Showing papers in "International Affairs in 1995"
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the increasingly pressing need for humanity to face the finite nature of the planet, and in doing so to address the distributional issues relating to coping with the impacts of climate change and keeping the anthropogenic pressures on the environment within manageable limits.
Abstract: The authorfocuses on the increasingly pressing needfor humanity toface theJfinite nature of the planet, and in doing so to address the distributional issues relating to coping with the impacts of climate change and keeping the anthropogenic pressures on the environment within manageable limits. Within the context of actual negotiations and positions taken at the 1992 Rio Conference and since, and of the division between the priorities of the developed North and the developing South, he examines the arguments relating to the ethical aspects of various approaches to the problem and identifies two focal allocation approaches'. In conclusion, he emphasizes the political challenge facing the international community in the next century as the need to distribute responsibility for the causes and effects of greenhouse gas emissions becomes ever more acute. *
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the history of reform in China from Mao's death to Tiananmen' final offensive and the emergence of Mao's spirit of socialism.
Abstract: List of Tables and IllustrationsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsA Note on Sources and MethodsAbbreviations Used in the TextIntroduction: The Age of Peng Xiaoping3Pt. IThe Roots of Reform, 1976-198025Ch. 1Burying Mao: April 1976-July 197727Ch. 2Deng Takes Command: August 1977-December 197848Ch. 3The First Fang/Shou Cycle: Novemher 1978-Angust 198066Ch. 4High Tide of Reform: Gengshen, 198094Pt. IIThe Road to Tiananmen, 1981-1989119Ch. 5Polarization and Paralysis: January 1981-April 1982121Ch. 6Defining the Spirit of Socialism: Summer 1982-December 1983143Ch. 7The Rebirth of Liberal Reform: January 1984-Summer 1985164Ch. 8Social Origins of Student Protest: Summer 1985-December 1986189Ch. 9Combating Bourgeois Liberalization: January 1987-Spring 1988206Ch. 10Bittersweet Fruits of Reform: March 1988-April 1989225Pt. IIIThe Beijing Spring, 1989245Ch. 11The Beijing Spring: April-May 1989247Ch. 12CrackingDown: June 1989-February 1990275Pt. IVThe Old Order Changes, 1990-1995311Ch. 13Picking Up the Pieces: Winter 1990-Autumn 1991313Ch. 14Deng's Final Offensive: January-October 1992341Ch. 15The Last Cycle: October 1992-Summer 1993369Ch. 16The Mandate of Heaven: Summer 1993-Summer 1995377Epilogue: Burying Deng391Abbreviations Used in the Notes395Notes397References473Index491
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TL;DR: The camera always lies as discussed by the authors, which is a cliche that the camera objectively records the truth; the cliche asserts that it never lies, yet we conspire to believe the opposite.
Abstract: The camera always lies. We all know that childhood holidays were not always sunny, or full of smiles, but the material (photographic) evidence now suggests otherwise. We know that the camera always lies, yet we conspire to believe the opposite. We conspire to believe that the camera objectively records the truth; the cliche asserts that it never lies. This is the meaning of the beguiling words on the opening page of Isherwood's Goodbye to Berlin: 'I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording, not thinking." These words express one version of the role of academic students of international relations: we are engaged in 'recording', in some sense passively (and certainly not emoting). Like the supposedly neutral instrument of the camera, we are supposed to represent and transmit the facts before us. Family snapshots and social science have both been sustained by positivist assumptions. If positivism rules in these areas of life, as it is usually thought to in natural science, does this mean that people are congenital positivists? Or is something more complex going on? I think that the latter is the case, and that it has something to do with the relationship between the world 'out there' (often called 'the real world') and the world 'in here' (the world we conceive within our heads). The world 'in here' is made up of pictures we want to see and need to see, and pictures we do not want to see and perhaps do not need to see. As a result of this, and of associated psychological/perceptual/cognitive interrelationships, even the apparently objective instrument of the camera lies. Not only does it cause the object at which it is pointed to change, it excludes; and it also allows a variety of stories to be told.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that contemporary global conditions often call for a cooperative rather than confrontational pursuit of an economic security that is a shared condition rather than a goal of individual states.
Abstract: The author takes issue with the proponents of the idea of 'geo-economics', a concept based on a confrontational model of international economic activity that has gained some currency in the United States, Japan and Europe. Examining the arguments that have been put forward on the ground of economic security for protecting domestic supplies, technologies, and markets, he demonstrates that contemporary global conditions often callfor a cooperative rather than confrontational pursuit of an economic security that is a shared condition rather than a goal of individual states.
TL;DR: This article examined the extent of economists' understanding of the process of development and contrasted the way economists think with the process by which policy intellectuals and policy makers adopt certain beliefs about economics by making spurious connections between concepts and then buttress these beliefs by selective anecdotes rather than subjecting them to statistical tests.
Abstract: The author investigates the phenomenon by which certain economic beliefs are 'known' to be true. Noting how the prevailing orthodoxy in development economics has moved in this centuryfrom anti-protectionist, 'sound money' tenets to enthusiasm for intervention, planning and import substitution and back to supportforforeign trade and the free market, he examines the extent of economists' understanding of the process of development and contrasts the way economists think with the process by which policy intellectuals and policy-makers adopt certain beliefs about economics by making spurious connections between concepts and then buttress these beliefs by selective anecdotes rather than subjecting them to statistical tests. His conclusion is that the conventional wisdom about development economics-whatever its current content-should be eschewed in favour of rigorous use of economic theory and empirical evidence.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources, even from the other people experience, internet, and many books, and suggest to have more inspirations, then.
Abstract: Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.
TL;DR: The authors examines how the country's perceptions of its role in world affairs have evolved since the declining years of the Soviet Union and identifies two dominant paradigms, the "Ideological and Imperial" and the "New Thinking", and discusses the reasons for the ebb and flow of the latter in the years since Russia's establishment as a sovereign state after the collapse of the USSR.
Abstract: Russian officials are heard increasingly often to proclaim the country's status as a 'great power'. This article examines how the country's perceptions of its role in world affairs have evolved since the declining years of the Soviet Union. The author identifies two dominant paradigms, the 'Ideological and Imperial' and the 'New Thinking', and discusses the reasonsfor the ebb andflow of the latter in the years since Russia's establishment as a sovereign state after the collapse of the USSR.