program, and several new prospective sunflower inbred lines with resistance to both broomrape races, E and F, were developed in a short time.
Abstract: Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a parasitic plant, feeding on sunflower roots. In recent years some new, more aggressive broomrape races have been found in different parts of the world (Spain, Turkey, Romania, etc.). Soon afterwards they occurred in Russia and we started a special breeding program to control the parasites. A line (VK 623) resistant to race F was previously found among the lines from the VNIIMK breeding program. Several new prospective sunflower inbred lines with resistance to both broomrape races, E and F, were developed in a short time. Now they are being converted to cmslines. However, the recessive character of their resistance creates some difficulties in commercial sunflower hybrid breeding, so, to obtain new donors of resistance, the cultivated sunflower was crossed with H. tuberosus (used as pollinator).
TL;DR: In this article, a combined control strategy against O. cumana is discussed, including: a) the use of IMI sunflower cultivars to control winter and early spring weeds and sunflower broomrape; b) the combination of vertical and horizontal resistance mechanisms in the same genotype, supported by molecular markers in order to develop a more durable resistance.
Abstract: Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr) continues to be one of the most important constraints in sunflower production in Spain. In the last ten years, genetic resistance has been the predominant control strategy against O. cumana. However, the introduction of new resistance genes has been frequently followed by the occurrence of new virulent races overcoming their resistance. In this report, a combined control strategy against O. cumana is discussed, including: a) the use of IMI sunflower cultivars to control winter and early spring weeds and sunflower broomrape; b) the combination of vertical and horizontal resistance mechanisms in the same genotype, supported by molecular markers in order to develop a more durable resistance; c) the study of the variability and racial composition of Spanish sunflower broomrape populations using classical and molecular approaches with the objective to learn about population dynamics in this parasitic weed. The combination of such strategies is expected to contribute to improved sunflower performance in areas infested by broomrape in the Mediterranean area.
TL;DR: In 2008, a highly virulent broomrape infection focal point (about 300 m2) was detected in a sunflower plot near Medina del Campo (Valladolid), south of the center of the Castilla-Leon area.
Abstract: Spanish sunflower acreage is basically divided into three main and isolated areas, the Guadalquivir valley, southern Spain, represents 37% of the total acreage, the Cuenca area located in Spain's central plateau, 28%, and the Castilla-Leon area, northern Spain, 29%. Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) has been present in Spain since the 1960's. From that time on, different waves of dissemination and dispersion of the parasite have been registered. The latest correspond to the broomrape race E dispersal in the early 1990's and race F dispersal in the first few years of this century. These broomrape dissemination waves have been limited only to the Guadalquivir and Cuenca areas. In the Castilla-Leon area, the presence of broomrape had not been noticed until now. In 2008, a highly virulent broomrape infection focal point (about 300 m2) was detected in a sunflower plot near Medina del Campo (Valladolid), south of the center of the Castilla-Leon area. Racial determination has proved that this broomrape inoculum belongs to race F.
TL;DR: In this article, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the ratio of leaf removal from bottom of plants (0, 4, 8 and 12 leaves/plant) shortly before flowering on yield components and some quality characters of sunflower ecotypes.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the ratio of leaf removal from bottom of plants (0, 4, 8 and 12 leaves/plant) shortly before flowering on yield components and some quality characters of sunflower ecotypes. According to ecotype averages, seed setting, seed yield, kernel ratio, crude oil and crude protein contents in seed, crude oil yield and crude protein yield changed with different degree of leaf removal. Head diameter, seed setting, seed yield, 1000-seed weight, kernel ratio, crude oil, crude protein content, crude oil yield and crude protein yield varied with degree of leaf defoliation of some ecotypes while these characters were not affected by defoliation in other ecotypes.
TL;DR: Since the magnitude of the broomrape problem increases each year in Turkey, a “National Broomrape Project” has been organized in collaboration of some govermental institues and universities in 2006 and growers should be trained how to apply preventive measures as soon as possible.
Abstract: SUMMARY Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) which belong to the family Orobanchaceae are obligate parasitic flowering plants. The main center of distribution is the Mediterranean basin, where large areas are heavily infested. Yield losses due to Orobanche range from 5 to 100% depending on the region and the crop. Orobanche species infesting crops in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey are: O. aegyptiaca, O. ramosa and O. crenata. O. aegyptiaca / O. ramosa were present in 27.72% of the tomato greenhouses and 80% of the tomato fields, O. crenata and O. aegyptiaca / O. ramosa were present in 57.89% of the faba bean fields and 75.51% of the lentil fields. Sunflower cultivation has gradually increased in the eastern Mediterranean region since 2004. In 2005, sunflower acreage and production in the region were tripled compared with 2004. There has not been any record on broomrapes in sunflower fields in eastern Mediterranean region yet, but broomrapes are considered a possible threat for sunflower fields in this area. Orobanche cernua Loef. causes considerable damage in sunflower fields in other regions of Turkey where sunflower has been sown for years and it may spread from those regions to the eastern Mediterranean region. In addition, sunflower is also a host plant of Orobanche ramosa L. and Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. which were already found in some crops in the eastern Mediterrean region. Since the magnitude of the broomrape problem increases each year in Turkey, a “National Broomrape Project” has been organized in collaboration of some govermental institues and universities in 2006. The Project includes extension activities too. Because growers are not carefull about dispersal of broomrape, they should be trained how to apply preventive measures as soon as possible.
TL;DR: It is significant to underline that broomrape has appeared in new localities Svetozar Miletic, Mol, Novi Becej and Zmajevo in which it had not been registered previously.
Abstract: SUMMARY Epiphytotic occurrence of broomrape was observed in Serbia for the first time in 1951, then again at the beginning of the 1990s which continues up to date. It is hypothesized that the new race was introduced by confectionery sunflower seed. Sunflower is threatened in the north of the region of Backa. The main foci of hazard are sunflower fields on the route Subotica - Backa Topola, with a tendency of spreading toward Senta and Cantavir, while the second direction is toward Conoplja and Aleksa Santic, and then to the south. Less intensive attack has also been noticed in Banat around Padej, Itebej and Vrsac. It is significant to underline that broomrape has appeared in new localities Svetozar Miletic, Mol, Novi Becej and Zmajevo in which it had not been registered previously. In 2008, infected areas were found in Bor County (two sunflower plots) near the state border with Romania and Bulgaria. The analysis of the parasitic population showed that broomrape in Serbia belongs to race E of the parasite. Continual monitoring of the broomrape population is important due to changes in race composition and evolution of new, more virulent races. The most reliable method for control of the parasite is cultivation of resistant sunflower hybrids including IMI resistant hybrids.
TL;DR: Wild Helianthus annuus populations established in Argentina could be considered a differentiated genetic resource, containing new combinations and traits absent in North American populations, such as the life cycle length in the Diamante population of 180 days and longer, the longest of any population studied.
Abstract: SUMMARY Wild Helianthus annuus populations naturalized in central Argentina have spread since their introduction from the center of origin in North America. Phenotypic characterization based on 45 morphological and phenological descriptors of nine populations from different geographic regions of Argentina and 17 populations from the USA provided by the US Department of Agriculture germplasm bank at Ames, Iowa, was obtained by growing populations in an experiment field. Wild populations from Argentina reflected part of the phenotypic variability of populations from the center of origin, but showed adaptation to local conditions which allows differentiation between populations from each continent. All traits showed a continuous range, with majority of extreme values occurring in populations from North America. The populations that showed similarities for one group of descriptors differed in other traits, revealing the existence of different phenotypes. Helianthus annuus populations established in Argentina could be considered a differentiated genetic resource, containing new combinations and traits absent in North American populations, such as the life cycle length in the Diamante population of 180 days and longer, the longest of any population studied.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show which of variables or components of white rot are most suitable for describing sunflower performance during disease cycle and show that the growth lesion rate during intermediate and last phases of the disease seemed most appropriate to be used simultaneously with disease incidence and relative incubation period.
Abstract: SUMMARY White rot is an important disease of sunflowers. Sunflower genotypic responses to S. sclerotiorum have to be evaluated with precision. White rot disease could be assessed by components of partial resistance and this would help to evaluate accurately genotypic responses. Here we wish to show which of variables or components of white rot are most suitable for describing sunflower performance during disease cycle. Twelve sunflower genotypes have been grown in an experiment and then inoculated. Disease incidence, relative incubation period, disease severity (observed at two moments), and the growth lesion rate were scored. All variables showed variability among the genotypes. The disease incidence and relative incubation period were confirmed as components of partial resistance. The results also indicated that the growth lesion rate during the intermediate and last phases of the disease seemed most appropriate to be used simultaneously with disease incidence and relative incubation period. If these three components were selected simultaneously, developed cultivars would have a more complex resistance and they would be less prone to the disease.
TL;DR: Broomrape is the major issue in sunflower production in Serbia as discussed by the authors, and the species Orobanche cumana wallr had been responsible for considerable yield loss in some areas.
Abstract: Broomrape is the major issue in sunflower production in Serbia. Since its first occurrence, the species Orobanche cumana Wallr. had been responsible for considerable yield loss in some areas. In Serbia broomrape is present in the Vojvodina Province. Distribution and virulence groups of parasite are constantly monitored. Only two distinct broomrape populations currently exist in this part of country. Race B is dominant in the south of the Vojvodina Province and race E in the north. During 2008, sets of 8 commercial hybrids with different broomrape resistance genes were sown in regions with sunflower production. Hybrids were sown on 34 different locations. Presence of broomrape was confirmed on 6 sites. Occurrence of parasitic plants was not detected on cultivars resistant to race E. Sunflower fields in regions where broomrape was not previously detected, were surveyed. The survey revealed occurrence of broomrapes in new regions. Infested areas are located in Bor County near the state border with Romania and Bulgaria.
TL;DR: Procera Agrochemicals Romania as discussed by the authors developed a program for sunflower breeding in 2004, and the main goal of this improvement program was to obtain sunflower hybrids resistant to broomrape, in consequence of the fact that Romania has a constantly increasing incidence of soil-areas infested with this parasite.
Abstract: Procera Agrochemicals Romania is a company that has developed a program for sunflower breeding in 2004. One of the main goals of this improvement program was to obtain sunflower hybrids resistant to broomrape, in consequence of the fact that Romania has a constantly increasing incidence of soil-areas infested with this parasite. Sunflower hybrid PF100 is a semi-late hybrid that has genetic resistance to broomrape and it has also been genetically improved for resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides SURES-1 and SURES-2, for both male and female lines. PF100 has been tested in the Romanian official network of the State Institute for Variety Testing and Registration during last four years (2005-2008). The results recorded showed that the seed production varied from 2348 kg/ha (Timis County, 2005) to 4604 (Vaslui County, 2006) and the oil content in seeds was between 47 and 51%. In 2008, the highest seed yield of this hybrid (3700 kg/ha) was obtained in the demonstration plots established in Viziru, Braila County (a most heavily infested county in the country).
TL;DR: In this article, isolates of P. halstedii collected from different parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh belong to a single race, i.e., race 100.
Abstract: SUMMARY Isolates of P. halstedii collected from different parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh belong to a single race, i.e., race 100. Based on virulence pattern, they can be grouped into five different groups, A, B, C, D and E. Bangalore isolate was most virulent and Bidar isolate was least virulent. Morphological variations existed among the isolates with regard to the size of sporangiophores and sporangia. Sporangiophores were longer Dharwad isolate and sporangia were larger in Mysore and Latur isolates.
TL;DR: In this paper, the inheritance of this trait was studied through crosses between different phenotypes and the results indicated that flower color is controlled by two genes with complementary action, both loci being dominant and independently inherited.
Abstract: SUMMARY Disc flowers of Helianthus petiolaris (Asteraceae) are usually purple red due to anthocyanin pigments in corolla lobes, style and stigma. However, yellow-flowered plants are occasionally found. The inheritance of this trait was studied through crosses between different phenotypes and the results indicated that flower color is controlled by two genes with complementary action, both loci being dominant and independently inherited. This agrees with results obtained in cultivated sunflower, H. annuus, where one to three dominant genes have been proposed for anthocyanin expression in different organs.
TL;DR: In this article, the pathogen populations from some regions of Northern Caucasus was compared with those of race F from Spain and a mixture of races F, G, H from the European part of Turkey.
Abstract: After a long period (about 30 years) without broomrape problems in sunflower fields, intensive infestations were observed in some parts districts of Northern Caucasus. Virulence of the pathogen populations from some regions of Northern Caucasus was compared with those of race F from Spain and a mixture of races F, G, H from the European part of Turkey. It was shown that the broomrape populations from Northern Caucasus have heterogeneous structure. The populations Svetlogradskaya, collected in 2005, and Morozovskaya, collected in 2006, were most virulent. The first has the virulence comparable to one from Turkey and it is a mixture of nonvirulent and virulent races for the studied sunflower genotypes. Race F predominates in the mixture and has a there is an admixture (although insignificant) of more virulent individuals. The population Privolnenskaya from 2003 collection, is a mixture of different races also, but it is less virulent, containing race E and some insignificant admixture of more virulent individuals (most likely race F).
TL;DR: The seeds located in peripheralwhorls were more productive and better for storage purposes than those in central whorls, and the semillas localizadas en círculos florales periféricos fueron más productivas and mejores for propósitos of almacenamiento.
Abstract: SUMMARY The effect of storage on biochemical composition of seeds located in different whorls of sunflower head at maturity has been studied. The proportion of filled seeds, yield parameters such as weight of seeds, kernels and oil per whorl and dry weight of seeds and kernels decreased from the peripheral towards the central whorls. Dry matter, oil and starch contents decreased after 180 days of storage at room temperature. The content of total soluble sugars increased while that of reducing sugars decreased in peripheral whorls from first to ninth positions during storage for 180 days. The storage of seeds located in central whorls lowered the proportion of oleic acid with a corresponding increase in linoleic acid after 180 days. Thus, the seeds located in peripheral whorls were more productive and better for storage purposes than those in central whorls.
TL;DR: In this article, an experiment was conducted during summer and kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar, to study different irrigation methods and regimes (IW/CPE ratio) on yield attributes, yield and water economy in hybrid sunflower.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted during summer and kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar, to study different irrigation methods and regimes (IW/CPE ratio) on yield attributes, yield and water economy in hybrid sunflower (MSFH 17). Yield and yield attributes varied significantly during both summer and kharif seasons of 2004 and 2005. Irrigation at 0.80 and 0.60 IW/CPE ratios under alternate furrows and paired row system of irrigation (80/40 × 30 cm) proved better than other treatment combinations with regard to water use efficiency gross return, net return and B0 : C ratio.
TL;DR: A total of seven Acaulospora species (A. laevis, A. scrobiculata) isolated from sunflower rhizosphere are described and illustrated as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A total of seven Acaulospora species (Acaulospora laevis, A. lacunose, A. rehmii, A. foveata, A. gerdemanniii, A. bireticulata, A. scrobiculata) isolated from sunflower rhizosphere are described and illustrated. A key to species of Acaulospora genus has also been prepared on the basis of their morphological characters. Spores of these species have been identified by morphological characters such as hyphal attachment if any, spore ornamentation, wall layers and spore color and size.
TL;DR: The reaction of some sunflower cultivars to O. cumana was studied under inoculation and natural contamination conditions, and the herbicides Treflan 48 EC and Assert 250 EC were most efficient in controling Orabanche cumana infestation, compared with other herbicides whose efficiency did not exceed 50%.
Abstract: SUMMARY Broomrape (Orobanche spp) is one of the most dangerous plant parasites in Romania. of weedy of Orobanche cumana Wallr. broomrape populations have been identified in sunflower fields. The parasite is significantly disseminated, especially in the south and south-eastern parts of the country. The reaction of some sunflower cultivars to O. cumana was studied under inoculation and natural contamination conditions. Under the inoculation conditions created at Research Development Institute for Plant Protection in Bucharest, the hybrids HS 1900, Turbo, Justin and Favorit showed absolute resistance. Under natural contamination conditions, at SC Sport Agra srl, AmzaceaDobrogea, best result were showen by Rigasol, Flores, Albani Florena, Sunay, Favorit, Festiv and Turbo. The herbicides Treflan 48 EC and Assert 250 EC were most efficient (>80 %) in controling Orabanche cumana infestation, compared with other herbicides whose efficiency did not exceed 50%.