Showing papers in "Hispania in 2020"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the evolution of the Alvarez de Toledo lineage after its division at the end of the fourteenth century, focusing on a series of marriages designed to deepen common alliances pre-dating the late-eighteenth century marriage agreement that was to reunite the three branches of the family in its original lineage.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyse the reunification process of the Alvarez de Toledo lineage after its division at the end of the fourteenth century. We study the evolution of the three most representative houses: Alba, Oropesa and Villafranca, focusing on a series of marriages designed to deepen common alliances pre-dating the late-eighteenth-century marriage agreement that was to reunite the three branches of the family in its original lineage. This was to place the Toledo and the houses incorporated into it at the head of the aristocratic group of its day.
11 citations
TL;DR: The promotion of identity elements by municipal governments in Catalonia from the mid-fourteenth to the end of the following century, traditionally considered a period of recession in scholarly literature, is discussed in this article.
Abstract: This essay deals with the promotion of identity elements by municipal governments in Catalonia from the mid-fourteenth to the end of the following century, traditionally considered a period of recession in scholarly literature. A combination of hitherto unpublished data and bibliographical information from different sources enable a focus on initiatives aimed at reinforcing the external image of local corporations at this time: the building and progressive embellishment of town halls in major municipalities, the purchasing of furniture and a growing concern for the appearance and clothing of the municipal magistrates. This process is connected with the degree of institutional maturity reached by local entities as of the end of the fourteenth century and can be compared to other European territories. Finally, the article suggests new perspectives on the traditional idea of crisis in Catalan municipalities throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the national discourse of Spanish socialism during the Second Republic and seek to emphasise the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's identification with a Spanish national identity, by considering the case of the Valencian Region (Pais Valenciano).
Abstract: This article analyses the national discourse of Spanish socialism during the Second Republic and seeks to emphasise the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party’s identification with a Spanish national identity. Furthermore, by considering the case of the Valencian Region (Pais Valenciano), it points to ways in which that identity was expressed, showing the role of the local and regional spheres in the socialist interpretation of national identity.
In this way, the Valencian example enables us to explore the situation “from below”, by studying political approaches, speeches, rites and practices in the militant press. The article argues that the national discourse of Spanish socialism found a solid bond in the local context, while proletarian internationalism projected national identification towards the whole of Humanity. Despite the prominence of the local, national and international dimensions, the regional aspect appears more blurred in the Valencian case. In this regard, socialism provided a coherent framework for the combination of social, political and territorial identities.
8 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated correlations of course level, gender, and ethnic identity labels with attitudinal dimensions toward Spanish by Spanish as a Heritage Language Learners in New Mexico and found that higher-level students held more favorable language attitudes, and females at both levels had more positive attitudes than male peers.
Abstract: This study investigates correlations of course level, gender, and ethnic identity labels with attitudinal dimensions toward Spanish by Spanish as a Heritage Language Learners in New Mexico. Participants in first-semester (n = 327) and fourth-semester (n = 174) Spanish as a Heritage Language courses rated twelve items designed to index language attitudes (Instrumental, Sentimental, Communication, and Value) toward Spanish on a 5-point Likert scale, based on a similar tool used by Mejias and Anderson (1988) and Mejias et al. (2003). Participants at both levels claimed similar ethnic identity labels but had different correlations to language attitudes. First-semester students who self-identified as "Mexican American,” “Hispanic,” and “Spanish” rated the Value dimension higher than peers who did not claim those labels. “Anglo” correlated negatively with both the Value and Communicative dimensions. Fourth-semester students who self-identified as “Latino/a” had positive attitudes in the Sentimental, Instrumental, and Communicative dimensions. “Native American” and “Spanish” correlated negatively with Sentimental while “American” correlated negatively with Instrumental. Higher-level students held more favorable language attitudes, and females at both levels had more positive attitudes than male peers. These findings have implications for how course level, gender, and ethnic identity may impact heritage language maintenance and motivation to learn the heritage language in the university setting.
8 citations
TL;DR: A review of the different transfer methods used (novation, "collection authorization" and endorsement) in relation to Castilian law can be found in this paper, where the main section analyses use of these methods, citing practical cases contained in a notarial protocol of Toledo dated 1506.
Abstract: The transfer of debt was a means of payment in late-fifteenth and early-sixteenth- century Castile. This article starts with a review of the different transfer methods used (novation, ‘collection authorization’ and endorsement) in relation to Castilian law. The main section analyses use of these methods, citing practical cases contained in a notarial protocol of Toledo dated 1506.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that during the double reign of the last absolute monarch (1814-1820 and 1823-1833), the privatization process rekindled under cover of the Napoleonic conflict was not only not suspended but, to some extent, was legitimized and even diversified with the introduction of new transfer models.
Abstract: The present investigation seeks to put an end to the idea that the return to the throne of Ferdinand VII after 1814 totally paralysed the municipal disentailment policy implemented in Spain by the Cortes de Cadiz. The sources used in the research are the result of inquiries made by the Direccion General de Propios y Arbitrios del Reino between 1824 and 1833 to legitimize sales that took place during the Spanish War of Independence. These investigations, contrasted with the scant bibliography for Ferdinand VII’s monarchy, reveal an institution which openly defended the wholesale privatization of the council and communal wealth at the heart of the absolutist administration, as well as the execution of dozens of emphyteusis transfers, authorized by the Crown and distributed throughout the nation. The most relevant conclusion in this regard is that, during the double reign of the last absolute monarch (1814-1820 and 1823-1833), the privatization process rekindled under cover of the Napoleonic conflict was not only not suspended but, to some extent, was legitimized and even diversified with the introduction of new transfer models.
5 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the long-term benefits of service learning on students of Spanish, two to seventeen years after their service learning experience and found that the majority of former students in the study noted SL participation as one of the most significant educational experiences in college, leading to positive gains in knowledge, attitudes and behaviors for interacting with target language communities.
Abstract: Service-learning (SL), as a pedagogy that promotes reciprocal partnership building between campus and community through meaningful service and critical reflection, can provide language students with not only valuable language and cultural immersion experience, but also civic learning opportunities. Although SL research has revealed numerous positive outcomes on students’ academic and civic learning, most studies have focused on short-term effects. In particular, in the context of language classrooms, there is a dearth of research examining the lasting impact of SL pedagogy. This study explores the long-term benefits of SL on students of Spanish, two to seventeen years after their SL experience. Former students who participated in various types of SL projects across different levels of Spanish courses at a public university in the Midwest completed surveys (n = 60) and interviews (n = 15) identifying aspects of the SL experience they consider valuable. The majority of former students in the study noted SL participation as one of the most significant educational experiences in college, leading to positive gains in knowledge, attitudes and behaviors for interacting with target language communities. The study also explores the value respondents placed on engaged learning, relationship building, and language learning for community engagement.
5 citations
TL;DR: The authors provided empirical data measuring the effects of a flipped and blended course design for beginning-level Spanish on the four skills of reading, writing, speaking, and listening, compared to a control group following a traditional present-practice-produce instructional format.
Abstract: The present study provides empirical data measuring the effects of a flipped and blended course design for beginning-level Spanish on the four skills of reading, writing, speaking, and listening, compared to a control group following a traditional present-practice-produce instructional format. The study provides a template for the successful restructuring of language programs through the incorporation of a cognitive model of learning processes, controls for depth of language processing, and a reconceptualization of instructional context. Results of a pre/post-test design show that two experimental groups, which met three days per week in the classroom along with flipped-blended course work, developed at the same pace in receptive skills, and more so in productive skills, than a control group that met four days per week only in the classroom.
4 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated whether visual enhancement affects the recall of second language (L2) vocabulary and whether working memory interacts with visual enhancement and vocabulary recall and found that participants in the word only or image only dynamically enhanced groups recalled significantly more vocabulary items on the immediate post-test; however, by the delayed post test, the effect remained only for those in the image only group.
Abstract: This study investigates whether dynamic visual enhancement affects the recall of second language (L2) vocabulary and whether working memory interacts with visual enhancement and vocabulary recall. Participants in four groups completed a pre-test, immediate post-test, and delayed post-test that measured the effects of the type of dynamic enhancement they received (no enhancement, word enhancement, image enhancement, word and image enhancement) on their recall of L2 vocabulary. Results, based on a series of one-way ANOVAs and ANCOVAs, revealed that participants in the word only or image only dynamically enhanced groups recalled significantly more vocabulary items on the immediate post-test; however, by the delayed post-test, the effect remained only for those in the image only group. Working memory capacity was not found to have any correlation with vocabulary test scores.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the figure of Pelagius of Asturias in a bid to understand the construction of political imagines among Portuguese aristocrats, genealogists and writers during the Crisis of 1640.
Abstract: The process that gave rise to the birth of political identities in the Iberian Peninsula were based on a hierarchy of milestones and protagonists—both real and legendary—which formed during the Middle Ages and remained alive and well into the Modern Age. One of the figures who repeatedly features in the memory of the Iberian Peninsular is “Don Pelayo”. The shadowy northern leader—either Asturian or Visigoth—has travelled the roads of historiography, political literature and even popular romances and theatre, to become a cornerstone in the origins of the Spanish Monarchy during the Early Modern Age. This article focuses on the figure of Pelagius of Asturias in a bid to understand the construction of political imagines among Portuguese aristocrats, genealogists and writers during the Crisis of 1640. Synoptic reading of their works offers potential new approaches for studying the history of the Early Middle Ages during the emergence of Gothicism, the conflict between Philip IV and John IV, the creative processes at work in historical argumentation regarding one of the theoretical fathers of the Iberian nations and, above all, a model for reforming declining monarchies, held to the mirror of “Restoration Spain”.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a visual historical analysis of some of the major images used to represent this past in the course of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries is presented, drawing on iconographic sources from multiple media, including press, paintings, public sculpture, films and television series.
Abstract: This article shows the ways in which Spanish society has related to its own past and how certain regimes of historicity have been prioritized over others, by means of a visual historical analysis of some of the major images used to represent this past in the course of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The research draws on iconographic sources from multiple media, including press, paintings, public sculpture, films and television series, most of which were created for the general public, making them key contributions in shaping the collective imaginary of national history. These representations mix together old and new iconographic schemes in such a way as to depict history in the way most in keeping with the prevailing perceptions of a given moment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the financial system in the Early Modern Mediterranean, highlighting the centrality of the fairs of Medina del Campo on the Iberian Peninsula.
Abstract: In 1619 Philip IV sent to print a Real Pragmatic [Royal Pragmatic legislation] that would regulate changes between Valencia and Medina del Campo being introduced by Valencian merchant families to enable them to receive interest on their loans without being accused of usury. Only three years later, in 1622, the Republic of Genoa inaugurated the exchange fairs of Novi Ligure, with which the Genoese consolidated their international position in the international credit market. These apparently independent circumstances constitute an important episode for international financial knowledge and the transformation of the Mediterranean credit market during the seventeenth century. Studying financial innovations in the Mediterranean can provide insight into adaptation to an increasingly global world. This article analyses the financial system in the Early Modern Mediterranean, highlighting the centrality of the fairs of Medina del Campo on the Iberian Peninsula. It continues with a comparative study of the role played by Valencia’s entrepreneurs in the fairs of Medina and the Genoese in Novi Ligure. Attention will also be given to the proposed creation of their own exchange fair. Finally, I will consider the entrepreneurial energy displayed by Valencia in the seventeenth century.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the relations between the Union of Rabassaires and the UWC, an organization that sought to group all winegrowers together, highlighting their coincidences and divergences to combat the wine crisis.
Abstract: During the first third of the twentieth century, the wine sector was plunged into serious crisis, as a result of structural overproduction on an international scale. This article focuses on the collective action of Catalan winegrowers in response to the crisis and, especially, the Union of Rabassaires, which, since its creation in 1922, was the main agricultural trade union organization in Catalonia and one of the most important in Spain. The article analyses the relations between the Union of Rabassaires and the Union of Winegrowers of Catalonia, an organization that sought to group all winegrowers together, highlighting their coincidences and divergences to combat the wine crisis. It also analyses the relations between the Union of Rabassaires and the winemaking cooperatives, which were expanding in Catalonia in the early nineteen twenties, and explains the reasons why their development was completely independent of Rabassaire unionism.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the unintended activation of Portuguese negatively affected the speed at which trilinguals judged words in Spanish, suggesting increased lexical competition.
Abstract: When bilinguals read in either their first language (L1) or their second language (L2), words from both languages are unconsciously and automatically activated in their mind (e.g., Kroll et al. 2006; Van Heuven and Dijkstra 2002). Many bilinguals, particularly in Florida, choose to learn Portuguese in college as a third language (L3), thus increasing lexical activation of two related languages and potentially complicating lexical retrieval. The present study investigates the effect of learning L3 Portuguese on the typologically similar L2 Spanish. Fifty-four English-Spanish bilinguals and 66 English-Spanish-Portuguese trilinguals completed a lexical decision task in their L2 Spanish. Participants were exposed to real and pseudowords that varied in similarity to words in either Spanish, Portuguese, or unrelated languages. The results indicate that the unintended activation of Portuguese negatively affected the speed at which trilinguals judged words in Spanish, suggesting increased lexical competition. The trilinguals did, however, process the words as correctly as the bilinguals, except when lexical structures were overwhelmingly similar as in the case of Portuguese cognates. The present findings of this study are analyzed in terms of inhibitory control (Green 1998).
TL;DR: The role played by the squadron of Genoese galley contractors in facilitating connections between territories belonging to the Spanish empire between the second half of the sixteenth century and the firsthalf of the seventeenth century is analyzed in this paper.
Abstract: This article analyses the role played by the squadron of Genoese galley contractors in facilitating connections between territories belonging to the Spanish empire between the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth. While studies on the Spanish monarchy’s Mediterranean fleet have generally focused on war, this article shows how the Genoese squadron was also decisive in ensuring the transport of soldiers, precious metal, government elites and information between the Iberian Peninsula and northern Italy. It played a particularly important role during the Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648), when the situation in the Atlantic forced the Crown to use the Mediterranean as a logistical platform for mobilizing resources towards Northern Europe. By investigating the contribution of the Spanish-Genoese squadron in this context, this study casts some light on the transnational institutions that fostered connections and circulation between the different territorial components of a polycentric empire.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine Venetians' presence in the Gulf of Cadiz from a global and integrating perspective, considering the territory as a histo-rical unit, and with reference to different types of Italian and Iberian sources: public and private, economic, institutional and narrative.
Abstract: Of all the Italian communities in medieval Andalusia, Venetians are the least known. This paper examines their presence in the Gulf of Cadiz from a global and integrating perspective, considering the territory as a historical unit, and with reference to different types of Italian and Iberian sources: public and private, economic, institutional and narrative. Firstly, we will consider the republic’s institutional strategy, organized through diplomacy and consular action; secondly, the institutional navigation of merchant galleys; thirdly, private navigation, which was almost unknown in those waters; and finally, commercial data collected from specific Venetian private registers and merchant handbooks. The result is a much richer, more varied and complex picture than the one revealed by the annual ports of call made by merchant convoys, and requires us to rethink Castile’s position and role in Western Europe with regard to Venice, and Venetian influence on the trade scenario in Andalusia.
TL;DR: In this paper, the early years of the Linares bishopric, established in 1777, and its cathedral chapter, constituted in 1790, are reviewed, and the history of the cathedral chapter reflects some of the adverse circumstances that accompanied the creation of the bishopric on a frontier territory.
Abstract: This article reviews the early years of the Linares bishopric, established in 1777, and its cathedral chapter, constituted in 1790. Based on the cathedral’s chapter records and documents from the General Archive of the Indies, the diocese is shown to have been formed in order to ease the colonization of the Novo-Hispanic northeast which, by the end of the eighteenth century, was sparsely populated and under threat from nomadic Indians. The history of the cathedral chapter reflects some of the adverse circumstances that accompanied the creation of the bishopric on a frontier territory. The paper also illustrates certain stances adopted by the Crown towards the Church at the end of the Old Regime and the beginning of the nineteenth century, when war and financial crisis put the monarchy’s hegemony in the Indies at risk.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study the role of women in the Camareria Mayor during Ferdinand VII's reign and conclude that passive and static cultural conception did not apply to Spanish noblewomen in this context.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to ascertain whether one section of the Royal Household was a space of informal power and symbolic capital for Spanish noblewomen during Ferdinand VII´s reign, which represented an intermediate period between the courtly society of the eighteenth century and the transformations brought about by liberalism as of 1833. The author seeks to begin to fill the gap in a bid, firstly to understand developments in women’s situation at court, referring to documentation in the Royal Palace General Archive of Madrid, and secondly to comprehend the role attributed by the monarch to female staff. By analysing the composition, regulations and personnel of the Camareria Mayor, we can conclude that the passive and static cultural conception did not apply to Spanish noblewomen in this context.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the wave of iconoclasm that swept the rearguard of Castile La Mancha during the summer and autumn of 1936 following the failure of the coup d'etat that led to the Spanish Civil War.
Abstract: Based on archival sources, this article analyses the wave of iconoclasm that swept the rearguard of Castile La Mancha —and in particular the province of Ciudad Real— during the summer and autumn of 1936 following the failure of the coup d’etat that led to the Spanish Civil War. Special emphasis is placed on the timing and the protagonists of this destructive wave, which took place within the framework of a revolutionary process fostered by working-class currents seeking to create a new, egalitarian world. This revolutionary process sought to destroy the cultural and symbolic power which the Catholic Church had enjoyed for centuries. The singularity of the province of Ciudad Real is that, in contrast to other areas of Spain, its radical iconoclasm was unprecedented. Despite this, the wave of destruction was formidable, comparable to that of territories characterized by a traditional and deep-seated anticlericalism. The appendix details the churches affected and the extent of the devastation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a construcciones culturales se enmarcan en el proceso de definicion de una identidad colectiva aragonesa, asunto que sera objeto de analisis en el presente articulo.
Abstract: Diversas fuentes aragonesas de epoca moderna mencionan la idea de patria, entendida como lugar de nacimiento, pero tambien como comunidad politica. En el segundo caso, la nocion esta ligada a la existencia de un ordenamiento juridico y un sistema institucional propios, asi como a referentes simbolicos como las «cuatro varas de sangre» representa-das en el escudo del reino de Aragon. Estas construcciones culturales se enmarcan en el proceso de definicion de una identidad colectiva aragonesa, asunto que sera objeto de analisis en el presente articulo. Para ello se atendera a los contenidos con que trato de perfilarse dicha identidad, a los promotores de su elaboracion, a los mecanismos de creacion y difusion que utilizaron y a la extension que sus formulaciones alcanza-ron en la poblacion. Y tambien se subrayara que el esfuerzo por definir tal identidad cultural se produjo de forma simultanea a la inclusion del reino de Aragon en una unidad politica de dimensiones universales, en la que se estaban produciendo fenomenos similares. De hecho, se procurara establecer comparaciones con otros casos, como el navarro o el catalan, con los que la identidad aragonesa compartio referentes historicos e ideologicos.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of a case study on a phenomenon hitherto neglected by historiography: curial business management companies, where requests for graces of all kinds were submitted on behalf of individuals to the papal administration in Rome.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a case study on a phenomenon hitherto neglected by historiography: curial business management companies. The analysis considers the structure and operations, in Early Modern Spain, of professional intermediation whereby requests for graces of all kinds were submitted on behalf of individuals to the papal administration in Rome. These activities were conducted by agents known as curiales in a huge international market that moved large amounts of capital. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Seville was one of the most active hubs in this market, and Fonseca y Rojas one of the major companies in Castile.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on one of the twelve Portuguese shipwreck narratives collected by historian Bernardo Gomes de Brito in Historia tragico-maritima (1735-36), Naufragio que passou Jorge de Albuquerque Coelho, capitao, e governador de Pernambuco (1601), and explore the ways in which the narrative interrogates the individualization or subjectivization processes reflected rhetorically in the text.
Abstract: This article focuses on one of the twelve Portuguese shipwreck narratives collected by historian Bernardo Gomes de Brito in Historia tragico-maritima (1735–36), Naufragio que passou Jorge de Albuquerque Coelho, capitao, e governador de Pernambuco (1601). Several features make this account unique. Unlike the majority of the shipwrecks which occur off the southeastern African coast, this maritime disaster takes place in the Atlantic. Furthermore, the narrative's title refers to its captain and not to the name of the carrack, which ironically never completely shipwrecks, but just barely survives its arduous journey. Building on Josiah Blackmore's reading of these sixteenth- and seventeenth-century accounts as symptomatic of "a counter-historiographic impulse to the official textual culture of imperialism," I explore how this story of survival and rupture, while striving to represent subjectivity, in fact, disrupts the country's expansionist rhetoric by pointing instead to the emergence of collective identities. The essay explores the ways in which the narrative interrogates the individualization or subjectivization processes reflected rhetorically in the text. The formal and stylistic practices at play in the account show how shipwreck narratives of maritime disasters unsettle early modern conceptualizations of subjective and ontological experiences and reflect a plural and collective framework of thought.
TL;DR: In the decade of the 1850s, Galician courts witnessed a significant increase in crimes against property, both in absolute and relative terms, which coincided with a subsistence crisis and increase in food prices.
Abstract: In the decade of the 1850s, Galician courts witnessed a significant increase in crimes against property, both in absolute and relative terms, which coincided with a subsistence crisis and increase in food prices. There was a rise in thefts and pilferage committed by ordinary people, integrated in their communities and without criminal records, especially among the rural proletariat. They stole to subsist, despite the high risks that this kind of crime involved, and the intolerance shown by the judicial system towards this kind of survival crime. Most prosecutions were not initiated by police forces, but by ordinary people: theft victims, neighbours and, sometimes, perpetrators’ relatives. In the countryside, particularly, the complainants informed local elites connected to local government. Rather than jail sentences, the crimes were punished by the imposition of the costs of the trial, which were so expensive that even defendants who were not condemned became utterly ruined.
TL;DR: In this paper, el mitico rey Milesio como antepasado comun fueron el recurso factico empleado by las elites to justificar their presencia e incorporacion in las distintas estructuras de la Monarquia de Espana.
Abstract: Tras la fallida expedicion de Kinsale en 1601-1602, los irlandeses comenzaron a definir su identidad de comunidad exiliada en la peninsula iberica. Como forma de legitimacion, su retorica se fundamento en una tradicion arraigada sobre un origen «espanol». Generalizada a traves de las cronicas medievales y los bardos, este discurso y la presentacion del mitico rey Milesio como antepasado comun fueron el recurso factico empleado por las elites para justificar su presencia e incorporacion en las distintas estructuras de la Monarquia de Espana. La intrinseca polarizacion social quedo representada en este relato, utilizado como aspecto definitorio y elemento diferenciador. La historicidad de tal construccion ideologica fue recogida por autores castellanos y acentuada por eruditos irlandeses. Sus plumas y la instrumentalizacion de recursos como las genealogias sentaron las bases de una idiosincrasia compartida que cul-minaria con su naturalizacion castellana