Showing papers in "Journal American Water Works Association in 1969"
TL;DR: The NBS CORROSION Group developed an EMPIRICAL PIT DEPTH-AREA RELATIONSHIP as mentioned in this paper, which was combined with the ORETICALLY DEVELOPED PIT DEPTTH-time EQUATION to form a general equalization applicable to SOILS OF GOOD, FAIR, or POOR AERATION HAVING PH VALUES within the range 5 to 9.
Abstract: FROM A CONSIDERATION OF PIT FORMATION CHEMISTRY, EQUATIONS HAVE BEEN DERIVED THAT CORRESPOND TO EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS DEVELOPED BY THE NBS CORROSION GROUP. THE THEORETICAL EQUATIONS' DERIVATIONS SHOW HOW SOIL RESISTIVITY AND PH AFFECT CORROSION RATES. INTEREST IS FOCUSED ON THE DEPTH OF THE DEEPEST PITS RATHER THAN ON AVERAGE VALUES. THE EMPIRICAL PIT DEPTH-AREA RELATIONSHIP IS COMBINED WITH THEORETICALLY DEVELOPED PIT DEPTH-TIME EQUATION TO FORM A GENERAL EQUATION APPLICABLE TO SOILS OF GOOD, FAIR, OR POOR AERATION HAVING PH VALUES WITHIN THE RANGE 5 TO 9. THE GENERAL EQUATION, WITH APPROPRIATE MODIFICATIONS, IS USEFUL IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES FOR PREDICTING THE LIFE OF STRUCTURES.
92 citations
73 citations
51 citations
TL;DR: The first results of this inventory in the United States indicate that about 20 per cent more glaciers exist in the highly glacerized North Cascade Range of Washington than had been counted in a previous inventory as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: AN stored enormous in the reserve form of of glacier water ice is : st red in the for of lacier ic : about three-fourths of all the fresh water in the world, equivalent to precipitation over the entire globe for about 60 years. In North America, the volume of water stored as snow and ice in glaciers is many times greater than that stored in all of the lakes, ponds, rivers, and reservoirs on the continent. Most glaciers, however, are in the polar and subpolar regions, and not where most people live. People and glaciers do meet in Alaska, of course. About 3 per cent of that state (about 20,000 sqmi or 52,000 sqkm) is covered by glaciers, and this ice is concentrated in mountains not far from major population centers. Most of the major rivers originate at glaciers, and the peculiar characteristics of glacier runoff (peak flow in midsummer, diurnal fluctuations in runoff, high silt content, glacier outburst floods) do have a pronounced effect on the society and economy of Alaska. The impact of glaciers on water resource development is probably greatest in the Pacific Northwest and the middle and northern Rocky Mountain states. The glaciers there are small, almost inconsequential by Alaskan or arctic standards, but they are an important source of streamflow. The location of glaciers in the United States exclusive of Alaska is shown in Fig. 1, and the numbers and the areas of these glaciers are summarized in Table 1. These data are approximate only; many glaciers occur in relatively inaccessible and poorly mapped areas. A new inventory of glacier ice is underway as a major project of the International Hydrological Decade. The first results of this inventory in the United States indicate that about 20 per cent more glaciers exist in the highly glacerized North Cascade Range of Washington than had been counted in a previous inventory.1 It is likely that the total numbers and areas of glaciers shown in Table 1 represent minimum figures. These glaciers are small but numerous, adding up to a considerable equivalent volume of water, and they release an appreciable amount of water during the summer months. In Washington, as much water is stored as glacier ice (about 40 mil acre-ft or 49 billion cu m) as in all of the reservoirs, lakes, and rivers in the state, and as much water is released to summertime streamflow as is pumped from ground water all year. The importance of these small ice masses to water resource development stems partly from the quantity of water released, but results even more from the seasonal and long-term natural regulation of this water. This regulation makes the water a more reliable source in one respect, but it also makes forecasting its seasonal release virtually impossible by ordinary procedures.
46 citations
TL;DR: The results of recent investigations on the removal of nitrates from irrigation return waters in the San Joaquin Valley in California have indicated that biological denitrification may be an economically feasible way to remove nitrates.
Abstract: ards were put into effect, the lack of an economical method for the removal of excess nitrates was acknowledged. Thus, seeking other water supplies or warning the population in the high nitrate areas of the potential danger of using the water for infant feeding and informing them of alternate sources was suggested. The results of recent investigations on the removal of nitrates from irrigation return waters in the San Joaquin Valley in California have indicated that biological denitrification may be an economically feasible way to remove nitrates. These investigations have been conducted by an interagency group composed of the California Dept. of Water Resources, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, and the Bureau of Reclamation.2 The primary purpose has been to develop methods to control the discharge of undesirable quantities of nitrates into the San Francisco Bay system rather than to develop a process for nitrate removal from a municipal water supply. However, of the several processes studied, biological denitrification in filter beds has proved to have the stability and efficiency of operation that would be necessary for treatment of a drinking water supply. This paper contains a summary of the pilot-plant studies which were conducted to estimate chemical requirements, to evaluate possible filter media, and to determine the important operating parameters.
44 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present case histories of adverse changes in ground water quality presented in this paper describe some of the more serious incidents of ground water pollution or contamination that have occurred in Illinois aquifers.
Abstract: THE quality increasing in the importance use and reuse of water of quality the us a r use o available water supplies has led to many recent studies by the Illinois State Water Survey concerning both the quality of water as it is found in nature and the changes in quality made by man. Selected case histories of adverse changes in ground water quality presented in this paper describe some of the more serious incidents of ground water pollution or contamination that have occurred in Illinois aquifers. Most are of fairly common types of pollutants that have readily entered shallow sand and gravel, creviced limestone, or dolomite aquifers from surface-derived sources. The cases presented constitutes only a few of the many instances that have been investigated by the water survey, the Illinois State Department of Public Health, or the Illinois State Geological Survey. In practically every recorded occurrence, however, manner of entry, move^OAVIESS ISTEPHENSON |WINNEBA£CT |B00NE|McHEN«Y [LAKE '
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a coliform bacteriophage was used as the virus material and it was shown that the virus amino groups adsorb to carboxyl groups on the carbon by electrostatic attraction.
Abstract: Using a coliform bacteriophage as the virus material, this study indicates that viral amino groups adsorb to carboxyl groups on the carbon by electrostatic attraction. Effects of varying pH and ionic strength are discussed.
31 citations
TL;DR: In a recent article as discussed by the authors, Holden D. Robillard and Harvey D. Harvey discuss the kassler filter filter in the Blue River watershed and its effect on the ecology of the watershed.
Abstract: *! ^HAROLD D. ROBERT^a;^^ conduits T«nmile Creek L-^ . s V-V? •• V' ''^ -> ' I ' * ■ ■■ . y • V' '' kassler filter Blue River G RANT~^^,,""Vv^ ^ I CASTLE J ' C0HT«!LNJ^^ '}j^g|gr Blue River G ^ 1 yVROCKb CASTLE J ' ' i ' y l y. I LEADVILLE f '% / lw ( f U / w ' ® ' ' FAIRPLAY 'V >5o 1 / J ' ' / X') ) V®^/ L0S Jj' / ) / J I ' ^ I ' V' 5/r£^ /^CHEESMA,' y-s J (J M th /■ AA VV S V ' / f • ' ( j' y M V^SOO^V. th /■ AA VV V ' f PALMER ' V/ / ) I I * ^ LAKE ^ A N T E R 0^^^^^^ X/ lAKE / rJ I ( RES. X/ siJ^6E0R6E 1 / BUENA ELEVEN MILE CANY^^^^^ /
29 citations
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various rate control methods and suggest one new approach successfully used in a recent consulting assignment with the Taipei Water Works, Taiwan.
Abstract: THE through control gravity of the rate granular of filtration filters through gravity granular filters (sand, dual media, multimedia) has been achieved for many years by effluent rate control systems designed to maintain a constant filtration rate. In many older plants and in some newer plants these controllers do not function properly or, instead, require continual maintenance. A number of other alternatives are being used today. This paper will summarize these various methods, point out the advantages and disadvantages of each, and suggest one new approach successfully used in a recent consulting assignment with the Taipei Water Works, Taiwan. These methods include: (1) effluent rate control systems (with constant rate, constant water level, or direct effluent pumping control) ; and (2) influent rate control systems (with equal split of total flow to all operating filters, called influent flow splitting in this paper, or unequal and varying split of total flow to all operating filters, called variable declining rate in this paper).
24 citations
TL;DR: The removal of suspended solids by a granular filter is very complex as discussed by the authors, and many discussion of the varied mechanisms which may play an important role in removal has been presented by several workers.
Abstract: Determination suspended solid is filtrable of whether should a suspended solid s filtrable s uld indicate both the effectiveness of removal of the suspended solid and the clogging of the filter which results. A suspension which is completely removed in the filter but causes high head losses is not desirable. Similarly, a suspension which causes low head losses but is poorly removed by the filter is also not desirable. A suspension which is poorly removed but which still causes high head losses is the worst possible situation. As will be shown later, these three undesirable cases are possible in water filtration through granular filters. Any measure of filtrability (or a filtrability index) must indicate the differences between various suspensions. The removal of suspended solids by a granular filter is very complex. Much discussion of the varied mechanisms which may play an important role in removal has been presented by several workers.1 The dominant mech-
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on different filtering properties of flocculent and discrete particulate matter and show that for the most part, the former filter well, while the latter exhibits considerable filterpenetrating ability.
Abstract: STUDIES process have of the in recent water years filtration foprocess have in recent years focused attention upon the different filtering properties of flocculent and discrete particulate matter. For the most part, flocculent materials (for example, iron or aluminum coagulant) filter well, while discrete particles (silt, clay, organic colloids, and micro-organisms) have displayed considerable filterpenetrating ability. A particularly troublesome type of discrete material for the water industry to remove has been the finer forms of green algae. Davis and Borchardt 1 have listed sev-
TL;DR: The engineer whose primary concern is the protection of water supplies can not become involved in every phase of the vast research effort involving pesticides Rather he should concentrate on what he should focus on as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: THE pesticides importance to our of national synthetic economy organic pe ticides t ur ational econ my and the potential hazards to public health associated with their widespread use are now well known The engineer whose primary concern is the protection of water supplies can not become involved in every phase of the vast research effort involving pesticides Rather he should concentrate on
TL;DR: In this paper, the author had experience with one well water in north-central Alberta which contained about 150 units of color in conjunction with 2-3 ppm iron, and this particular well obtains water from an aquifer some 600 ft below the ground surface.
Abstract: organics are absent, iron can usually be made insoluble by aeration and then removed by filtration. However, whenever organics are present in addition to iron, the removal of both contaminants becomes a much more difficult problem. In Canada there are many examples of this problem. Moreover, colored waters are not restricted to surface supplies. The author had experience with one well water in north-central Alberta which contained about 150 units of color in conjunction with 2-3 ppm iron. This particular well obtains water from an aquifer some 600 ft below the ground surface. The aquifer is composed of relatively coarse sand, with some evidence of coal interspersed throughout the sand. The removal of iron and colored or-
TL;DR: The bacteriological quality of the water is mostly good, and marginal chlorination leaving relatively small chlorine residuals at the water works is, in most instances, a sufficient safeguard with respect to hygienic conditions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: MOST are from water reservoirs supplies in or Norway lakes in are from reservoirs or lakes in protected catchment areas in forests and mountains. The bacteriological quality of the water is mostly good, and marginal chlorination leaving relatively small chlorine residuals at the water works is, in most instances, a sufficient safeguard with respect to hygienic conditions. Chemically, many waters are soft and contain humic substances. Growth of slime-forming bacteria attached to the inside wall of mains and feeding on humic substances is quite
TL;DR: According to the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Committee, 41% of the US population prefers water-based recreation over any other as discussed by the authors, and swimming is now one of the most popular outdoor activities.
Abstract: PUBLIC outdoor pressure recreation for is water-based grooving utdoor re reati n is groovin steadily in the United States. According to the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Committee, 41 per cent of this country's population prefers water-based recreation over any other. Swimming is now one of the most popular outdoor activities ; boating and fishing rank among the top 10.1 Because of this heightened interest in water-based recreation, increasing attention is being given to the possibility of using public water supply sources for recreation.
TL;DR: In the relationship of phosphates to eutrophication there are basically two variables, with the implication that one, eutrophicication, is dependent on the other, phosphates as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the relationship of phosphates to eutrophication there are basically two variables, with the implication that one, eutrophication, is dependent on the other, phosphates. Eutrophy is defined by Webster's International Dictionary (1961) as meaning, "well nourished or nourishing," and, in terms of its application to an aquatic environment, as "the quality or state of being eutrophic." Eutrophic, in turn, is defined as "relating to or being in a well nourished condition. A eutrophic lake being one rich in dissolved nutrients, frequently shallow, and with seasonal oxygen deficiency in the hypolimnion." Similarly, eutrophication is defined as "the process of becoming more eutrophic, either as a natural phase in the maturing, or artificially, as by fertilization."
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the major results obtained from a consumer survey of the taste of mineralized domestic water and present the evaluation of the quality of the mineral taste of domestic water.
Abstract: The consumer survey approach here employed has its difficulties. Procedures employed for assessing consumer evaluation of taste quality must be accurate, water systems studied must contain no significant taste or odor-producing substances other than normal minerals, and factors affecting consumer evaluation, such as habituation to mineral taste, must be adequately dealt with. This report presents the major results obtained from the consumer survey. Consumer evaluations of the taste of mineralized domestic water are
TL;DR: A sampling network of eight sites was developed in the Colorado River Basin to collect river samples semimonthly over a period of 15 months by the Water Pollution Surveillance System (WPSS) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A sampling network of eight sites was developed in the Colorado River Basin to collect river samples semimonthly over a period of 15 months. This network coincided with many established sample collection sites in the basin of the Water Pollution Surveillance System (WPSS), so that streamflow and water quality records would be available for comparison with the vanadium concentration data. The WPSS provides a nationwide compilation of data on the chemical and biological quality of the major rivers in the United States. The collection sites are located on the Colorado River Basin map in Fig. 1. The Green River was sampled at Flaming Gorge Dam, which is located in northeastern Utah, about 30 mi downstream of the Wyoming-Utah state line. This site is upstream of any major operative milling or industrial activity, and the data were expected to show the background concentrations of vanadium contributed to the river from weathering and leaching of natural minerals. One of the two sites in the San Juan River Basin was on the Animas River near Cedar Hill, N.M. The Animas River originates in southwestern Colorado and flows south into New Mexico where it joins the San Juan River at Farmington. The sampling site is located near the Colorado-New Mexico state line. The other site in the San Juan drainage is located on the S n Juan River at Shiprock, N.M. This point is approximately 60 mi downstream of Farmington and about 1 mi downstream of a uranium-vana-
TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to present a method of designing multimedia filters and to report field experience with these filters.
Abstract: vious economic advantages. The problems involved in high-rate filtration, although seemingly simple, become quite complex because of large numbers of variables and variety of water qualities encountered. A number of workers have developed mathematical models that attempt to describe the filtration process, but practical applications are still limited, even for singlemedia filters. The purpose of this paper is to present a method of designing multimedia filters and to report field experience with these filters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the instantaneous concentration quotient of the generalized hydrolysis reaction Fe3+ + m H20 Fe(OH)m3-m + mH+ (2) was derived.
Abstract: with [OH-] bound defined as moles/liter hydroxide bound and Fex defined as moles/liter total iron (III). In terms of the generalized hydrolysis reaction Fe3+ + m H20 Fe(OH)m3-m + m H+ (2) the instantaneous concentration quotient :
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified sketch of such a device is presented, where a bacterial population may be continuously maintained in a state of logarithmic growth under conditions of nutrient limitation.
Abstract: BACTERIA able to grow in at nature their are maximum seldom able to grow at their maximum rate. Therefore, it is useful to have a laboratory device capable of culturing them at a steady submaximal rate under conditions of nutrient limitation.1 Figure 1 is a simplified sketch of just such a device wherein a bacterial population may be continuously maintained in a state of logarithmic growth. It is essential that the entering solution be deficient in some nutrient the concentration of which falls short of that which the bacteria could utilize at that
TL;DR: In this paper, the same authors used 10 widemouth glass-stoppered jars of 1 liter capacity to detect hydrogen sulfide in distilled water, containing sufficient sulfuric acid to lower the pH to about 4.
Abstract: tration at which the odor of hydrogen sulfide in water can be detected, the following technique was used. Ten wide-mouth glass-stoppered jars of 1 -liter capacity were partly filled with 800 ml of odor-free distilled water, containing sufficient sulfuric acid to lower the pH to about 4. The temperature of the water was about 25 °C. To five of these jars, equal quantities of a dilute sodium sulfide solution of
TL;DR: Geldreich et al. as discussed by the authors found that the coliforms attain a peak density and then a rapid reduction follows, and that proper environmental conditions for this bac-
Abstract: ignated by the term aftergrowth, or regrowth. Investigators lf 2 have found the regrowth period to be approximately 9 to 15 hours after initial discharge into the receiving source. In this interval, the coliforms attain a peak density and then a rapid reduction follows. Regrowth has generally been associated with the nonfecal portion of the total coliform group. On this point, Geldreich 8 has reasoned that the nonfecal portion could survive and multiply in waters containing minimal nutrients, whereas the fecal coliforms would require more favorable conditions of nutriment and environment than are usually found in unpolluted streams. Geldreich 4 also states that proper environmental conditions for this bac-
TL;DR: A comprehensive March to study of the Illinois River at Peoria, Illinois was conducted in 1967, undera co ehensive study was undertaken to investigate various aspects of the river.
Abstract: FROM comprehensive March to study October was 1967, undera co ehensive study was undertaken to investigate various aspects of the Illinois River at Peoria, 111. Because the river widens considerably there, this portion is also called Peoria Lake. One objective of the study was to obtain background information on the quality of the river water as a guide for more intensive study in the future. This paper concerning water turbidity is one of a series resulting from the investigation.