Showing papers in "Hydrocarbon Processing in 1975"

How LNG boils on soils

Abstract: LNG boiling rates are critical in determining the potential hazard that can result from LNG spills. Such rates are dependent on the surface onto which the LNG is spilled and control the extent of the hazard, all other variables assumed constant. Methods for predicting downwind vapor dispersion are available and potential hazard estimates can be made if spill rates, impoundment geometries, boiling rates and atmospheric conditions are specified. Results of a test program are presented and discussed in terms of practical recommendations.

Fight tank fires, subsurface

Abstract: For fire protection of bulk storage tanks containing flammable liquid, foam is generally accepted as the only agent for effective fire control and extinguishment. It may be applied by fixed foam generating chambers at the top angle of the tank, portable nozzles or monitors or by injection of foam at the base of a tank called the subsurface method. This method and its application in the petroleum industry are discussed under headings development of the method; test series of 1964-65; foam makers; foam-maker tests; a hexane fire; data verification, and subsurface fire fighting experience.

What causes wear in gear-type couplings?

Abstract: The useful life of a gear-type coupling is limited by the rate of wear of its teeth. This wear rate is heavily influenced by lubrication and the type of wear that occurs. Here are some facts that may help in avoiding coupling failures on critical rotating machinery trains. It is pointed out that speed has a significant influence on coupling wear: high speeds reduce the wear-rate; while low speeds can, with some lubricants, cause the coupling's failure.

Why use minicomputer systems for vibration monitoring

Abstract: If properly applied and understood, minicomputers can be a valuable tool for machinery protection and problem diagnosis. This paper presents guidelines when selecting such a system. This system is particularly suitable for vibration control where a large number of machines are monitored. A mini-based data reduction computer system can be added to a standard monitor system at any time. As experience is accumulated, real time spectrum analysis equipment can be integrated to expand the system from automatic data acquisition to automatic data analysis.

User experience with computerized machinery vibration analysis

Abstract: Real-time frequency analyzers (RTAs) are extending the gains made toward improved machinery reliabilty through application of advanced vibration technology to high-speed, high capacity turbomachinery trains found in modern refineries and chemical plants. This article discusses an automated system for data analysis and maintenance of historical records in a dedicated minicomputer system for a periodic condition monitoring program undertaken for more than 100 major turbomachinery trains. Details of the RTA minicomputer system are given along with recommendations for practical use in refineries. The minicomputer automatically controls the real-time analyzer for vibration spectrum input. It has the capability to read a spectrum, then automatically erase, reset and restart the RTA in a second operation immediately following receipt of the data. Other peripheral devices include a digital to analog (D/A) converter for operating X-Y plotters or producing a CRT type display on a standard laboratory oscilloscope.

Use a safety audit program

Abstract: A General Safety Audit Program is described in which compliance frequency rate (CFR) is used as the common denominator for the plant. CFR is number of violations times 100 divided by the work force in area at time of audit. This doesn't entail counting heads as you audit, but using the force assigned to the area. Unless support groups report to the supervisor of the area being audited, they should be audited separately with their supervision. Responsibility, or accountability, is the first step in setting up an audit area. The basic criteria should be to establish a work area that can be audited in a maximum of two hours. The audit area can be established either by people lines as with service groups (maintenance, contract personnel, etc. ) or by physical facilities (boiler house, shops, etc). The discussion is presented under headings types of audits; reasons for audits; getting commitments; and patterns.

How to simplify fluid flow calculations

Abstract: The usual method of solving a fluid flow problem, using rational formulas, is by the use of a chart showing the relationship between the Reynolds number R and the Fanning Coefficient or friction coefficient f in the Fanning equation. In most fluid flow problems either the flow rate or the hydraulic gradient is unknown. If the flow rate is known, a two-step solution is made by calculating the Reynolds number, determining the friction factor from the R vs f chart and then calculating the hydraulic gradient by placing the value123 of f in the Fanning formula. This paper gives detailed calculations in application to the fluid flow situations in the petroleum refineries and related industries. Applications for water calculations are presented as an example.