Showing papers in "Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease in 1940"
987 citations
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491 citations
TL;DR: The syndrome of finger agnosia, disorientation for right and left, agraphia and acalculia, appearing as a result of a cerebral lesion located in the transitional area of the lower parietal and the middle occipital convolution, is concerned.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the syndrome, described by me some years ago, of finger agnosia, disorientation for right and left, agraphia and acalculia, appearing as a result of a cerebral lesion located in the transitional area of the lower parietal and the middle occipital convolution. In 1924 I first described the symptom of primary elective disability for recognizing, naming, selecting, differentiating and indicating the individual fingers of either hand, the patient's own as well as those of other persons, and called the condition "finger agnosia." Subsequent to this gnostic disorientation with respect to the fingers, restriction in their separate kinetic realization not infrequently occurs. I also showed that the symptom of finger agnosia is characteristically associated with disorientation for right and left in respect to the patient's own body, as well as that of other persons, with special reference to the hands and fingers. The symptoms tend to appear
423 citations
410 citations
TL;DR: The theory that the disordered wave of nerve impulses resulting in an epileptic seizure with loss of consciousness usually begins at one focal point and then spreads widely to other parts of the neopallial portion of the brain has been studied as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The theory has long been held that the disordered wave of nerve impulses resulting in an epileptic seizure with loss of consciousness usually begins at one focal point and then spreads widely to other parts of the neopallial portion of the brain. When the spread is local, only local manifestations are experienced, such as flashes of light, hallucinations of sound, movement of muscles characterizing a "jacksonian attack," sensations of taste or smell and sensory changes, such as tingling and paresthesias. In instances in which the disordered spread of impulses is still wider, consciousness may be lost, tonic and clonic movements of both sides of the body may take place, sphincter control may be lost and various vasomotor changes be experienced and observed. As a rule, consciousness is not lost when the spread of the epileptic wave is not great or when it is limited to one cerebral cortex. The theory
380 citations
TL;DR: This study is concerned primarily with the nerve supply and pain reference of the dura mater in man and in the monkey, illustrated by clinical cases which cast light on dural sensitivity and on the radical treatment of falcial cicatrix, migraine and other forms of headache.
Abstract: The only adjective which Celsus applied to headache was "intolerabilis." Unless it was intolerable, he said, there was no necessity for a remedy (Vaughan, 1825 1 ). Today the same proviso might be applied, at least to surgical remedies. But when the ache is intolerable, radical operative treatment should be undertaken. Knowledge of the innervation and sensitivity of intracranial structures is prerequisite to success with such treatment. This study is concerned primarily with the nerve supply and pain reference of the dura mater in man and in the monkey. It is illustrated by clinical cases which cast light on dural sensitivity and on the radical treatment of falcial cicatrix, migraine and other forms of headache. A preliminary anatomic study has already been published by one of us (F. M.). 2 STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEREBRAL DURA MATER The cerebral dura is a very tough membrane composed of two closely adherent
318 citations
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309 citations
TL;DR: It becomes evident that human behavior and mental activity may be more greatly impaired by the positive action of an abnormal area of brain than by the negative effect of its complete absence, and the case reported here presents a new opportunity for study of the functions of the frontal lobes.
Abstract: At rare intervals chance presents to a neurosurgeon a lesion of the brain demanding treatment that would satisfy the exacting requirements of an extirpation experiment. This was true of the case we are about to record. Psychologic studies of the patient were made before, during and after an extensive bilateral frontal lobectomy, without yielding evidence of postoperative deterioration such as might have been expected from earlier examinations, and particularly from the case studied in detail by Brickner.1It becomes evident that human behavior and mental activity may be more greatly impaired by the positive action of an abnormal area of brain than by the negative effect of its complete absence,2and the case reported here presents a new opportunity for study of the functions of the frontal lobes. REPORT OF A CASE History. —K. M., a man aged 27, who was right handed, came to the clinic in
212 citations
TL;DR: The following case represents what is believed to be a hitherto undescribed clinical syndrome, the characteristic features of which are the paroxysmal occurrence of the attacks and the rich familial background.
Abstract: The following case represents what is believed to be a hitherto undescribed clinical syndrome. The characteristic features of the syndrome are the paroxysmal occurrence of the attacks and the rich familial background. The patient presenting this syndrome was studied intensively at the Neurological Institute of New York from Nov. 3, 1938 to Jan. 19, 1939. During this period he was seen by most of the members of the staff, none of whom had seen a similar condition. A careful and meticulous review of the literature failed to reveal a case of a comparable syndrome. REPORT OF A CASE The patient was a white man aged 23, a textile worker, whose chief complaint was "spells," which had had their onset in infancy. He described them as of two types—"large" and "small". By this terminology he differentiated the severity and the duration of the attacks. Both types were preceded by an aura
209 citations
TL;DR: A modification of Gudden's method was chosen which gives more definite and exact results than those previously mentioned, and, at the same time, avoids for the most part the drawbacks of the original method.
Abstract: In recent anatomic studies of the central nervous system experimental methods for investigation of localization and interconnections of different regions have been extensively employed Such problems may in some instances be solved by application of the Marchi technic Usually, however, the retrograde cell changes must be studied, either early chromatolysis or the late changes, consisting of atrophy and loss of cells In studying the problem of localization within the olivocerebellar connections, I found that none of these methods proved satisfactory In order to find, if possible, a more suitable method, I therefore undertook a systematic investigation of the retrograde changes in the cells of the inferior olive following lesions of the cerebellum A modification of Gudden's method was chosen which gives more definite and exact results than those previously mentioned, and, at the same time, avoids for the most part the drawbacks of the original method A report on the
202 citations
TL;DR: The present study indicates that the age of the individual directly affects the deficit in subhuman primates and in man, since removal of a known cortical area from the infant causes a paralysis of different quality from that which occurs after a similar cortical ablation in an adult.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION The earliest motor activity of the normal infant of any vertebrate form is relatively simple and stereotyped in pattern. Later, with the functional and anatomic development of the motor cortex, increased complexity of skilled and coordinated movement appears. This is particularly evident in primates—monkeys, chimpanzees and man— since prehensile finger movements occur in these forms. The paralysis which follows destruction of the motor cortex in man may appear as a "cerebral palsy" after birth injury, or as a hemiparesis in the adult. In all primate forms destruction of a specific motor region is followed by a specific and predictable motor deficit, but the present study indicates that the age of the individual directly affects the deficit in subhuman primates and in man, since removal of a known cortical area from the infant causes a paralysis of different quality from that which occurs after a similar cortical ablation in an
TL;DR: The following report deals with the pathologic changes occurring in the central nervous system of 12 cats subjected to varying periods of circulatory arrest and killed from two days to six weeks later.
Abstract: In a preceding article,1the symptomatic effects of temporary complete interruption of the blood flow to the central nervous system were reported. The following report deals with the pathologic changes occurring in the central nervous system of 12 cats subjected to varying periods of circulatory arrest and killed from two days to six weeks later. The material to be presented is thought to be of interest for two reasons. First, it deals almost exclusively with the late permanent neuropathologic changes, and not with the earlier evidences of injury, which may be reversible. Second, the experimental method employed permits an accurate correlation between the late pathologic changes and the time of the circulatory arrest. Reviews of the neurologic changes produced by anemia of the central nervous system have been published by de Buck and de Moor,2Gomez and Pike,3Cannon and Burkett,4Gildea and Cobb5and
TL;DR: There is ample evidence that the after-discharge produced by stimulation of the cerebral cortex in monkeys is a satisfactory experimental counterpart of epilepsy in man.
Abstract: The purpose of this communication is to report on original experiments concerned with the spread of the epileptic discharge produced by electrical stimulation of the monkey's cerebral cortex. By epileptic discharge is implied the excessive, violent activity of certain portions of the central nervous system which is responsible for many, if not all, of the manifestations of epileptiform fits and epilepsy. This hypothesis invoking excessive function of the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, as expressed by Hughlings Jackson, has received much support in recent investigations on epilepsy. There is ample evidence that the after-discharge produced by stimulation of the cerebral cortex in monkeys is a satisfactory experimental counterpart of epilepsy in man. Available to the investigator of today are four methods by which to gain information concerning the spread of the epileptic discharge. The first is by observing the march of clonic movements, following the order in which different
TL;DR: Since 1641, when Tulpuis described a curious malformation of the spinal cord and the meninges to which he gave the name spina bifida, the medical literature has been replete with clinical, embryologic and pathologic reports of this condition.
Abstract: Since 1641, when Tulpuis 1 described a curious malformation of the spinal cord and the meninges to which he gave the name spina bifida, the medical literature has been replete with clinical, embryologic and pathologic reports of this condition Despite the outstanding studies of von Recklinghausen 2 and the extensive works of Denuce, 3 Hesse, 4 Sternberg, 5 Leveuf 6 and others, studies of conditions related to, or part of, spina bifida in the larger sense continue to appear in the medical literature, with the lesion masquerading under a variety of terms Since spina bifida is primarily an expression of inadequate or improper fusion of the embryonal tissues in the dorsal median region of the developing embryo, the resultant pathologic states will be manifested in the cutaneous, mesodermal or neural derivatives of these tissues This defective fusion of tissues has been adequately designated by the term dysraphism, or status dysraphicus
TL;DR: Observations on the innervation of the annulus fibrosus and the posterior longitudinal ligament at the fourth and fifth lumbar level are recorded to investigate the position and type of fibers involved in transmitting the pain impulse.
Abstract: The object of this report is to record observations on the innervation of the annulus fibrosus and the posterior longitudinal ligament at the fourth and fifth lumbar level Recent reports in the literature concerning clinical cases of severe pain in the lower part of the back caused by herniation of the nucleus pulposus without peripheral disturbance aroused my interest in investigating the position and type of fibers involved in transmitting the pain impulse Spurling and Bradford 1 reported that in many cases in which the herniation has remained in the midline, not sliding down along the dural sleeve of the nerve, there is localized pain of great intensity The most frequent level at which such herniations occur is between the fourth and the fifth lumbar vertebra Localization of pain may occur at any level at which such a herniation appears The question whether the nerves involved are related directly to
TL;DR: It was a clinician and neuropathologist who showed definitely that the fibers carrying pain and temperature reside in the anterolateral columns.
Abstract: In 1889 Edinger1described a tract taking origin from cells in or about the posterior horn, crossing the midline and ascending in the anterior or anterolateral column of the spinal cord. He was able to follow this column as high as the interolivary lamina, where it seemed to mingle with fibers of the medial lemniscus. Previous investigators had shown that fibers of the posterior root entered the posterior columns and ascended to the nuclei of the posterior columns in the medulla. Edinger noted that such a pathway could not explain the anesthesia (?) which he found on the contralateral side of experimental animals after hemisection of the spinal cord. He did not, however, recognize that there was not really anesthesia, but only analgesia. It was a clinician and neuropathologist who showed definitely that the fibers carrying pain and temperature reside in the anterolateral columns. Spiller2attended a patient suffering
TL;DR: The incidence of epileptiform seizures in cases of such a tumor and the relative importance of cerebral localization, histologic structure and rate of growth are analyzed in the present communication.
Abstract: That focal epileptic seizures may be the direct result of the presence of a tumor of the brain has long been recognized (Hughlings Jackson,1Bramwell,2Biemond,3Lehoczky,4Walshe,5Furlow and Sachs,6List,7and Pedersen8). The incidence of epileptiform seizures in cases of such a tumor and the relative importance of cerebral localization, histologic structure and rate of growth are analyzed in the present communication. Inquiry is made also concerning the continuance of seizures after extirpation of the tumor. This report is based on a study of 703 cases of intracranial tumors, all of which (except 6 cases of pontile tumors) were verified by histologic study. "Intracranial tumor" is interpreted as meaning an expanding intracranial lesion. This would include neoplasms, tuberculomas, abscesses of the brain and extracerebral and intracerebral hematomas. To allow a study of postoperative results, no case of more recent date
TL;DR: The present study is concerned with the results of electroencephalographic examinations of patients who have suffered various degrees and kinds of injury to the head, and the attempt is made to correlate the electroencephalogram with the clinical and pneumographic examinations.
Abstract: Berger's original observations that the electroencephalogram provided a sensitive indicator of certain pathologic conditions of the brain has received abundant confirmation. Slow "delta" waves, below the normal alpha frequency of 8 to 12 per second, appear from cortical tissue undergoing irreversible degenerative changes or from a reversible depression of cortical function, such as occurs with low blood sugar,1with certain drugs2or with normal sleep.3The electroencephalogram has also been found useful in the localization of certain focal cortical lesions. Injuries to the head produce both reversible and irreversible changes in cerebral function. Clinical and pneumographic (roentgen) examinations do not always give a clear picture of the nature, extent or localization of cerebral damage. The present study is concerned with the results of electroencephalographic examinations of patients who have suffered various degrees and kinds of injury to the head. The attempt is made to correlate the electroencephalographic
TL;DR: The aim of this investigation is to set up a standard for the histologic structure of the peripheral nerves for all decades, so that one may know by comparison what can be considered as abnormal or pathologic.
Abstract: The detailed histologic structure of the peripheral nerves has for many years been a matter of investigation and disagreement. Despite all the work that has been done, the variations in the structure of apparently normal peripheral nerves and the alterations of architecture that occur with age have not been clearly established. It is the aim of this investigation to set up a standard for the histologic structure of the peripheral nerves for all decades, so that one may know by comparison what can be considered as abnormal or pathologic. Such histologic changes were studied as could be recognized by simple stains available in every clinical laboratory. The need for such a study has long been apparent from observations made in the neuropathology laboratory of this university in cases in which there was no history of neuritis but in which degenerative changes began in middle age, concomitant with vascular changes, and
TL;DR: Ever since Hippocrates expressed the opinion that epilepsy is a familial disease the inheritance of epilepsy has been a subject for debate and the principal evidence has been gathered from the family histories of persons subject to seizures.
Abstract: Ever since Hippocrates expressed the opinion that epilepsy is a familial disease the inheritance of epilepsy has been a subject for debate. The principal evidence has been gathered from the family histories of persons subject to seizures. The most comprehensive data from extramural patients have been furnished by members of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases and the American Neurological Association. The family histories of 2,130 patients have been tabulated by one of us (W.G.L.) and will be presented in detail later. The incidence of seizures among the 13,262 near relatives (parents, siblings and children) of patients in this group is 2.4 per cent. This is approximately five times the incidence of seizures in the general population. However, only 1 in 5 of these patients gives a history of any blood relative affected with seizures. The combined data of Rosanoff, Handy and Rosanoff 1 and of Conrad
TL;DR: By repeated intramuscular injections of aqueous emulsions and alcohol-ether extracts of sterile normal rabbit brains, a type of "encephalomyelitis" accompanied by destruction of myelin is produced in monkeys.
Abstract: It has recently been shown that injection of suspensions or extracts of brain tissue may produce an experimental type of encephalopathy bearing certain similarities to forms observed in the human being. In 1925 Koritschoner and Schweinburg,1and in 1932 Hurst,2obtained paralysis in rabbits after injections of human brain tissue. However, these investigators were unable to demonstrate pathologic changes in the nervous system of the affected animals. After these experiments, Rivers, Sprunt and Berry3and Rivers and Schwentker,4by repeated intramuscular injections of aqueous emulsions and alcohol-ether extracts of sterile normal rabbit brains, produced in monkeys a type of "encephalomyelitis" accompanied by destruction of myelin. Signs of disseminated lesions of the central nervous system became manifest after injections had been continued for several months. The pathologic changes consisted of areas of demyelination scattered throughout the central nervous system. These were perivascular and contained a variety of
TL;DR: A revised edition of the first volume published by The Library of Living Philosophers in 1939 as discussed by the authors examines Dewey's views on science, religion, politics and education and considers the effect his thinking had in these areas.
Abstract: A revised edition of the first volume published by The Library of Living Philosophers in 1939. The contributors examine Dewey's views on science, religion, politics and education and consider the effect his thinking had in these areas.
TL;DR: No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed, it is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time but also to encourage your mind and thoughts.
Abstract: No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading massive cerebral hemorrhage is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.