Showing papers in "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development in 1982"

Lanthanide diphthalocyanines. Electrochemistry and display applications

Abstract: : Electrode films of lanthanide diphthalocyanines undergo a series of reversible color changes that make them potentially very attractive as flat-panel color display materials. Research on these compounds has revealed a complex scheme of electrode processes that is not yet fully characterized. The solid organic phases within the faradaic system include new room-temperature anion and cation conductors, as well as electronic semiconductors. Application of diphthalocyanine electrochromics to practical display products will depend on development of adequate cycle life and a technique for matrix addressing. (Author)

Process for chemical separation of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass

Abstract: Acid prehydrolysis with chemical delignification was studied as a method for fractionating lignocellulosic biomass into hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose. Experiments with wheat straw show that hemicellulose can be quantatively separated by prehydrolysis, but the structure of the residue is substantially modified. Delignification of this residue by conventional methods gives significant losses of polysaccharides and a degraded cellulose. The efficiency of the separation can be increased by nonconventional delignification, e.g. chlorination by Cl. In this case, the sugar losses are minimal and further degradation of cellulose during delignification can be avoided, while lignin is quantatively recovered from the pulping liquors.

Changes in aromaticity during coal liquefaction

Abstract: The aromatic carbon contents of the products of uncatalyzed liquefaction of an Australian bituminous coal (Liddell) in tetralin have been measured using conventional and cross polarization (CP) /sup 13/C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The amounts of naphthalene formed during reaction have also been measured. Liquefaction reactions at two temperatures (400 and 425 C) have been investigated in detail. Some limited results at a reaction temperature of 450 C are also reported. The amounts of aromatic carbon in the residues and liquid products can be used to calculate the total aromaticity of the product (the weighted sum of the aromaticities of all the products, solids, liquids plus gas). This is found to increase slightly during liquefaction. Hence the major role of hydrogen at the reaction conditions reported here (6.9 megapascals charge pressure at 25 C, 400-425 C reaction temperature) is other than hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Most of the hydrogen must be consumed by alkyl bond fission and hydrogenolysis reactions.