Showing papers in "Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society in 1972"

MATING OF THE SOCIAL BEE MELIPONA QUADRIFASCIATA UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS (Hymenoptera, Apidae)1

Abstract: A technique for controlled mating in the social bee Melipona quadri fas data is described. Three queens were mated in 10 X 10 X 7 cm boxes, each with one male 8 to 12 days old. Mating lasted about two seconds.

A comparison of microwave and infrared radiation to control rice weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in wheat

Abstract: Microwave or infrared radiation was used to produce a temperature of 54 ? 1?C in paired samples of rice weevil infested soft winter wheat. Infrared gave greater insect control than did microwave by the following average dif ferences in percentage: 13 for immature stages, 76 for adults, and 56 for Fa progeny of treated adults. A continuation of our efforts to find a promising new method of reducing insect populations in grain has shown that either microwave or infrared radiation can control stored-product insects without leaving undesirable residues. Short exposures of infested commodities to high temperatures can be used to kill insects without adversely affecting the commodity. For example, Tilton and Schroeder (1963) demon strated that infestations of insects within kernels of rice can be ef fectively controlled with infrared radiation. The possibility of using infrared radiation for grain drying has been recognized for many years. Faulkner and Wratten (1969) proposed a large-scale infrared source for drying rice; such a unit could also be used for insect control. Microwave radiation was proposed as an alternative method of obtaining insect control with high temperatures by Hamid et al. (1968). Boulanger et al. (1971) described a large-scale microwave unit that can be used for drying grain or for insect control. As no studies of the comparative efficiency of microwave and infrared energies for insect control had been made, our study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the same temperature pro duced by microwave radiation and by infrared radiation on all stages of rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), infesting soft winter wheat. Methods and Materials Large populations of adult rice weevils were placed in ca. 4,800-g batches of soft winter wheat for 3-day oviposition periods. After oviposition, all adults were removed and the wheat was stored at 27 ? 2?C and 60 ? 3% RH. Insects were placed on the first batch for 3 days, then on the second, third, and so on until adults began 1 Received for publication February 4, 1972. Mention of a proprietary product does not imply endorsement by the USDA. 2 Research Entomologists, Stored-Product Insects Research and Development Laboratory, MQRD, ARS, USDA, Savannah, Georgia 31403. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 45:434-438. October 1972. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.34 on Tue, 17 Jan 2017 17:52:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Vol. 45, No. 4, October, 1972 435 to emerge from the first batch of wheat infested. Seven different batches of wheat containing known ages of rice weevils were used. The 7th batch infested contained only eggs and 1st instar larvae, while the 1st batch contained pupae and adults that had not emerged from the kernels. Different larval instars and pupae were represented in the intermediate batches of infested wheat. In addition, an 8th batch contained adult rice weevils that were placed on the uninfested wheat immediately before treatment and were left on the wheat for a 7-day post-treatment oviposition period. Each of the 8 batches of wheat was divided into twenty-four 200-g samples and placed in 0.47-liter mason jars. These samples were used to provide 5 replications each of microwave and infrared radiation treatments and an untreated check. The infrared radiation source was a Perfection gasfired infrared heater equipped with ceramic panels, and having a rated output of 48,000 BTU/hr and a peak energy emission of 2.5/x. Each sample was spread on a 1225-cm2, 60-mesh brass strainer cloth tray in a layer 1 kernel in thickness and placed beneath the heater for 26 ? 1 sec to attain a temperature of 54?1?C. The distance between the heat source and the wheat was 65 cm. The microwave radiation source was an Amana Radarange (R) microwave oven which operated on a frequency of 2.45 GHz, by using a 1.6-kw magnetron oscillator. Each sample designated to receive microwave treatment was placed in a 19-cm-diam cardboard pan, placed in the center of the microwave oven, and exposed for 23.5 ? 1 sec giving a temperature of 54 ? 1?C. Immediately after treatment the wheat was returned to the sample jars and the temperature of the wheat was taken by using a banjo thermistor and a Yellow Springs Instrument Model 42 5F digital readout thermometer. This method of temperature determination mea sures only grain surface and interstitial air space temperatures. Due to differences in the acquired temperatures of treated samples, 5 microwave-treated samples were selected in a 53? to 55?C range. Each was paired with an infrared-treated sample of the same tem perature. This procedure was followed for all age groups, Excess samples were discarded. Moisture analyses were made at random from samples before and immediately after the various treatments with an automatic Steinlite(R) moisture meter. The average moisture content of all samples before and immediately after treatment was 11.8 ?0.5%. After treatment, the samples were maintained at 27 ? 2?C and 60 ? 3% RH. Emerged adults were removed from the wheat 3 times a week, counted, and discarded. Counts were made until emergence was completed or until an overlap of generations was evident. The percentage of mortality, which served as a measure of the effectiveness of the infrared or microwave treatments, was cal culated by dividing the number of insects that emerged from the This content downloaded from 157.55.39.34 on Tue, 17 Jan 2017 17:52:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 436 Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society Table 1. Average emergence and percentage of reduction in number of adults emerging from wheat containing different ages of immature rice weevils treated at 54 ? 1?C. Reduction in emergence Emergence"1 Infrared Age of microwave insects Untreated Microwave Infrared Microwave Infrared difference (days) (No.) (No.) (No.) (%) (%) (%) 2-5 2,317 352 43 84.9 98.2 13.3 5-8 1,605 163 18 89.9 99.0 9.1 11-14 1,560 278 45 82.2 97.1 14.9 17-20 2,433 328 52 86.6 97.9 11.3 23-26 1,347 285 96 78.9 92.9 14.0 26-29 1,789 555 239 69.0 86.7 17.7 29-32 1,037 232 83 77.7 92.1 14.4 Total 12,088 2,193 576 81.9 95.2 13.3 a Average of 5 replications. treated samples by the number that emerged from the untreated samples, multiplying by 100, and then subtracting from 100%. The mortality of treated adults was determined 7 days after exposure, and all adults were removed and discarded. The progeny of treated adults was determined by counting the emerging Fx adults in the manner described above. Analysis of variance was performed on the results.

Numbers of chromosomes in some species of bees1

Abstract: A chromosome survey was carried out for 20 species of bees with numerical results shown in Table 1. Some features of meiosis in bees are noted and tentative interpretations given. The data indicate that polyploidy has occurred at least 5 times in bees. Increase of one in chromosome number occurred once in the 20 species. Four different Robertsonian fusions occurred in 4 species and two other such fusions occurred simultaneously in one species.

ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF COSTA RICAN HALICTINE BEES, IV. AUGOCHLORA (OXYSTOGLOSSELLA) ( Hymenoptera: Halictidae )x

Abstract: Nests in a loose aggregation of primitively social Augochlora nominata in eastern Costa Rica produced at least 2 separate broods in August (in the wet season), with the foundress queen remaining with the nest while the first brood matured. An average of 2 and up to 5 first brood workers typically remained with the nest, neither mated nor developed ovaries, and assisted the foundress queen in the production of the second brood. Workers were much smaller than the foundress queens, with essentially no overlap in size. If the foundress died or became physiologically sterile (due to parasitism), one or several first brood females mated, developed ovaries, and became replacement queens. Males were produced in the first brood and mating occurred at the nest site. Short nest burrows were dug in the hard clay soil of a bare, level, unused road. Cells extended subhorizontally in all directions directly off the burrow; although usually concentrated at or near the bottom of the nest, they were not encircled by burrows or a cavity as in most augochlorine bees. Cells were not reused, and those of successive broods were usually separated. The mature larva, similar to that of Augochlora pur a, is described, as is the pupa, which shares with other Augochlora distinctive metasomal tergal spines, a caudal knob from which the larval exuvium is suspended, and metasomal sternal projections in the male. Species of Zodion (Diptera: Conopidae) and Rhipiphorus (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae) parasitized A. nominata. At least 50% of the nests were in fested with the mite Anoetus (Astigmata: Anoetidae), which did not harm the bees and whose hypopi were phoretic on metasomal tergum I of emerging female bees. The mite Parapygmephorus (Heterostigmata: Pyemotidae) was phoretic on foundress queens. Collembola were found in the nest burrows. Comparative notes on a first brood nest of A. nominata from western Costa Rica in the dry season and a large nest of A. cordiaefloris are given.

Loss of wheat weight from feeding of lesser grain borer1

Abstract: Feeding on wheat kernels by lesser grain borer larvae and adults resulted in grain shrinkage during storage. Weight loss of wheat from 20 days of larval feeding averaged 9.5%. Weight losses from adult feeding were 19.4, 12.0 9.5, and 6.5% per kernel during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks, respectively, after adult emergence.

WATER UPTAKE DURING LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF A SWEAT BEE, AUGOCHLORA PURA ( Hymenoptera: Apoidea )*

Abstract: A 62% increase in weight of brood of Augochlora pura, attributed to water uptake by the developing larva, was found between the egg plus provisions and the large larva (pollen consumed). Relative humidity near saturation was necessary for eggs and young larvae to survive to pupal stage, after which time they could tolerate drier conditions. Humidity inside cells was from two to ten percentage points higher than outside the cells, in the nest tunnels. The cell lining is believed to help maintain high humidity within the cells. This paper describes the weight gain pattern during the develop ment of the larvae of Augochlora pura, a solitary sweat bee (Halictidae) which nests in rotting logs and practices mass provisioning for its brood (Stockhammer, 1966). Other workers (Knerer, 1969; Batra and Bohart, 1970) have reported weight gain of brood cell contents (provisions plus egg or larva) in other halictids, but the data did not show where the water was taken up. These former studies were made to ascertain the provisioning habits of the bees and their significance in the evolution of social behavior. The "hygroscopic nature" of the provisions was considered responsible for the large amount of water taken up. The phenomenon of absorbing water vapor through the cuticle (May, 1970) as so many other insects are known to do (Beament, 1964) was not mentioned. The waterproofing nature of the brood cell lining (May, in prep.) could have two functions: to prevent water from seeping into the cell too rapidly, and to retain high humidity within the cell. Augochlora does not build nests in substrate which is not sufficiently moist. The same appears to be true for soil-nesting bees. However, after the nest has been constructed, the substrate can dry out. The waxy cell lining around the pollen ball and egg could then serve, like cuticle, to prevent rapid water loss from within the cell. The experiments here described were designed with three goals: 1) To study the weight gain pattern in a solitary species, with particular attention to the amount of water in provisions and in the larvae. 2) To determine whether high humidity is necessary for the survival of eggs and larvae of a solitary bee. 3) To determine 1 Contribution number 1467 from the Department of Entomology, University

Some Properties of the Nest-Building secretions of nomia, Anthophora, Hylaeus and Other Bees

Abstract: Preliminary examinations of melting points, solubilities, and infrared spectra of the nest-building secretions (cell or nest linings) of Hylaeus cressoni, Nomia melanderi and Anthophora occidentalis were made. The oral secretion of H. cressoni appears to be silk. The dissimilar cell linings of N. melanderi and A. occidentalis contain probably polymerized lipids and do not resemble beeswax. The origin, composition, and possible evolution of nest-building secretions in the Apoidea is reviewed and discussed. The brood cells or burrows of various genera of bees (Apoidea) are coated inside with a waterproof film that is secreted by the nesting female. This has been described by many authors as waxlike, varnish like or cellophanelike, according to its appearance. This lining may play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the provisions and brood, and the type of secretion may provide a useful character in dicating phylogeny. Unfortunately, few attempts to determine its origin and composition have been made, although the nests of numerous species have been described. Malyshev (1935) defined two basic types of cell lining: the silk like, secreted orally, insoluble in ether and chloroform and not melting when heated {Andrena, Halictus, Tetralonia, Panurginus and Hylaeus); and the waxlike, secreted from the abdomen, soluble in ether and chloro form, and melting when warmed {Anthophora, Melitta, Macropis). Ad 1 Hymenoptera: Apoidea. Accepted for publication July 11, 1971. 22-Q Plateau Place, Greenbelt, Maryland 20770. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 45:208-218. April, 1972. Vol. 45, No. 2, April, 1972 209 ditional knowledge of these secretions as they occur among the families of Apoidea (as defined by Michener, 1944) will be reviewed below. In the Colletidae (Colletinae), the membranous cell linings of Lonchopria cingulata and L. zonata (Paracolletini) dissolve in benzene, carbon bisulfide, ether, and chloroform; those of Colletes micheneriana (Colletini) dissolve in benzene, carbon bisulfide, ether, dioxane, pyridine, and toluol (Jakobi, 1964). However, Malyshev (1968) found that the elastic, silky film orally secreted by Colletes sp. is insoluble in chloro form and does not melt when heated; the membrane of Hylaeus (Hylaeinae) is secreted by the mandibular glands. The silklike mem brane of Hylaeus cressoni is orally secreted, is insoluble in 11 organic solvents, and does not melt when heated (see below). Among the Andrenidae (Panurginae), Rozen (1967) found that the \"silklike\" cell lining of Pseudopanurgus aethiops is insoluble in xylene, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol, benzene, and ether, and, like the lining of Calliopsis crypt a, it becomes brittle when heated to 200 C. The cell linings of Psaenythia and Panurgus are insoluble in wax solvents and do not melt when heated (Rozen, 1967). However, the \"waxlike\" cell lining of Calliopsis andreniformis dissolves readily in ether, although it is insoluble in ethanol or cold carbon tetrachloride (Shinn, 1967). Alten kirch (1962) suggests that Andrena (Andreninae) may line cells with a secretion produced by the seasonally enlarged integumental glands of the metasomal sterna, possibly mixed with saliva when the glossa is used during its application. The cell linings of 13 species of Halictidae (Halictinae) were in vestigated by Jakobi (1964). They were fully or partly soluble in chloroform, carbon bisulfide, and toluol; some were additionally soluble in benzene, ether, dioxane, xylol, or monochlorbenzol. May (1970), using detailed physical and chemical analyses, determined that the cell lining of Augochlora pura (Halictinae) is composed of polarizing, unstable, high molecular weight lipids with ester bonds; it may be an oxidation product of a similar oily substance in the Dufour's (alkaline) gland. For the application of the cell lining in Halictinae and Nomiinae, the glossa, hind legs, and abdomen are used (Batra, 1964, 1968, 1970). The cell lining of Nomia melanderi (Nomiinae) is soluble in methanol and methylene chloride, partly soluble in toluol, and does not melt when heated (see below). According to Pesotskaya (1929), the inelastic waxy cell lining of Melitta leporina (Melittidae, Melittinae) melts when warmed and dis solves in chloroform; it probably is secreted by the large Dufour's gland. Concerning the Anthophoridae (Anthophorinae), Semichon (1906) found that the Dufour's gland of Anthophora per sonata (Anthophorini) is enlarged during nest-making and contains a greasy, partly volatile substance that when dried becomes white and is soluble in chloroform, as is the white waxy cell lining. It has the same melting point as the cell lining (55-65 C), which is also partly soluble in ether. Malyshev (1925, 1928) observed that cell-making Anthophora squirted a transparent 210 Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society liquid from the end of the abdomen, which rapidly hardened in contact with air. The waxy cell lining of Anthophora occidentalis is secreted near the pygidial process as a pearly gelatinous substance; it and the contents of the Dufour's gland are soluble in ether, and the ether extract of the cell lining has a melting point of 62-65 C, with a boiling point of 136 C (and a fraction boiling at 90-100 C, Esmaili, 1963). The cell linings of Australian Amegilla spp. consist of five thin layers of a white waxy material, insoluble in alcohol or turpentine, that perhaps is secreted as a liquid from integumental glands of the abdominal terga (Rayment, 1944). The waxy, brittle cell lining of Anthophora occidentalis is soluble in methanol, chloroform, ether, dioxane, and acetone, partly soluble in ethanol, benzene, toluol, xylol, and carbon tetrachloride; it does not melt, although the ether extract has a melting point of 49-51 C (see below). The waxlike lining of cells of Emphoropsis miserabilis (Anthophorini) melts at 25 C (Stephen and Torchio, 1961). The cell lining of Melitoma segmentaria (Emphorini) dissolves in chloroform, and that of Thy gat er analis (Eucerini) is soluble in chloroform, carbon bisulfide, and dioxane (Jakobi, 1964). Ceratina dallatorreana (Xylocopinae, Ceratinini) secretes waxlike scales on the metasomal sterna that may be applied to the burrows to make them water-repellent; they are soluble in xylene and ether, and have a solidification point of 57.5 C (Daly, 1966). The metasomal, integumental wax glands of the Apidae and their wax have been investigated by several authors (recently by Cruz Landim, 1963; Roseler, 1967; and Smith, 1954). The cells of Apis, Bombus, and the Meliponini are constructed of wax, which is rendered pliable (in Apis and Meliponini) by a wax solvent produced by the mandibular glands (Cruz-Landim, 1963). In Trigona postica the mandibular gland secretion is an odorous, acidic, oily liquid miscible in alcohol (not water) and stained by osmium tetroxide; in Apis and Meliponini it also serves as a pheromone (Nedel, 1960). Metasomal integumental glands are present in many Apoidea; their function is unknown, but they may produce scents (Jacobs, 1925; Altenkirch,

new subgenus of neotropical Sphecodes cleptoparasitic upon Dialictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae, Halictinae)

Abstract: Sphecodes (Microsphecodes) is described to include the type species S. kathleenae Eickwort, n. sp., from Costa Rica, S. dominicanus Stage, n. sp., from Dominica, West Indies, and related species. Included species are small, broad headed, shiny, sparsely punctate bees, usually with extensive translucent orange or yellow areas on the head, thorax, legs, and base of the subpetiolate gaster. Species are known from Guatemala and the Lesser Antilles to southern Brazil and Peru, and two are known to be cleptoparasites of Dialictus. Sphecodes is a large cosmopolitan genus of bees whose members are cleptoparasitic in the nests of other Halictinae and of Andrenidae and Colletidae. In our studies on the nesting biology of Costa Rican bees (GCE) and on the bees of Dominica, West Indies (GIS), we encountered two new species of cleptoparasitic bees so distinctive in general appearance that we at first thought them to represent a new genus. However, the male terminalia and other characters indicate a relationship with Sphecodes, so we are placing this taxon as a sub genus of that genus. Previous attempts to recognize subgenera in Sphecodes (especially Robertson, 1903) were based on a few characters and have not been widely accepted, although a preliminary study of American Sphecodes by GCE suggests that other subgenera besides the one named below should be recognized. Our new subgenus can be distinguished from other Western Hemisphere Sphecodes by the below characteristics, following the terminology of Eickwort (1969). 1 Received for publication April 20, 1972. 2 Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850. 3 Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 45:500-515. October 1972. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.176 on Tue, 06 Dec 2016 19:36:49 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Vol. 45, No. 4, October, 1972 501 Sphecodes (Microsphecodes) Eickwort and Stage, new subgenus Type species: Sphecodes kathleenae Eickwort, n.sp. Head broad (Fig. 1), in female slightly broader than thorax and with clypeus 3-4 times wider than long. Preoccipital ridge gradually rounded. Hypostomal bridge of female sclerotized anterior to anterior angles of hypostomal carinae. Male antenna short, resembling that of female, flagellomeres increasing only slightly in length apically, slightly longer than wide, without plate areas. Labrum (Fig. 2) similar in female and male; basal elevation transverse, extending across labrum, strongly protuberant; distal process rounded, straight, or weakly emarginate medially. Mandibles of both sexes without sub apical teeth. Pronotal dorsal ridge (Figs. 3-4) narrow and rounded, not carinate; anterior margin of pronotal lateral angle carinate, con tinued as carinate lateral ridge; mesoscutal lip low. Mesoscutum and scutellum polished, with punctures not coarse, separated by over their diameters on discs; propodeum irregularly reticulate posteriorly (Figs. 6 and 18), dorsally reticulate-rugose (Fig. 17) to rugose or with triangle deeply impressed and with strong longitudinal carinae delimiting 2 large median alveoli (Fig. 5). Stigma of forewing (Fig. 7) en larged, convex; marginal cell long with acute apex. No indication of basitibial plate in female; hind basitarsus of male not fused with second tarsomere. First gastral (metasomal) tergum elongate, polished, with widely scattered, very small, distinct punctures. Pygidial plate of male well defined, broadly or narrowly rounded or subtruncate; tergum VII with subapical long setae. Sterna IV-VI of male with gradulus absent or defined basally, not extending over half distance to margin. Hidden sterna VII-VIII of male as in Figs. 10-12 and 21-23; posterior process of VII rounded, with setae, surpassing trun cate posterior process of VIII. Male external genitalia (Figs. 13-16 and 24-27) with large gonobase; convex, seta-bearing, ventral gono stylar process surpassed by expanded dorsal gonostylar process bearing setae ventro-apically; without striations on gonocoxae; penis valve slender, with sharp dorsal crest, without ventral prong, with sub horizontal dorsal penis valve bridge posterior to apodemes; volsella prolonged medially. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs usually with extensive yellowish or orange areas.

The taxonomy of Neivamyrmex texanus n. sp., N. nigrescens and N. californicus (Formicidae: Dorylinae), with distribution map and keys to the species of Neivamyrmex of the United States.

Abstract: A list of species and known castes, distribution map and keys to species of major workers, queens and males of Neivamyrmex from the United States are presented. Included are original descriptions of the worker and queen of Neiva myrmex texanus, n. sp., and the queen of N. californicus (Mayr) ; and a revised description of the male of N. nigrescens (Cresson). Distinctive characteristics, variations, and geographical records are given for the above three species.

Notes on the biology of Emphoropsis pallida Timberlake

Abstract: The nest architecture of E. cineraria (Smith) and E. depressa (Fowler), differs from E. pallida and E. miserabilis in having burrows branched and earthen cells urn-shaped, thick-walled, and placed singly and/or in linear series. These cells are lined with a continuous, waxlike coating, and the caps are flat or concave, similar to those found in most species of the closely related genus Anthophora. Males of E. pallida construct irregular burrows in sand banks in which to spend the night. The females, which forage most actively shortly after dawn and before dusk, provision their cells primarily with pollen of Larrea divaricata Cav. Two meloid beetles were found as parasites of E. pallida: immatures and adults of Lytta magister Horn were found in burrows above the cell level and Zonitis (Neozonitis) (sp.) was found within cells.

The identification and distribution of the tip moths of the genus Rhyacionia (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) in Missouri.

Abstract: Three species of pine tip moths, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), R. buoliana (Schiffermiiller), and R. rigidana (Fernald) occur in Missouri. Rhyacionia frustrana and R. rigidana are found scattered throughout the pine growing regions of the state. Rhyacionia buoliana is found primarily on highway plantings in Jackson and Buchanan Counties. The methods presented for identifying these three species are based on wing venation and on characters of the pupae and genitalia. Three species of pine tip moths occur in Missouri. Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) had been present in Missouri for an indefinite period while R. buoliana (Schiffermiiller), an accidental import from Europe, was detected recently in Missouri (Munson and Hanning, 1969). Rhyacionia rigidana (Fernald) was first reported in the state by Kearby in 1970 (Munson, 1971). Much of the available knowledge about these tip moths has been summarized by Miller and Neiswander (1955, 1959), Yates (1960), and Miller (1967a). Since the recent discovery of R. rigidana and R. buoliana in Missouri, a survey of the pine growing regions was undertaken to determine the distribution of the pine tip moths within the state. Simple but accurate identification techniques were needed for field survey personnel because the life stages are very similar in morpho logical structures and appearance and often occur in mixed populations. The results of the tip moth survey in Missouri and the techniques and characteristics used to separate R. frustrana, R. rigidana, and R. buoliana are presented. Method and Materials Pine tip moth pupae were collected from infested naturally occurring and planted pines throughout Missouri from May of 1970 through August of 1971. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and Scotch 1 Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. Journal Series Number 6379. Approved by the Director. Received for publication April 18, 1972. 2 Former Graduate Research Assistant. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree in the School of Forestry. Present address: USDA ARS ENT, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, P.O. Box A, Columbia, Missouri 65201. 3 Associate Professor of the Department of Entomology and School of Forestry, University of Missouri?Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 45:542-551. October 1972. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.96 on Mon, 18 Apr 2016 07:40:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Vol. 45, No. 4, October, 1972 543