Showing papers in "Journal of the American Oriental Society in 2002"
TL;DR: A comprehensive grammar of Hausa, one of the largest and most important languages of Africa, is presented in this article, which covers such expected topics as tonology, noun plurals, and verbal tense/aspect as well as often neglected topics, including verbal idioms, proper names, and language games.
Abstract: This book is a comprehensive grammar of Hausa, one of the largest and most important languages of Africa. Hausa is spoken by some 35 million people as a first language and approximately 15 million more as a second language. Paul Newman, a world authority on the Hausa language, draws on two centuries of Hausa linguistic scholarship to provide the most authoritative and detailed grammar of the language ever written. Unlike other grammars, this book is organised alphabetically. Readers will appreciate the ease with which they can find the specific individual topics that interest them. The grammar covers such expected topics as tonology, noun plurals, and verbal tense/aspect as well as often neglected topics, including verbal idioms, proper names, and language games. Newman also incorporates historical linguistic notes that explain and explicate current Hausa phenomena, especially puzzling anomalies, in terms of their Chadic and Afroasiatic origins.
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TL;DR: Schaberg as mentioned in this paper argues that the coherent view of early China found in these texts is an effect of their origins and the habits of reading they impose, and they represent the efforts of a group of officials and ministers to argue for a moralising interpretation of the events of early Chinese history and for their own value as skilled interpreters of events and advisers to the rulers of the day.
Abstract: In this comprehensive study of the rhetoric, narrative patterns, and intellectual content of the Zuozhuan and Guoyu, David Schaberg reads these two collections of historical anecdotes as traces of a historiographical practice that flourished around the 4th century BCE among the followers of Confucius. He contends that the coherent view of early China found in these texts is an effect of their origins and the habits of reading they impose. Rather than being totally accurate accounts, they represent the efforts of a group of officials and ministers to argue for a moralising interpretation of the events of early Chinese history and for their own value as skilled interpreters of events and advisers to the rulers of the day.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a chronological framework for Tarmashirin's career is proposed, based on the works of his contemporary, the Mamluk historian al-Safadi (d. 1363).
Abstract: Muslim sources agree that the conversion of Tarmashirin Khan paved the way to the overall Islamization of the Khanate of Chaghadai : the Mongol state in Central Asia. Yet apart from that, there is very little agreement among the sources: even the dates of Tarmashirin's reign and the extent of his realm are not unequivocally established. Moreover, unlike other Chinggisids who won their fame as the Islamizers of their realms. Tarmashirin's conversion engendered no conversion stories in the sources. On the basis of Muslim, Chinese, and numismatic sources, this article seeks to shed some light on the reign of Tarmashirin. It suggests a chronological framework for his career and, in the light of this framewoork, utilizing Tarmashirin's biography in the works of his contemporary, the Mamluk historian al-Safadi (d. 1363), the paper reexamines Tarmashirin's Islam. What do we know about his conversion; how did his islamization affect his foreign and domestic policies; and what part did it play in his deposition? Lastly, the paper locates Tarmashirin's conversion in the general environment of Chaghadaid and Mongol islamization. His inglorious rule and the heavy shadow Tamerlane was soon to cast over the Chaghadaids explain why Tarmashirin never achieved a posthumous fame equivalent to that of Ghazan or Ozbeg in their respective realms.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the multifaceted Hindu tradition in the development of greater ecological awareness in India is investigated, and 22 contributors ask how traditional concepts of nature in the classical texts might inspire or impede an eco-friendly attitude among modern Hindus, and describe some grass-roots approaches to environmental protection.
Abstract: This fourth volume in the series exploring religions and the environment investigates the role of the multifaceted Hindu tradition in the development of greater ecological awareness in India. The 22 contributors ask how traditional concepts of nature in the classical texts might inspire or impede an eco-friendly attitude among modern Hindus, and they describe some grass-roots approaches to environmental protection. They look to Gandhian principles of minimal consumption, self-reliance, simplicity and sustainability. And they explore forests and sacred groves in text and tradition and review the political and religious controversies surrounding India's sacred river systems.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the boundaries of the world and the role of boundaries in war and war and alliances in the creation of the Hebrew Bible. But they do not discuss the relationship between war and friendship.
Abstract: Preface List of Maps Abbreviations Introduction PART I: TERRITORY AND BORDERS Inner vs. Outer Territory Universal Control The Boundaries of the World Symbolic Attainment of the World Border The Coexistence of Different States Moving Borders The Boundary as a Watershed for Taxation The Boundary as a Watershed for Responsibilities Runaways and Extradition PART II: WAR AND ALLIANCE The One Against Many War as Elimination of the Rebels Conquest as a Cosmic Organization Peace as Submission Ordeal by War The Rules of War The Battle of Megiddo Peace as Mutual Recognition The Ideology of Protection The Ideology of Brotherhood PART III: CIRCULATION OF GOODS Priority and Continuity of the Redistributive Pattern Intervention of the Reciprocal Pattern Accumulation vs. Circulation Self-Sufficiency vs. Interdependence The Ideology of Life Hatshepsut and Punt: Trade or Tribute? Wen-Amun and Zakar-Ba'al: Gift or Trade? The Annals of Tuthmosis III: Tribute or Gift? The Origins of Tribute Equal vs. Unequal Marriages Conclusion Index
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TL;DR: In this paper, the most significant recent field research, ranging from regional survey, through large-scale excavation of an extensive open settlement, to the investigation of caves, is reviewed.
Abstract: Understanding of early farming societies in Greece has been revolutionized by major field projects, by the growing application of specialist 'scientific' studies, and by new approaches to interpretation. This volume reviews the most significant recent field research, ranging from regional survey, through large-scale excavation of an extensive open settlement, to the investigation of caves. Contributors critically evaluate or revise current ideas on the nature of these early societies at a range of scales from the individual to the region.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the historicity of Hezekiah and Josiah's reforms of the bamot and find structures matching the description, but these sites were not destroyed as a result of the edicts of these reforming kings.
Abstract: This paper investigates the historicity of Hezekiah and Josiah's reforms of the bamot. A description of a bamah is derived from the biblical text. Structures matching the description are then sought in Iron Age II cities of Judah and Samaria. Cult sites matching the description are found, but these sites were not destroyed as a result of the edicts of these reforming kings. Rather, they were destroyed during the onslaughts of Pharaoh Sheshonq I and of the Assyrian kings Tiglath-pileser III, Shamaneser V, and Sennacherib. The historicity of the reforms is not supported by archaeological data. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the principle of continuity of sacred space, the Sitz im Leben of Deuteronomy 12, and the date of the Deuteronomist.
TL;DR: Sweeney as discussed by the authors reconstructs the ideological perspectives of King Josiah's program of religious and national restoration using synchronic and diachronic analyses of the Deuteronomistic History, Deuteronomy, and selected prophetic books.
Abstract: Said to have lived from 640-609 BC, King Josiah of Judah is a figure of extraordinary importance for the history of Israel Using synchronic and diachronic analyses of the Deuteronomistic History, Deuteronomy, and selected prophetic books, Marvin Sweeney reconstructs the ideological perspectives of King Josiah's program of religious and national restoration
TL;DR: The most comprehensive work on Jainism is the book of Hermann Jacobi as discussed by the authors, which was first published in 1925 as a dedication on the occasion of the 75th birthday of Jacobi.
Abstract: This work was first published in 1925 as a dedication on the occasion of the 75th birthday of Hermann Jacobi is one of the most comprehensive works on Jainism and excellent and objective depiction of the Indian religion of salvation, as he calls it in his sub-title. In fact, the book could serve as an authentic textbook on the Jaina religion. The book is devided in seven sections.
TL;DR: The role of the isnad in the thought of Ibn al-Salah al-Shahrazuri (577/1181-643/1245) and other later hadith experts was examined in this article.
Abstract: This article examines the role of the isnad in the thought of Ibn al-Salah al-Shahrazuri (577/1181-643/1245) and other later hadith experts. In earlier times, isnads had been scrutinized to determine the authenticity of hadith. After the appearance in the third/ninth century of the great collections of sound hadith, like those of Bukhari (194/810-256/870) and Muslim (202/817-261/875), scholars came to regard this function of the isnad as less important. In fact, most students of hadith in Ayyubid and later times primarily saw the isnad as a conduit for elevation. Ibn al-Salah recognized this and attempted to reconcile the earlier and later opinions regarding the purpose of the isnad.
TL;DR: The most iconic photographs of all time as discussed by the authors of life in Ancient Mesopotamia are the most iconic images of life after death in ancient Egypt. But they do not include the most famous images of death in history, such as those of the pyramids of Giza and the Giza Death Star.
Abstract: The Most Iconic Photographs of All Time LIFEDaily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia World History EncyclopediaPatroclus’ Death in the Iliad Ancient LiteratureCleopatra Facts: Her Life, Loves & Children, Plus 6 Little Cleopatra Life, Rule & Death HISTORYAlbert Einstein Quotes on Life After DeathANCIENT EGYPT ONLINE | History, Gods, Pharaohs & Daily LifeAncient Egyptian Daily Life for the Rich and the Poor The Ancient Egyptian PharaohsAncient Rome: Family Life DuckstersEveryday Life in Ancient Greece, 4th Century BCPreparation for death in ancient Egypt The Australian MuseumWhat Did Ancient Egyptians Believe About the Life After Death?Death In Ancient Rome: The Fascinating Relationship Technology brings ancient Olympics to life The ColumbianEthical Issues Concerning Life & Death: Terms Epicurus: The Nature of Death and the Purpose of Life Death of Cleopatra | Ancient Egypt OnlineArmando Rotoletti : Death in Sicily. An ancient rituality Life Expectancy in Ancient Rome Early Church HistoryAncient Aztec Perspective on Death and Afterlife – The Ancient Greece Daily Life The British MuseumAncient Egyptian Society and Family LifeDeath and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt | Museum of Art and Letter from Dargavs: life, death, and quarantine in the Afterlife Wikipedia10 new things we’ve learned about death Big ThinkAnubis Explore Deities of Ancient EgyptEarly Church History, Life In Ancient Rome, Early Christians9 Min Vid Describing What Ancient Egyptians Discovered Flower of Life Symbol Ancient SymbolsSome Differences in Life between the Ancient and Modern Slavery In Ancient Greece: What Was Life Like For Enslaved 14 Stoic Quotes on Death Stoic Wisdom For Everyday LifeDeath WikipediaThe Giza Death Star Destroyed: The Ancient War for Future What ancient cultures teach us about grief, mourning and Ancient Sparta: Religion, Death & Burial | Study.comThanatos: The Beautiful Reaper of Death in Greek Mythology Class Gastropoda Digital Atlas of Ancient LifeDeath in Ancient Greece • Ancient Greeks: Everyday Life
TL;DR: In this paper, a thorough examination of the relevant Tibetan textual material contained in Tantras, commentaries, ritual manuals and explanatory works on consecration is presented, combined with observations of performances and interviews with performers.
Abstract: The present work is an investigation of the Indo-Tibetan ritual for consecrating images, stupas, books and temples. It is based on a thorough examination of the relevant Tibetan textual material contained in Tantras, commentaries, ritual manuals and explanatory works on consecration. As rituals are meant to be performed, this textual study is combined with observations of performances and interviews with performers. The book opens with a general discussion of certain principles of tantric rituals and the foundations of Indo-Tibetan consecration. The main part focuses on a specific performance of the ritual in a Tibetan monastery located in the Kathmandu Valley. This volume contributes to the often neglected field of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist rituals. It is concerned with the sacred nature of objects for worship as well as with the main Buddhist tantric transformation into a chosen tantric Buddha.
TL;DR: The Mantrakaśishanda as discussed by the authors is a work in this genre that has not been previously published or studied, and the purpose of the text is to read Vedic verses so as to reveal the Skandapurana's Kaśikhada, the most widely circulated Mahabharata.
Abstract: Nilakantha Caturdhara, the seventeenth-century author of the well-known Bharatabhavadipa commentary on the Mahabharata, wrote at least three, and possibly more, works in a genre that he called mantrarahasyaprakaśa, the illumination of the hidden meaning of (Vedic) verses. The Mantrakaśishanda is a work in this genre that has not been previously published or studied. The purpose of the text is to read Vedic verses so as to reveal the Skandapurana's Kaśikhada, the most widely circulated mahatmya of Kaśi or Banaras. In the following study 1 examine the contents of the text and its commentarial rationale, and compare it with Nilakantha's two published mantrarahasya works. I argue that in the latter part of the text Nilakantha departs from the format of the genre that he had earlier created, and I consider some reasons why he might have done so. The topics raised in the work occasion some more general questions about how to place Nilakantha in his historical moment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess some of the most famous travelers, writers, and scholars of Islam in a wide-ranging introduction by Martin Kramer sets them in a broader context, tracing the Jewish fascination with Islam in all its varieties.
Abstract: In this groundbreaking volume of essays, contributors assess some of the most famous travelers, writers, and scholars. The wide-ranging introduction by Martin Kramer sets them in a still broader context, tracing the Jewish fascination with Islam in all its varieties -- romantic, assimilationist, liberal, Zionist, and Marxist.
TL;DR: In this paper, both the religious and the social historian may profitably mine the fada'il al-Qur⊂an literature for valuable insights into, e.g., the position of Qur'a n-reciters in early Islamic society, early attitudes towards writing conventions in the mushafs, modes of recitation, the probity of accepting wages for teaching the Qur'aa, and the authoritativeness of oral vs. written transmission of the Quranic text.
Abstract: Fada⊂il al-Qur⊂an is the usual title given to chapters in various hadith compilations or to individual works that deal with the excellences or merits of the Qur⊂an. It is a sub-category of a literary genre in Islam called fada'il or manaqib (virtues or excellences). In general, this fada'il material has not been studied in depth, and is usually dismissed as praise or hagiographic literature unworthy of the historian's serious attention. This article shows that both the religious and the social historian may profitably mine the fada⊂il al-Qur⊂an literature for valuable insights into, e.g., the position of Qur⊂ a n-reciters in early Islamic society, early attitudes towards writing conventions in the mushafs, modes of recitation, the probity of accepting wages for teaching the Qur⊂an, and the authoritativeness of oral vs. written transmission of the Qur⊂anic text. Vestiges of these issues encoded in fada⊂il al-Qur⊂an traditions have broader implications for the reconstruction of the religious and intellectual milieu of the formative period of Islam.
TL;DR: The two epithets of the Old Iranian supreme god that make up his name, mazda and ahura, may refer to his two functions as primordial poet-sacrificer god, who by his divine sacrifice created the ordered cosmos, and as ruler of the universe and father of many of its constituents, respectively.
Abstract: The two epithets of the Old Iranian supreme god that make up his name, mazda and ahura, may refer to his two functions as primordial poet-sacrificer god, who by his divine sacrifice created the ordered cosmos, and as ruler of the universe and father of many of its constituents, respectively. Moreover, as god of heaven he is the father and consort of Armaiti, genius of the earth, who, when fertilized by heaven in an act of incestuous sexual union, produces her works to benefit all living beings.