Showing papers in "Journal of Agriculture and Environment in 2009"
TL;DR: In this article, a study done on CO 2 enrichment technology at Khumaltar revealed that the yield of rice and wheat increased by 26.6% and 18.4% due to double CO 2, 17.1% and 8.6%) due to increase in temperature respectively.
Abstract: Exponential growth of CO 2 and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, snow coverand aquatic to mountain ecosystems. Changes in climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation have potentials to influence crop production. Despite many efforts possible on combating impacts of climate change, there are still difficulties in Nepalese agriculture. With an average of 0.06oC/yea, a rise in temperature from 1975 to 2006 by 1.8oC has been recorded in the country. Problem of frequent drought, severe floods, landslides and mixed type of effects in agricultural crops have been experienced in Nepal because of climate change. Study done on CO 2 enrichment technology at Khumaltar revealed that the yield of rice and wheat increased by 26.6% and 18.4% due to double CO 2 , 17.1% and 8.6% due to increase in temperature respectively. A crop simulation model (DSSAT) to study the effects of CO 2 , temperature and rain in NARC showed positive effect in yield of rice and wheat in all regions, but negative effect in maize especially in Terai. In Nepalese agriculture, the time has come for the authorities to find out adaptive measures to mitigate the effects to reduce untold natural calamities and miseries due to recent erratic weather pattern. Key words: Agricultural crops; GHGs and CO 2 ; Temperature; Precipitation The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 page:62-71
256 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the consumers' willingness to pay a price premium for organic products in Kathmandu Valley and find that a total of 58% of the consumers are willing to pay 6-20% price premium, whereas 13% are ready to pay up to 50% premium.
Abstract: This paper presents the consumers' willingness to pay a price premium for organic products in Kathmandu Valley. The Nepal Permaculture Group surveyed 180 consumers using semi-structured questionnaires to examine peoples' perception about organic products and assess their willingness to pay for such products. The study revealed that all respondents are willing to pay price premium, but the level of acceptability varied considerably. A total of 58% of the consumers are willing to pay 6- 20% price premium, whereas 13% are willing to pay up to 50% premium. The average premium was estimated about 30%. About 39% of the respondents feel the extra cost for organic products is reasonable, while 27% considered it too high. The survey also suggested that the consumption of organic products is increasing; however, product development and innovations in certification, processing, labeling and packaging are needed to further stimulate demand. Key words: Certification; Consumer perception; Organic products; Price premium; Processing; Willingness to pay The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 15-26
156 citations
TL;DR: The potentiality of the approach can be made more effective through holistic efforts, based on needs with active participation of farmers in planning and implementation stage as discussed by the authors, which can fulfill the needs of low resource farmers by restoring and increasing land productivity.
Abstract: Land degradation is major challenge of Nepal. The paper focuses mainly on causes and consequences of land degradation and their management approaches. Land degradation may occur through different physical, chemical and biological processes induced directly or indirectly by human activities like deforestation, shifting cultivation, overgrazing, steep slope farming, over use of chemical fertilizers and forest resources. These create many social problems like poverty, poor health and nutrition and demographic dynamics by lowering agricultural productivity. Agroforestry approaches like use of Multi Purpose Tree Species (MPTs), relay-cropping, terracing and contour cultivation, strip and alley cropping are appropriate to fulfill the needs of low resource farmers by restoring and increasing land productivity. The potentiality of the approach can be made more effective through holistic efforts, based on needs with active participation of farmers in planning and implementation stage. Key Words: Biodiversity; Deforestation; Ecosystem; Natural resource; Productivity; Erosion The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 133-143
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored some research findings focusing on the climate change impact on (organic) agriculture and agriculture impact on climate change through a literature review and revealed that climate change and agriculture are closely linked and interdependent.
Abstract: This paper attempts to explore some research findings focusing on the climate change impact on (organic) agriculture and agriculture impact on climate change through a literature review. This review reveals that climate change and agriculture are closely linked and interdependent. Compared to conventional agriculture, organic agriculture is reported to be more efficient and effective both in reducing GHGs (CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) emission mainly due to the less use of chemical fertilizers and fossil fuel. Organic agriculture also reported to be climate change resilience farming systems as it promotes the proper management of soil, water, biodiversity and local knowledge there by acting as a good options for adaptation to climate change. But, due to lack of proper research, the contribution of organic agriculture for climate change adaptation and mitigation is yet to be known in the Nepalese context. It is argued that organic agriculture positively contributes to offset negative impacts of climate change, but there is inadequate systematic data to substantiate this fact. Key words: Adaptation; Climate change; Greenhouse gases mitigation; Organic agriculture; etc. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 116-127
68 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a study on the constraints and opportunities of organic agriculture and consumers' awareness and willingness to pay more for organic vegetables by selecting producers from Lalitpur and Bhaktpur districts using spatial sampling and consumers from Kathmandu valley randomly.
Abstract: Increasing use of agro-chemicals, higher production cost and deteriorating ecosystem health have advocated the need to change traditional and external input use agriculture towards safe and sustainable organic production. Current research focuses on the constraints and opportunities of organic agriculture and consumers' awareness and willingness to pay more for organic vegetables by selecting producers from Lalitpur and Bhaktpur districts using spatial sampling and consumers from Kathmandu valley randomly. Data obtained from structured questionnaire were subjected to descriptive and econometric analysis and willingness to pay analysis. Most of the farmers interviewed are aware about the negative repercussion of the indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals. Organic vegetables are either home delivered and/or sold to the specialized niche markets. All domestic organic products reach to consumers without labeling. Most of the organic consumers are willing to pay eight rupees more for labeled organic vegetables. Currently organic farmers rely only on consumers' willingness to pay more to obtain a compensation for lower yields. Family income, education, profession etc are key attributes of the consumers shaping their decision to buy organic vegetables. Organic industry is too small and a long way to go in Nepal. Political commitments such as avoiding conflicting drive to maximize production, hammering proactive policy, initiating organic technology research, providing market incentives and institutionalization of Nepalese organic movement are imperative to further enhance organic sector in Nepal. Key words: Awareness; Consumers; Marketing; Organic vegetables; Regression; Willingness to pay The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 14
47 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature on both the aspects and test empirically that what affects emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere was conducted and the analysis confirmed that the people in rich countries are more responsible for carbon emission than the people of poor countries.
Abstract: Agriculture affects atmosphere by releasing green house gases and get affected in turn, from climate change. This paper reviews the literature on both the aspects and test empirically that what affects emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Data on carbon emissions, energy consumption and agriculture related national level variables are obtained for 120 countries from the World Bank's Green Data Book. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that agricultural land, irrigation, forest area, biomass energy, and energy use efficiency negatively affect the Carbon dioxide emission. But, fertilizer use and per capita energy use affect it positively. The analysis confirms that the people in rich countries are more responsible for carbon emission than the people in poor countries. It recommends for cross subsidization for low external input agriculture, particularly for organic farming in poor countries. Key words : Agriculture; Carbon emissions; Climate change; Energy consumption; GHGs The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 84-102
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of climate change on food production, natural eco-systems, fresh water supply, and health in Nepal are discussed, which is contributing mostly to the rise in air temperature leading to rapid melting of glaciers and increment of glacier lakes.
Abstract: Climate Change, one of the most important global environmental challenges facing humanity, has implications on food production, natural eco-systems, fresh water supply and health in Nepal. It is contributing mostly to the rise in air temperature leading to rapid melting of glaciers and increment of glacier lakes. Exploitation of natural resources associated with growing population has led to increasing pollution, declining water quality, land degradation, etc. Extreme climate events including flooding, heavy rainfall, droughts, heat wave and cold stream etc. are also the consequences of climate change in Nepal. Moreover, Nepal is largely dependent on climate-sensitive sectors, such as rain-fed agriculture; its fragile mountain ecosystems and dramatic topography make the country prone to flooding. Due to such events, agricultural productivity is declining with increasing problem of food security in mountainous regions. In recent years, the signs of such changes are being observed and may become more prominent over next couple of decades. Many rural communities are struggling through different adaptation measures as an attempt to reduce the risk of climate change vulnerability. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 76-83
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have discussed the importance and promotion of organic farming in Nepal, and the government based on some of its policy instruments is also committed to promoting organic farming, however, the instruments are inadequate and not well integrated.
Abstract: Agriculture production worldwide has been intensified with a simultaneous expansion in pesticides,fertilizers and other agro-chemicals use to meet growing peoples' demands for food. Indiscriminate use of agrochemicals has however resulted in several problems such as pests' resistance to pesticides and resurgence due to elimination of natural enemies, toxic residues in food, water, air and soil, degrading soil environment and ecosystem, animal and human health hazards and ultimate economic losses. Realizing the facts, organic farming is becoming popular recently, and there have been growing concerns on its importance and promotion in number of countries irrespective of their stage of development. Consequently, farming system paradigms have now shifted from mere increased production and productivity to resource sustainability and eco-friendly production techniques in their emphasis. Higher cost due to agro-chemicals and resulting environmental losses incurred in conventional agriculture on one side and higher advantages of ecological diversities available in the country on the other have proved that Nepal has high potentialities and comparative advantages of producing quality organic products. A high majority of mountain farmers in Nepal, excluding a few of the agricultural pockets where so-called commercial agriculture has already introduced, do not use any chemicals. Owing to globally increasing trend of demand for organic food, Nepal can benefit from such exports. The government based on some of its policy instruments is also committed to promoting organic farming in the country. However, the instruments are inadequate and not well integrated. Inadequate research, extension services and manpower especially on production and marketing information and input supply have hindered promotion of organic agriculture. Organic product legislation, standardization, certification and infrastructure in such development are also major issues of policy concerns. Key words: Organic-certification; Organic-farming; Organic-standard; Policy; Nepal; etc. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 103-115
34 citations
TL;DR: The present study found an interrelation between the pesticide residue level in soil samples of a nearby school-ground and the health impacts seen on the students of the same school.
Abstract: UN FAO estimates that half a million tonnes of obsolete pesticides are in storage world-wide. In Nepal there are 74.5 metric tonnes of obsolete pesticides stored in warehouses in many places of the country. Many stocks are located near farm fields, human settlements, schools or water sources. Lack of health related studies and very limited studies on environmental contamination by obsolete pesticides led to undertake this study, which focuses on health and environmental impacts of obsolete pesticides stored in a warehouse at Amlekhgunj, Bara district, Nepal. The present study found an interrelation between the pesticide residue level in soil samples of a nearby school-ground and the health impacts seen on the students of the same school. The government and concerned agencies should take out the initiatives to quick and safe disposal of obsolete pesticides and also take care that no new stock will be accumulated in the future.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed different approaches of watershed management programs implemented in South Asian countries, with special reference to Nepal based on existing literature and field experiences, and viewed the participatory community-based watershed management approach in Nepal from two perspectives.
Abstract: The paper discusses different approaches of watershed management programs implemented in South Asian countries, with special reference to Nepal based on existing literature and field experiences. Watershed degradation, particularly in mountainous areas, is critical problem in South Asian countries. A participatory approach has been adopted in watershed and natural resource management during the last decade in many developing countries. The participatory community-based watershed management approach in Nepal is viewed from two perspectives. The first, success of conservation of natural resources with formation and strengthening of the local level institutions in rural areas of the country; the second, its multiplier effects in social mobilization, women empowerment, community development and livelihood improvement as well as good governance at local level. In the present context, participatory watershed management must include not only environmental protection but also supporting poor and disadvantaged segments of society in improving their livelihoods. Key words: Bottom-up approach; Empowerment; Participatory approach; Resource management; Top-down approach and watershed degradation The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 Page: 72-89
25 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to compare the yield and economics of organic and inorganic carrot production and its profit volume in Chitwan district of Nepal during February-April 2008, and it revealed that adoption of organic carrot production system was economically profitable than inorganic production system.
Abstract: During February-April 2008, a study was conducted to compare the yield and economics of organic and inorganic carrot production and its profit volume in Chitwan district of Nepal. Face to face interview method was used to collect the primary information from randomly selected organic and inorganic carrot producers. Among the cost components, per unit cost on female labor and organic fertilizer were found to be higher in organic production system where as higher per unit cost on seed, tillage operation and male labor were found in inorganic production system. Higher cost and higher revenue was found in inorganic production system but higher benefit cost ratio was found in organic production system. This revealed that adoption of organic carrot production system was economically profitable than inorganic production system. Key words: Benefit cost ratio; Carrot; Cost; Gross margin; Organic agriculture The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 27-33
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Inductive Coupled Plasma Analyzer (ICPA) (Perkin-Elmer ICP Optima 3300 RL) in 18 vegetable crop plants and their parts along with their soil collected from various agricultural fields around Anand province, Gujarat, India.
Abstract: The heavy metals or trace elements play an important role in the metabolic pathways during the growth and development of plants, when available in appreciable concentration. The heavy metal concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) was analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Analyzer (ICPA) (Perkin-Elmer ICP Optima 3300 RL) in 18 vegetable crop plants and their parts along with their soil, collected from various agricultural fields around Anand province, Gujarat, India. The vegetables crop plants were Anthem ( Anthum graveolens ), Beat ( Brassica oleracea ), Bitter Gourd ( Momordica charantia ), Brinjal ( Solanum melongena ), Cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ) , Chilli ( Capsicum annum ), Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum ), Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graceum ), Garlic ( Alium sativum ), Coccinia indica , Lufa ( Luffa acutangula ), Lady's Finger ( Abelmoschus esculentus ), Mint ( Mentha piperata ), Radish ( Raphanus sativum ), Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ), Tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum ), Vetches ( Cyamopsis soralioides ) and White Gourd ( Lagernaria vulgaris ). The Accumulation Factor (AF) and Mobility Index (MI) were calculated for assessment of mobility of heavy metals from soil to various plant parts: roots, stems and leaves through different levels: Level 1 (Soil-Roots), Level 2 (Roots-Stems) and Level 3 (Stems-Leaves) in studied vegetable crop plants. The results showed concentration dependent variables of heavy metal levels among vegetable crop plants. The lower and higher concentration gradient alongwith their mobility gradient was also determined. A perusal of data reflects that accumulation gradient of each crop plant component vary according to their nature, properties and podsol climate of a particular crop plant. The data on accumulation and mobility of heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn from soil to leaves through roots and stems, suggested that all the metals were highly mobile. Key words: Vegetable crop plants; Heavy metals; Accumulation factor; Mobility index; etc. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 page: 34-45
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlighted the importance of environment-friendly and sustainability issues while increasing the productivity and production of rice in Nepal and proposed a system of rice intensification (SRI) which can increase rice yield.
Abstract: Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in Nepal. As per the preliminary estimate of f.y.2007/08, the rice crop was grown in 1.55 million hectare producing 4.3 million mt and the productivity was 2.775 t/ha. It contributes nearly 20% to Agricultural Gross Domestic Product and provides more than 50% of the total calories required to the Nepalese people. The UNO also declared 2004, as the "International Year of Rice" with the theme "Rice is Life". There are less possibilities of bringing more lands into production. Therefore, we have to increase the productivity per hectare per day by any means .The promising technologies generated by agriculture research play the pivotal role for increasing rice productivity. Nepal so far has released fifty-six (56) rice varieties with full package of practices within the span of forty-one (41) years. The modern varieties can express their yield potentiality only when recommended packages are practiced. Quality seeds alone can contribute 15-20% yield. Early paddy and Boro (winter) rice can be used for increasing rice yields by utilizing higher intensity of solar radiation. The system of rice intensification (SRI) is the other agronomic manipulation, which can increase rice yield. Resource conservation technologies (RCTs) like dry seed-bed practice, direct seeded rice, zero-till, drought tolerant varieties, use of renewable energy and creating public awareness are to be followed so as to produce rice on environmeny-friendly ways. However, we should not forget the environment-friendly and sustainability issues while increasing the productivity and production. It is said "Grow Paddy with Soil Fertility, Wheat with Fertilizers", and "Healthy Seedlings are responsible at least for half of the yield" also. Worldwide food crisis and skyrocketed prices are the problems caused by climate change too. Key words: Environment-friendly, rice production, technology, integrated crop management The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 page: 34-40
TL;DR: It has been increasing pest population including weeds, invasive species, insects and insect vectors and plant diseases, which lead to increase pesticides on crop production, which is likely to increase pesticide use and degrade food safety situation.
Abstract: It has been increasing pest population including weeds, invasive species, insects and insect vectors and plant diseases, which lead to increase pesticides on crop production. Some of the pesticides also contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer. Pesticides are the potential health hazards which have drawn attention to everyone. The current practice adopted in pesticides control in Nepal appears not enough in line with food safety. This has created a promising threat in food safety and human health. In turn, global warming is also likely to increase pesticide use and degrade food safety situation. Necessary measures should be adopted to curb upcoming alarming situation in food safety.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of cassava processing mill effluent (CME) on the chemical fractionation of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in soil obtained from a refuse dump site was assessed.
Abstract: The effect of application of cassava (Manihot esculenta) processing mill effluent (CME) on the chemical fractionation of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in soil obtained from a refuse dump site was assessed in this study. Selected physiochemical properties of the soil and CME were determined while four different amounts of the CME were applied to the soil. The refuse dump soil had average pH of 6.2, while the cation exchange capacity was dominated by calcium. Similarly, the CME had a mean pH of 4.21 and high mean phosphorus concentration of 3160mg/kg. Chemical fractionation of the soil not containing CME showed 58.65 and 7.90mg/kg of Pb and Cd respectively in the carbonate fraction. Following the application of CME, there was redistribution of Pb and Cd in the different fractions. CME contributed to increase Cd amount in the carbonate fraction, while the residual fraction had almost uniform distribution of Cd with the various treatments of CME. However, the result indicated that depending on the applied amount of the CME there was an overall reduction in the concentration of Pb in the different fraction, while there were corresponding increases for Cd amongst the various fractions in the soil. Key words: Chemical fractionation, lead, cadmium, dump soil, cassava mill-effluent, cation exchange. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008 Page: 10-15
TL;DR: The demand for organic certification is gradually increasing in Nepal although it is in early stage as discussed by the authors, the certification brings opportunities for protection of local resources, better market access, improvement of worker and consumer health, and eventually enhancement of living conditions of rural communities.
Abstract: The demand for organic certification is gradually increasing in Nepal although it is in early stage. Organic certification is a written assurance given by an independent third party about the production methodology and quality of products to confirm special requirements. Certification brings opportunities for protection of local resources, better market access, improvement of worker and consumer health, and eventually enhancement of living conditions of rural communities. The demanding nature of regulatory requirements makes it difficult as well as expensive for local certification initiatives in developing markets to establish themselves to offer export certification. Certification cost, limited awareness of group certification, small and medium-sized farms and inadequate understanding of how organic certification works are some of the constraints for organic certification. Certification Alliance (Cert All), a regional collaboration in certification representing national and international organic certification bodies, addresses the aforementioned challenges. The alliance has recognized the value of collaborating instead of competing. Organic Certification Nepal (OCN), a part of Cert All, offers an internationally accredited inspection and certification service to local operators at a reasonable cost. This paper highlights certification process followed by OCN and potential challenges and opportunities it will likely face. Key words: Organic Agriculture; Standards; Inspection; Certification; Harmonization The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 144-149
TL;DR: A general survey accomplished in hills and terai of Chitwan, Nepal in 2004 with an objective to investigate the ecological problems of bee keeping in chitwan and to recommend solutions for its improvement as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A general survey accomplished in hills and terai of Chitwan, Nepal in 2004 with an objective to investigate the ecological problems of bee keeping in chitwan and to recommend solutions for its improvement. The survey identifies predators, parasites, diseases, pesticide poisoning, and bee pasture as the key ecological problems in the Hills. Simultaneously, deforestation and pesticide poisoning are the concerned ecological problems in Terai. A very high majority of beekeepers in hills and more than half in Terai faced colony absconding problem in Chitwan. The general survey realized on the need of a special package of program to over come these problems, which include advanced apicultural research and educational activities for the commercialization of beekeeping and advance level crop pollination management in Nepal. For this a clear-cut beekeeping policy and guideline should be developed andshould be implemented. Key words: ecological, absconding, colony status, productivity, species specific The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008 Page: 23-33
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of beekeepers in Chitwan had shown that Apis mellifera L. in Terai was 3.62 fold higher than crop farming (NRs 83,996.88 vs NRs 23,214.22 /house hold/year).
Abstract: Based on the survey cunducted in 2004, beekeepers in Chitwan had small and fragmented land holdings with lower rate of return from subsistence crop farming. They are keeping Apis mellifera L.in Langstroth hive in Terai and A. cerana Fab. in improved, traditional-log and wall hives in hills, for honey production purpose. The honey productivity in Terai was 3.54 folds higher (28.7 vs 8.1 kg/yr/hive) than in hills with highest average annual income in Bharatpur area followed by East and West Chitwan. Moreover, the income of the beekeepers in Chitwan from honey production was 3.62 folds higher than crop farming (NRs 83,996.88 vs NRs 23,214.22 /house hold/year). It clearly showed that beekeeping with A. mellifera in the Terai is potential enterprise for higher income compared to crop production. Key words : Annual income; Apiculture; Crop production; Honey productivity; Land holding The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 46-59
TL;DR: In this paper, a dry-to-wet season transition (DWT) period exists with changing soil moisture from aerobic to anaerobic and a large amount of native soil N loss is hypothesized.
Abstract: Present production of rice is far below its reported potential yield because of being Ndeficiency, the major constraint. Because of poverty, small farmers have to rely on native soil N-supply. Between wheat harvest and rice transplanting, a dry-to-wet season transition (DWT) period exist with changing soil moisture from aerobic to anaerobic and a large amount of native soil N loss is hypothesized. To study soil N dynamism and possible management options for DWT, two years field experiments were conducted in Chitwan with four land management treatments like bare fallow, mucuna, mungbean and maize. Treatments were randomly allotted in 10 m 2 plots. During DWT, building up of 50-75 kg of nitrate-N was observed at 60-75 % field capacity (FC) soil moisture but lost after flooding through leaching and denitrification, resulting in low grain yield and N uptake of succeeding rice. Growing cover crops during DWT, reduced leaching loss by half and N2O emissions by two thirds of those in the bare fallows. Atmospheric-N addition by legumes ranged from 27 to 56 kg ha-1 depending on the types of legumes and increased N uptake and grain yield by 24-42 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 1.2-2.1 Mg ha-1 yr-1respectively. Thus, cultivation of grain/green manure legumes appears economically and ecologically beneficial. Key Words: bare fallow, crop N uptake, denitrification, green manure, leaching, nitrate catch crops, nitrification The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008 Page: 1-9
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed national food production, demand-supply, consumption and price scenarios and associated reasons in Nepal based on reviews of pertinent literatures and found that price rise seriously affects urban poors' food affordability and thus their livelihood.
Abstract: Agricultural prices have risen worldwide sharply in the last two years, which has been a dilemma especially to policy makers. Higher agricultural prices would improve farmer's income and their living standards as well as investment in agriculture provided a fair mechanism of income transfer to them be instituted. However, the price rise seriously affects urban poors' food affordability and thus their livelihood. Various types of natural disasters particularly floods, droughts and landsides have affected agricultural crop production in Nepal resulting in fluctuations in food supplies and prices. Besides, policy measures associated with crop production, food balance and trade, petroleum price stabilization and liquor production directly or indirectly affect food market and prices. National food production, demand-supply, consumption and price scenarios and associated reasons are analyzed based on reviews of pertinent literatures. Key words: Food production, food consumption, demand-supply, price-scenario, Nepal The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 Page: 93-97
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the relationship between the emerging modern agriculture practices and environmental depletion, and the authors have shown that competitive agribusinesses along with the adoption of environmental protection measures keeping the strategy of import substitution and export promotion are the ways for sustainable agriculture development in the country.
Abstract: Semi traditional to early commercial agriculture system of Nepal has now its economic move in transition from agricultural to early industrial track of economic development. An attempt has been made to assess the relationship between the emerging modern agriculture practices and environmental depletion. Some of the developmental challenges of Nepal like small land holdings, weather dependent farming systems, low per capita income, underdeveloped physical infrastructures and inefficient bureaucratic procedures are associated with comparatively higher cost of agricultural production. Natural disasters and human induced environmental degradation are closely associated with improved farming systems. Nepal has preferential ways of producing niche agricultural products by exploiting its inherent diversified climate to cope with the global open market challenges. Competitive agribusinesses along with the adoption of environmental protection measures keeping the strategy of import substitution and export promotion are the ways for sustainable agriculture development in the country. Key Words: Competitive agri-business, development infrastructures, environmental depletion, open-global market, sustainable development The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 Page: 41-45
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight some aspects of pesticides contamination in foods and the Government of Nepal's experience in setting MRLs of pesticide on Food and highlight some major issues and recommendations in managing proper use of pesticides.
Abstract: This article highlights some aspects of pesticides contamination in foods and the Government of Nepal's experience in setting MRLs of pesticide on Food. Use of pesticides in agriculture crop has a great concern to all. According to the provision conferred by Food Law, Government of Nepal fixes MRLs of pesticide on food products. Potential products liable for pesticide use gets priority in standard setting. The problem of pesticides begins at the farm level and continues at different stage of handling and storage. Therefore, effective coordination between stakeholders working with different stages of food handling must collaborate to solve this problem. In this connection, some major issues and recommendations in managing proper use of pesticides are highlighted. Key words: Pesticides, maximum residue limits (MRLs), Food safety and quality The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 Page: 46-53
TL;DR: In this paper, the assessment of rice and maize base cropping system in agro-ecological regions for sustainable rural livelihood development in Nepal is explored, which shows that rice-dominated cropping systems in the plain region, as opposed to maize-dominated Crops in the Mountain and the Hill regions.
Abstract: This paper explores the assessment of rice and maize base cropping system in agro-ecological regions for sustainable rural livelihood development in Nepal. Analysis of 1994-2007 data showed rice-dominated cropping systems in the Plain region, as opposed to maize-dominated cropping systems in the Mountain and the Hill regions. The production increase was achieved mainly through increases in area. The growth in the yield of crops was very minimal in all three regions. During the last fifteen years, the cropping pattern changed slightly from Maize-Wheat to Maize-Paddy in the Mountain region, but no significant change was observed in the other two regions. The current rate of fertilizer application is lower than the recommended rate. Improved access to and availability of agricultural inputs is key to improve the production and yield of major food crops to achieve sustainable rural livelihood in the country.
TL;DR: In this article, the contribution of locally prepared "jaibik bishadi" (botanical pesticides) are used as alternatives of the synthetic insecticides to control the major insect pests of coffee plant, which could be seen in high positive correlation between organic matter and nitrogen in the soil.
Abstract: Coffee (Coffea arabica; Rubiaceae) is a potential and emerging commercial crop. Coffee is planted in the midhills of Nepal (800 to 1250 meter above mean sea level) in Gulmi and Lalitpur districts. To control the major insect pests of coffee plant, locally prepared ‘jaibik bishadi’ (botanical pesticides) are used as alternatives of the synthetic insecticides. This study was undertaken to see the contribution of ‘jaibik bishadi’ in the fertility of the coffee orchards soil, for which soil samples from botanicals used and not used coffee orchards were collected to see the level of soil characteristics and soil nutrients such as soil texture, organic matter, soil nutrients (phosphorous and potassium). There was some difference in the soil texture of topsoil, but no difference could be seen in sand, silt and clay content of the subsoils from botanical used and not used orchards. The pH was significantly different between botanical used and not used soils, but such difference could not be observed between the topsoil and subsoil from the same sites. Jaibik bishadi used to control the coffee pests significantly contributed in the soil fertility, which could be seen in high positive correlation (r=0.9886) between organic matter and nitrogen in the soil. Keywords : Coffee, jaibik bishadi, topsoil, subsoil, soil fertility The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008 page: 16-22
TL;DR: Results so far indicated the ample scope of producing and using this agent against this dreaded pest and it has been felt that joint efforts from possible counterparts such as Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), IAAS, Department of Agriculture (DOA), private organisations, NGOs and INGOs would be vital.
Abstract: Nepalese economy is largely dependent on agriculture. Over the time, there has been gradual transformation in the agricultural production system and the hitherto dominant chemical based agricultural system has been gradually changing with the latest aspects of bio-rational approaches. Emphasis towards these aspects has been seen both in the governmental and non-governmental level through their commitments in long term prospective plans. However, there is long way to go towards bio-rational approach of pest control in Nepal. This aspect is newer concept in case of Nepal. Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Department of Entomology, Rampur, in support of Helvetas had initiated bio-pesticides production. The major effort was the production and use of biopesticide based on fungal pathogen (Metarhizium anisopliae Sorokin) against white grubs in particular and soil insect in general. The research was carried out for about a decade and results so far indicated the ample scope of producing and using this agent against this dreaded pest. The research results so far obtained are at get set position, however, to gear up the further works, it has been felt that joint efforts from possible counterparts such as Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), IAAS, Department Of Agriculture (DOA), private organisations, NGOs and INGOs would be vital. It has been realised to form national working groups for the development of microbial pest control. Major lead should be taken by national organisations in full support of private organisations. This paper has been brought forth in order to bring into the information of the works so far done in Nepal and to arouse the interest among the possible counterparts, producers, consumers, planners, and policy makers. Key words: Bio-rational compounds; Bio-pesticides; IPM; Metarhizium anisopliae; White grubs The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 156-165
TL;DR: Importance of honeybees as prime pollinators for continual maintenence of crop-diversity and need of their conservation for sustainable agriculture is highlighted based on literature review.
Abstract: Importance of honeybees as prime pollinators for continual maintenence of crop-diversity and need of their conservation for sustainable agriculture is highlighted based on literature review. Somatic, reproductive and adaptive heterosis or hybrid effects that occur in plant progeny as a result of natural cross-pollination by honeybees brings about significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the economic and biological characteristics of crop plants. Honeybees often facilitate genetic enrichment of native plants through crosspollination offering to their varietal development and adaptation in the changing environment. The natural environment is required to provide bees with habitat or nesting sites. Promotion of organic farming and integrated pest management programs are necessitated. Keywords: Eco-system; Honeybees; Pollinators; Cross-pollination; Sustainable agriculture The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun. 2008 Page: 90-92
TL;DR: In this article, the use of isotopes and nuclear related techniques in livestock and agriculture are discussed in a review, which shed some light on the potential uses of isotope and nuclear techniques and the necessity of such technology for improving overall agricultural productivity.
Abstract: Uses of isotopes and nuclear related techniques in livestock and agriculture are discussed in this review. How developed countries are using ( 125 I) in radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone hormone in serum/milk of cattle to optimize reproductive efficiency is briefly described. In addition, this paper discusses about the uses of ( 15 N) in soil to know the dynamics of nitrogen and uses of Hydro Probe to determine moisture content in the soil. This review will also shed some light on the potential uses of isotopes and nuclear techniques and the necessity of such technology in Nepal for improving overall agricultural productivity.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to absorb CO 2 by the plants to mitigate increased carbon in the atmosphere and reduce the carbon content of the atmosphere, which is known as carbon sequestration.
Abstract: Release of carbon from soil system is inevitable. It is increased through emission breath by animals, burning of fossils fuel, biomass burning and intensive agriculture. The only question is how to absorb that carbon in the atmosphere and reduce the carbon content of the atmosphere. Increase of CO 2 in atmosphere increases the crop yield due to high photosynthesis, but the crops should tolerate increased temperature caused by higher CO 2 concentration. Increase of soil organic matter through the addition of organic manure is one of the options that the carbon is retained temporarily, but in the long run because of oxidation and reduction process in soil, carbon will ultimately release to the atmosphere. Absorption of CO 2 by the plants is one of the options, which is known as sequestration to mitigate increased carbon in the atmosphere. Key words: Climate change; Carbon sequestration; CO 2 in atmosphere and crop yield; etc. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 page: 54-61