Showing papers in "Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology in 2022"

Techniques in scaffold fabrication process for tissue engineering applications: A review

Abstract: Tissue engineering is a highly complex process with goals to replace, restore, and regenerate tissues. Tissue engineering combines multidisciplinary fields such as biochemistry, clinical medicine, biological science, and materials science. It has application in personalized drugs, organ transplantation, and as a drug transporter. The scaffold fabrication process for tissue engineering depends on numerous factors such as biodegradability, mechanical possessions, scaffold architecture, and manufacturing process. The scaffold properties based on its biological aspects, structural requirements, material composition, conventional and advanced fabrication technologies, and extrusion-based scaffold fabrication techniques are analyzed and discussed in the current review. Further studies for the development of bio-scaffolds will provide a broader roadway into a new dimension of various tissue engineering techniques and provide greater advancement in medical and clinical research.

An automated segmentation and classification model for banana leaf disease detection

Abstract: V. Gokula Krishnan1*, J. Deepa2, Pinagadi Venkateswara Rao3, V. Divya4, S. Kaviarasan5 1Associate Professor, CSIT Department, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India. 2Assistant Professor, CSE Department, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai,India. 3Associate Professor, CSE Department, ACE Engineering College, Hyderabad, India. 4Assistant Professor, EEE Department, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India. 5Assistant Professor, CSE Department, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

Augmentative role of Piriformospora indica fungus and plant growth promoting bacteria in mitigating salinity stress in Trigonella foenum-graecum

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of Piriformospora indica and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in mitigating salinity stress in Trigonella foenum graecum. Plants were subjected to three different levels of salinity, viz., 0, 70, and 150 mM NaCl (electrical conductivity value 0.01, 7.67, and 15.50 mS cm−1, respectively) using a completely randomized design experiment. The P. indica and PGPB showed positive effects in mitigation of salinity stress in fenugreek plants and elevated various growth responses, viz., shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, and number of leaves as compared to uninoculated plants. Microbial inoculation significantly enhanced the physiological responses, viz., photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO2 as compared to uninoculated plants. Biochemical aspects like carotenoids, chlorophylls, nitrogen, and protein content were also increased in the microbial inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated plants. However, PGPB was more effective than P. indica in mitigating salinity stress in fenugreek plant. The findings of this study revealed that P. indica and PGPB inoculation can help the plants to overcome the deleterious effects of salinity stress in fenugreek plants.

Quantification of phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant activities from various parts of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, latex, and bark of Euphorbia neriifolia (EN) Linn. using the solvent extraction method with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts. Total tannin content, total saponin content, total flavonoid content, total phenol content, and total flavonol content were investigated using spectrophotometric equivalents of the standards, tannic acid, quillaja, quercetin, gallic acid, and rutin, respectively. The EN extracts of various parts were screened for potential antioxidant activities by hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (H2O2), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), metal chelation assay, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (SO) scavenging methods. The quantitative analysis of phytochemicals from EN revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, and flavonols in considerable amounts. The in vitro antioxidant assay of EN determined that the leaf, stem, latex, and bark have prominent antioxidant potential. The results showed that all the plant parts possessed antioxidant properties which were strongly correlated with the phytoconstituents. From the present study, it can be concluded that the mean content of phytochemicals in the case of EN leaf is greater than the stem, latex, and bark of the plant and this may have contributed to its great antioxidant properties. This may also justify the frequent use of the leaf more than the stem, latex, and bark in the traditional medicinal systems for the cure of bronchial infections, abdominal swellings, inflammation, pain, and tumor.

Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Agricultural Sustainability

Abstract: hosphorus is the second most vital nutrient required by every existing live on the earth including plants and humans. It is structural element of the plants and humans DNA and RNA and it plays pivotal role such as cell division, and physiological responses. The deficiency of this nutrient may leads to serious problems like; apatite loss, bone pain in humans and growth stagnation in plants. Phosphorus, although is present in the earth in huge amount but not available for the plant and humans. The plant demand of phosphorus earlier fulfilled by using the chemically prepared phosphate fertilizers but its use generally has undesirable effect on the plants, humans and animals as well as environments. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms under the natural and stressed conditions could be alternative and eco-friendly approach for agro-environmental sustainability. These microorganisms solubilizes inorganic and organic phosphorus both through various mechanism such as production of organic acids, inorganic acid, H2S, siderophores and protons; excretion of extracellular enzymes; direct oxidation pathway and enzymatic actions. Microorganisms with phosphatesolubilizing activity have been reported from different phyla of all three domain eukarya, archaea, and bacteria from various natural as well as stressful environmental conditions.

Bacterial endophytes from halophyte black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum Minkw.) and their plant growth-promoting properties

Abstract: Bioconversion of sugarcane molasses to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate) by endophytic Bacillus cereus RCL 02Rituparna Das, Arundhati Pal, Amal Kanti Paul

Influence of soaking and germination treatments on the nutritional, anti-nutritional, and bioactive composition of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)

Abstract: Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan L.) is an important perennial pulse from the family Fabaceae. It is one of the important underutilized pulses having high nutritional value and can be used as a basic ingredient for the preparation of value- added food products. The present investigation aimed to study the influence of soaking and germination on nutritional and anti-nutritional components, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and bioactive components of pigeon pea grains. The effect of soaking was studied at 12 and 24 h while that of germination at 24, 48, and 72 h. The results revealed that there was a 6.34% and 15.41% increase in protein contents during soaking and germination treatments, respectively. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in reducing power (91.46%) and metal chelating activity (64.16%) was observed in germinated pigeon pea. The phenolic components and antioxidant activity increased by 5.34 and 76.15% after 72 h of germination, respectively, but the anti-nutritional components like tannin contents and the phytic acids decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) by 57.97 and 63.05%, respectively after 72 h of germination. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral contents was observed after the soaking and germination treatments of pigeon pea grains. Therefore the soaking and germination processing of pigeon pea grains resulted in enhancing the nutritive value and bioactive potential with a reduction in anti-nutritional compounds.

Beneficial plant-microbe interactions for agricultural sustainability

Abstract: Identification, evaluation and optimization of a minimum simple sequence repeat marker set for triticale breedingW.C. Botes and D. Bitalo

Effect of extraction methods and temperature preservation on total anthocyanins compounds of Peristrophe bivalvis L. Merr leaf

Abstract: This paper proposes anthocyanins extraction from Peristrophe bivalvis L. Merr. (“lá cẩm”) and preservation. Experiments were performed in water as a solvent using two different extraction methods [conventional extraction (CE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)], including different solvent-to-raw material ratios, temperatures/microwave power, and times of extraction. The total anthocyanin in the extract was analyzed by UV-Vis. Multiple regression analysis was applied to analyze the influence of factors and select the optimal parameters for each extraction process. The influence of storage conditions on the quality of extracts from “lá cẩm” leaves was controlled. It was observed that the ratio of solvent and fresh leaf used, temperature/ microwave power, and extraction time all affected the anthocyanin content recovered from the extract when using different extraction techniques. The MAE technique gave superior results compared to the CE method. The solvent used was slightly higher and the extraction time was 6.2 times shorter than that of the CE method. The optimal parameters of each extraction technique are selected. With the CE method, the solvent-to-fresh leaf ratio was 11.22:1; the optimum temperature and time were 88°C and 27.21 minutes resulting in the anthocyanin content in the extract being 25.61 mg/g dry weight basic (db). Meanwhile, with the MAE method, the solventto-fresh leaf ratio used was 10.83:1 (v/w), the microwave power and the optimal extraction time were 600 W and 4.39 minutes, and the obtained extract had an anthocyanin content of 30.97 mg/g db. In addition, the extract was best preserved in the dark and the storage temperature was −9°C. The remaining anthocyanin content after 30 days of storage was 92.35%. The anthocyanin degradation kinetics was also analyzed. Changes in total anthocyanin followed a zero-order reaction kinetic model. The potential of the half-life of anthocyanin was 221, 114, and 19 days at −9°C, 4°C, and 28°C, respectively.

Thermal stability of anthocyanin in mixed raspberry-pomegranate-banana nectar in the presence of ascorbic acid and citric acid

Abstract: Thermal food processing, which causes the alteration and decomposition of natural pigments, especially anthocyanins, often leads to its lower stability. This study aimed to determine the effect of ascorbic acid and citric acid and the combination of these two chemicals on the thermal stability of the anthocyanin in the raspberry-pomegranate-banana nectar during heating at different temperatures (85°C, 90°C, and 95°C) and also investigated the influence of storage conditions (8°C ± 2°C and 28°C ± 2°C) on the stability of anthocyanin in the product. Anthocyanin degradation during heating as well as storage was followed by a first-order kinetic model with a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.94) and low root-mean-square error (RMSE < 0.015). By combining ascorbic acid and citric acid used in the nectar, anthocyanin showed more stability during pasteurization. It was found that the highest anthocyanin stability during storage was obtained at 8°C ± 2°C and the half-life was 11.76 weeks.

Bioremediation and Waste Management for Environmental Sustainability

Abstract: gricultural practices, industrial manufacturing, and lifestyle of human beings have raised the accumulation of hazardous compounds into the surrounding. It has drastically increased health issues and environmental concerns. Therefore, there is an urgent need for eco-friendly approaches to solving these multiple issues at a time. Contrary to the harmful chemical methods, bioremediation has emerged as an eco-friendly substitute for sustainable development. Bioremediation utilizes living microbiomes for cleaning environment and their sustainability. As advancement in science and technology, researchers have developed various bioremediation techniques but because of nature and type of pollutant, there is no single ‘silver bullet’ which can be applied to restore the polluted environment. The ever-increasing population and our reckless acts are turning the Earth into a huge garbage dump. The indiscriminate exploitation of resources making this condition worsen. Moreover, it is a major cause of climatic irregularities, environmental destructions, biodiversity shrinking, disease outbreaks, and agricultural issues. The present waste management efforts are proving insufficient to handle this situation.

Microbes-mediated alleviation of heavy metal stress in crops: Current research and future challenges

Abstract: Heavy metals (HMs) pollute the environment on a global scale and have different harmful effect on ecosystem. Outstripping accumulation of diverse toxic HMs in soils has altered the diversity, structure and function of microflora, degraded soils, reduces growth and yield of plant, and entered the food chain. HM treatment is necessary for maintaining the agricultural soil health. Many procedures and approaches have been used to recover contaminated soils in recent time, however, most of them were too pricey not environmentally friendly, and negatively affected soil properties. Usage of microbes was found as cost affective and ecofriendly approach for bioremediation of HMs. Microbes increased sustainability in agriculture soil health, which is essential to uninterrupted plant growth or improvement in stress full condition through mechanism likes productions phytohormones, organic acids, biosurfactants, exopolymers, antioxidant enzymes; and solubilization of phosphorus. It is well known that plant growth-promoting microbes enhance crop productivity and plant resistance to HM stress. In this following review, deep insight have has provided on mechanism of alleviation of HM stress by microbes and enhancement of plant growth promotion.

Atherosclerotic plaque regression and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition potential of curcumin: An integrative omics and in-vivo study

Abstract: The current study was carried out to evaluate the potential of curcumin against the progression of atherosclerosis and cholesterol biosynthesis by incorporating the combined data of in-vivo assessments and integrative omics examinations. The high fat diet and supplementation of cholesterol powder caused significant alterations in the lipid profile as well as hypercholesterolemia indices. The induced hypercholesterolemia promoted progression of atherosclerotic plaque with the occurrence of foam cells in a bulged structure. Simultaneously, the treatments of curcumin and atorvastatin caused significant reductions in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as hypercholesterolemia indices of Castelli Risk Index-I and II and atherogenic indices. Accordingly, the treatments of curcumin and atorvastatin caused significant regressions in atherogenic plaque area, total wall area, and increased lumen volume. Subsequently, molecular docking showed significant interactions of curcumin and atorvastatin with β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, which were depicted by bonding energy, number of H–bonds, and bond length. Accordingly, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity and toxicity data revealed significant druggability of curcumin along with supportive analysis of Brain Or IntestinaL EstimateD-Egg prediction of gastrointestinal absorption. Thus, it can be illustrated that curcumin has significant potential to promote regression in atherosclerotic plaque and subside the cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, as indicated by the outcomes.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a potential biofertilizers for agricultural sustainability

Abstract: Globally, by 2050, agricultural food production will be increased to feed the growing population. To achieve the objective in sustainable manner, scientific chronicles have explores the mutualistic interaction between plant roots and rhizosphere microbiome. One of the interactions of plants roots was found with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), a rhizosphere microbiome. Biofertilization process by the mean of AMF has depicted as a beneficial alternative to chemical fertilization practices. It has been recognized for having several potential applications such as plant fertilization (phosphorus, nitrogen and other micronutrients), alleviation of biotic (protecting plants from pest and pathogens), and abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, heavy metals, low and high temperature). AMF sustainably increases the plant growth and production by establishing within the host root with the help of set of genes and fulfilling the needs of the host. At present, worldwide total 340 species of AMF has been found. In the present review, global diversity, molecular crosstalk in AMF symbiosis and their potential application in sustainable agriculture has

Impact of soaking, germination, fermentation, and roasting treatments on nutritional, anti-nutritional, and bioactive composition of black soybean (Glycine max L.)

Abstract: Legumes are plants of the family Leguminosae with seed pods that split into two halves. Black soybean seed coat contains numerous bioactive compounds having radical scavenging, anti-tumor, and anti-carcinogenic activities. This study was aimed to assess the effect of soaking, germination, natural fermentation, and roasting on nutritional and antinutritional components, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu), and bioactive components of the black soybean. The effect of soaking was studied at 12 and 24 h while that of germination at 24, 48, and 72 h. The results revealed that the phenolic contents augmented significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) in germination, fermentation, and roasting by 11.49%, 8.96%, 2.95%. Further, there was an 11.84% and 22.13% increase in the protein contents during the germination and fermentation processes, respectively. The antioxidant activity of processed grains increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) during germination, fermentation, and roasting by 72.51, 10.14, and 9.64%, respectively. The anti-nutritional compounds such as phytic acid and tannin contents decreased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) during processing treatments. Phytic acid decreased to the extent of 34.04, 51.06, and 13.47% and tannin contents as 47.22, 75, and 38.89%, after germination, fermentation, and roasting processes, respectively. A significant ( P ≤ 0.05) increase in mineral contents was observed after the germination, fermentation, and roasting of the black soybean.

Allelopathic potential of Annona muricata (L.) on physiological and biochemical changes of Vigna radiata (L.) and Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of leaf extract of Annona muricata (L.) on physiological and biochemical changes of Vigna radiata (L.) and Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Annona muricata inhibits and stimulates other plants’ growth, a phenomenon called “allelopathic effect.” Crude water extract of the leaves of A. muricata was treated on V. radiata and E. coracana in different concentrations such as 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, respectively. A control crop was treated with distilled water. The morphological and physiological effects on V. radiata and E. coracana were observed and recorded. Data were recorded on seed germination (after 10 days of seed sowing), growth, and biochemical composition (15 days old seedlings). Reduction in germination percentage of V. radiata and E. coracana was recorded using leaf extract of A. muricata . The outcome of this research work showed that the extracts from the leaves of the A. muricata plant inhibit and stimulate the growth and development of the test seedlings. The biochemical constituents of test seedlings, such as chl a, chl b, carotenoid, protein, amino acid, carbohydrate, peroxidase, and catalase were observed. The extracts were absorbed through the roots of these plants, affecting physiological processes such as photosynthetic and transpiratory rates, stomatal closure, and reduced chlorophyll content, resulting in wilting, tissue maceration, and stunted growth. Between the two crops, more allelopathic effect was recorded in E. coracana . These results showed that there are differences in allelopathic inhibition and stimulation of crops.

An epidemiological outbreak of scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi – A comprehensive review

Abstract: Scrub typhus is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi a gram-negative bacterium belonging to order Rickettsiales, endemic in Asia–Pacific region known as “Tsutsugamushi triangle.” This review aims to describe the seasonal outbreak of scrub typhus endemic in many places of India and in a global map which will be systematically analyze the current situation. The review focused on the diagnosis methods used to detect the disease also on the severity and complications during the clinical presentation. The data of scrub typhus outbreaks in different countries from 2000 to 2020 were retrieved from various sources. Gradually, increased case load and incidence rates have been recorded. The majority of the reported cases were from the North-East region of India during the cooler months. In Odisha, very few case reports were found, mostly from the capital, Bhubaneswar, but other areas have no records as it is still considered as an underreported disease. We concluded that India has experienced a large increase in scrub typhus incidence and documented an expansion in geographic distribution throughout the country. Therefore, people in rural areas need to be more conscious and aware to prevent the spread. Although no vaccine is available, several other preventive measures can be taken.

Cloning the root-specific Asy promoter and genes encoding chitinase 42 kDa of Trichoderma asperellum into the plant expression vector

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to construct plant expression vectors containing chitinase genes and root-specific promoters for resistance to phytopathogenic fungi. Chitinase genes with a signal peptide sequence, such as Chi42 , syncodChi42-1 , and syncodChi42-2 , were used in this work. Chi42 is a wild-type gene of Trichoderma asperellum SH16, and both syncodChi42-1 and syncodChi42-2 genes are derived from Chi42, which have been optimized for the use of codon for plant expression. Methods of molecular cloning were applied in this study. The plant expression vectors pNHL20 containing chitinase genes, pNHL20.1 for Chi42 , pNHL20.2 for syncodChi42-1 , and pNHL20.3 for syncodChi42-2 , were successfully constructed and transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404. Bacteria A. tumefaciens harboring the chitinase genes are ready for genetic transformation to peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea L.) for subsequent applications.

Use of yeasts in aquaculture nutrition and immunostimulation: A review

Abstract: With the technological advancement, application of yeasts in aquaculture becomes very popular, especially as an alternative source of proteins in addition to other proteins commonly used in the fish feed industry. Recently, yeast becomes a sustainable novel ingredient of aquafeed for its promising role in nutrition and immunostimulation of many fish species in aquaculture. Thus, yeast supplements and yeast-containing feed ingredients lead to the higher protection against diseases and to the better productivity of fishes resulting in the greater growth of the aquaculture industry. Moreover, rotifers, Artemia , and copepods can be produced well as live aquafeed by application of yeasts in aquaculture. Some yeasts used in probiotic products often improve immunity of fishes as well as attempt to enhance the water quality of aquaculture resulting in good production outcomes. Thus, yeast has been appeared as a novel and vital component of aquatic animal’s feed in modern aquaculture. In this review, different aspects of usage of yeasts in aquaculture nutrition and immunostimulation have been discussed.

Microbe-mediated bioremediation: Current research and future challenges

Abstract: Isolation and identification of pathogenic microbes from tomato puree and their delineation of distinctness by molecular techniquesR.K. Garg, N. Batav, N. Silawat, R.K. Singh

Virulence of native entomopathogenic nematodes against major lepidopteran insect species of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Abstract: In the present investigation, the bio-efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was evaluated against the third and fourth instar larvae of major lepidopteran insect pests, viz. pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), tabacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), and cutworm (Agrotis segetum). Lepidopteran insect pests are responsible for causing high damage to agricultural and horticultural crops every year and it is becoming difficult to control these pests in the fields. The persistent use of chemical pesticides against these insect pests has resulted in development of resistance along with degradation of soil and human health. The two larval stages were exposed to 50, 100, 150, and 200 infective juveniles (IJs) for different time intervals and they all achieved high mortality after 120 hours. The results from the present laboratory experiment revealed that against H. armigera, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of third instar larvae was 60.14 IJs/larvae and fourth instar larvae was 57.90 IJs/larvae, respectively. The LC50 values of S. litura observed were 59.95 and 50.91 IJs/larvae in third and fourth instar larvae, respectively, after 120 hours of exposure. The pathogenic effect of H. bacteriophora against the third and fourth instar larvae of A. segetum showed LC50 = 54.86 and 57.90 IJs/larvae, after 120 hours. It was further evaluated that there was an increase in mortality with the advancement of larval instars. The present findings indicate that native species of EPNs show high virulence against the local insect pest of tomatoes under laboratory conditions.

Evaluation of plant growth-promoting activities of endophytic bacteria of Musa acuminata and their characterization

Abstract: The study was conducted with an aim of isolating and identifying bacterial endophytes associated with Musa acuminata and assessing their plant growth-promoting properties. Endophytic bacteria show mutualistic relationship with plants and help them in alleviating several biotic and abiotic stress without showing any apparent negative effect to the host plant. In the present study, explants samples from different parts of M. acuminata plant such as root, stem, and leaves were collected and cultured. A total of 33 bacterial isolates were obtained and screened for their biotechnological potential for promoting plant growth. From which, 19 isolates were selected for further analysis based on their in vitro plant growth-promoting activities that include indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, ammonia production, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production, and siderophore production. In addition, these isolates also evaluated for the antagonist activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina. Among them, five isolates were sequenced, on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing homology of the representative strains was identified EMS1 and EMS4 as Bacillus cereus , EMS13, 14, and 18 as Enterobacter cloacae, and EMS16 as Enterobacter hormaechei. Phylogenetic tree indicated evolutionary relationship of these bacteria to their closely related species. The result of this study demonstrated that based on growth-promoting competencies, all isolated strains have ability that influence the growth of host plants and have potential to be used as effective growth promoting bioinoculant for M. acuminata .

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.: An overview of its botany, uses, reproductive biology, pharmacological properties, and industrial potentials

Abstract: In this review, the botany, uses, reproductive biology, pharmacological properties, and industrial potentials of Ceiba pentandra (kapok) are updated. Reproductive biology entailed phenology, floral and fruiting biology, pollination ecology, and breeding system. Among the pharmacological properties of extracts, anti-hyperglycemia or antidiabetes dominated, mostly from the stem bark of C. pentandra . Industrial potentials of C. pentandra were focused on biodiesel, bioethanol, absorbents, and adsorbents production from different plant parts. Sources of information were from Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and J-Stage. Selection of articles in the literature was based on topics rather than on the period of coverage, although higher priority was accorded to more recent references. Some areas for further research of C. pentandra were suggested.

A review on fish peptides isolated from fish waste with their potent bioactivities

Abstract: Fish processing unit establishment is now seeing an increasing trend of interest and subsequent activities. Thus, as a collateral the accumulation of greater amount of fish waste (head, skin, frames, visceral parts, and scales) and underutilized (non-edible) fish presents a greater opportunity for further utilization if not accounted for at the right time. Fish waste obtained during fish catch and processing account for about 70% and therefore, if not treated and discarded properly becomes a threat to environment. Currently, efforts have been made for utilization of these waste in different ways that includes production of saleable products, like animal feed, biogas; isolation of valuable bioactive biomolecules and fractions; separation and extraction of free amino acids, peptides, enzymes, fats and oils; collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, vitamins, minerals, and polysaccharides. Isolated bioactive compounds and fractions further may be used in formulation and synthesis of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals. This review precisely outlines the present understanding on fish waste as a source of high-value fish protein hydrolysates which can further be used for formulating different nutraceutical and therapeutic products such as antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive peptides, fish collagen and gelatin; and enzymes.

Optimization of ingredient levels of reduced-calorie blackberry jam using response surface methodology

Abstract: In a developed society, health problems such as the risk of weight gain, diabetes, and heart diseases are often associated with a high-sugar diet. Food product reform is seen as one of the tools to promote healthier eating. Calorie-reduced product processing not only targeted diabetics but now also focuseds on human health. The experiments were designed based on the response surface methodology using the three-level-three-factor Box–Behnken design with total soluble solid (TSS) (40%–50%), low methoxyl pectin (LMP) (0.1%–0.3%), and kappa-carrageenan (k-carrageenan) (0.1%–0.3%) at a constant fruit batch of 10 kg. In the evaluation of jam, the viscosity, water activity, and bioactive compounds (anthocyanin, total polyphenol, and vitamin C) were determined and optimized in order to produce reduced-calorie blackberry jam (filling type) with favorable viscosity, water activity, and bioactive compounds. The results showed that the model fit was significant (p < 0.05); a satisfactory correlation between the experimental and the predicted values was found (high coefficient of determination R2). All three factors affect the quality of the products, with sugar showing significant influence on physical characteristics, maintaining bioactive compounds and overall acceptability of the product. The overlay contour plot of quality attributes showed that the reduced-calorie blackberry jam should use 0.18% LMP , 0.22% k-carrageenan, and 45% TSS. Thus, the reduced-calorie jam produced from these optimum levels had better characteristics than the others.

Vitamin K2: An emerging essential nutraceutical and its market potential

Abstract: Sunita Aggarwal1*, Siddharth Gupta2, Shalini Sehgal3, Praneeta Srivastava1, Aparajita Sen4, Garishma Gulyani5, Anmol Jain2 1Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. 2Department of Business Management, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. 3Department of Food Technology, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. 4Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India. 5Department of Commerce, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, IP University, New Delhi, India.

Synergistic effect of Hydnophytum formicarum tuber and Vatica diospyroides Symington cotyledon extracts with ampicillin on pathogenic bacteria

Abstract: Humoral immune response in cattle and buffaloes vaccinated against Pasteurella multocida B: 2 with reference to levels of B Lymphocytes and IL-2R+Harsh Shaveta, Deepti Chachra, H M Saxena, Mudit Chandra

Endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Untapped treasurer for agricultural sustainability

Abstract: Nitrogen (N) is one of the vital elements required for proper growth and development of plants. In the earth’s atmosphere, N is available in the form of nitrogen gas (N 2 ) and mostly plants utilize N in the form nitrate (NO 3- ) and ammonium ion (NH 4+ ) which are fixed through the biological process known as N 2 fixation. As N is one of the elements most likely to be limiting to plant growth, this phenomenon provides an alternative to the implementations of chemical fertilizers as source of nutrients which have resulted in the ammonia volatilization, leading to significant impact on global warming in the atmosphere which, further, diverts the focus of scientist to find out eco-friendly technology. Globally, the demand for introducing eco-friendly practices for improving sustainable agriculture productivity has been increased. Since long time, microbes play an important role in providing pollution-free environment. Endophytic microbes being present inside the specific tissues of plants mostly empower in the growth of plants. The endophytic nitrogen-fixing microbe has been well characterized from leguminous as well non-legume crops. Endophytic bacteria belong to different phyla such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The predominant N 2 -fixing endophytic Burkholderia , Rhizobium , Pseudomonas , Bradyrhizobium , Bacillus , Frankia , Enterobacter , and Azospirillum have been reported from different host plant. Nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria has a wide variety of application for maintaining growth of plant, crop yield, and health of soil for sustainable agriculture. The present review focuses on major developments on biodiversity of N-fixing endophytic microbiomes and their role for plant growth promotion and soil health for agroenvironmental sustainability.

Upsurge production of cellulase from maize stover under soildstate conditions mediated by Streptomyces enissocaesilis DQ026641

Abstract: Maize stover was explored as a sole substrate of carbon for the extra cellular production of cellulase under solid-state conditions by an actinobacterium, Streptomyces enissocaesilis DQ026641. The upsurge production of cellulase was optimized manually regulating important process variables such as substrate (particle size, moisture content), organism (inoculum size), physicochemical attributes (pH, temperature) and mineral salts (NaCl, MgSO4, FeSO4) following one factor at a time approach. The maximum production (71.10 IU/ml) of cellulase was obtained at particle size 2 mm, moisture content 1.25%, temperature 45°C, inoculum size 1 × 108 and NaCl 1.5%. Enhanced production (79 IU/ml) of cellulase was achieved by following Response Surface Methodology with Centre Composite Design, considering pH 6.5, temperature 45°C and sodium chloride 1.5% as critical process variables. The quadratic impact of pH, temperature and sodium chloride significantly contributed for the production of cellulase under solid-state conditions from maize stover mediated by S. enissocaesilis DQ026641.