Showing papers in "Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society in 1979"

Flight patterns of three species of sweat bees (Halictidae) foraging at Convolvulus arvensis

Abstract: The flight patterns of three species of sweat bees (Halictidae), Agapostemon texanus, Augochlorella striata, and Lasioglossum sp., foraging at three densities of bindweed flowers {Convolvulus arvensis), are described. The bees usually make very short flights between successively visited flowers. Flight distances increase with decreased flower density. The bees generally exhib ited forward movement on successive flights. The halictid flight patterns are similar to those of bumblebees and honeybees. Several recent investigations have been made to quantify the flight pat terns of some large social bees foraging between flowers (either singly or in inflorescences) at rather high densities (honeybees, Levin and Kerster, 1969a, b; Levin et al., 1971; Waddington, 1979a, b; bumblebees, Pyke, 1978a; Heinrich, 1979). The "flight patterns" between flowers describe a bee's path of movement and have been defined by two parameters. The flight distance is the linear distance between two successively visited flow ers. The change in direction is the difference in angular direction of a flight from a flower to the next in relation to the direction of the preceding ap proach flight to the flower. The angular change is defined between -180? and +180?; turns to the left are given a negative sign and turns to the right a positive sign. The directional change is 0? if the direction of the two flights is identical. In addition to general quantitative descriptions of bees' flight patterns studies have been made of the relationships between the flight patterns and flower density and quantity of rewards. Clear patterns have emerged. Bees maintain high directionality on successive flights. They usually visit near neighboring flowers, which makes their flight distances highly dependent on flower density. They pass by flowers only after visits to flowers with rela tively scant rewards. These patterns appear to enhance the net energy re turns of foraging bees (Pyke 1978a). In this paper I describe the flight patterns of three species of sweat bees 1 Contribution Number 1698 from the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124. Received for publication 28 December 1978. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.212 on Sun, 09 Oct 2016 06:00:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 752 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY foraging at relatively dense arrays of bindweed. Qualitatively the flight be havior of these bees is different from that of honeybees and bumblebees, but there appear to be no studies to quantify their flight patterns. The aim of this paper is to present a quantitative description of the flight patterns of the sweat bees, and relate these descriptions to flower density. Materials and Methods Observations were made of three species of bees of the family Halictidae: Augochlorella striata, Agapostemon texanus, and Lasioglossom (Dialictus) sp. Species of Lasioglossum are difficult to identify in the field so it is possible that more than one species was observed. Bees foraged at bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) flowers which were ar rayed in selected holes of a piece of pegboard masonite measuring 0.61 x 1.22 m. Holes (total = 990) in the pegboard were laid out in a grid-fashion with a 2.54 cm (1 in.) space between the closest columns and rows of points. A coordinate system defined each hole, therefore each hole could be defined spatially in relation to other holes. The pegboard was placed over a water bath (a wooden frame 0.61 x 1.22 x 0.06 m, lined with heavy plastic) in a large field of bindweed on Campus West, The University of Kansas, Law rence. Bindweed flowers, along with more than 2 cm of stem, were picked early in the morning (0600-0730 h) as these one-day flowers opened. The flowers were immediately placed into preselected holes in the pegboard; the stems hung down into the water. The picked flowers continued to open, dehisce pollen, and secrete nectar normally. The flowers wilted by noon, as did unpicked flowers. Three densities of flowers were used: 67 flowers/m2 (total of 50 flowers), 132 (98), and 269 (200). Floral positions were chosen from among the 990 holes using a random numbers table; thus the floral arrays approximated random distributions. Observations were made on several days at each of the three floral densities. Bees were observed foraging at the flowers usually between 0730 and 1100 h. They were observed singly even though more than one bee often foraged simultaneously. The sequence of a bee's visits was read into a cassette recorder.

Analysis of Invertebrate Diversity in a Mixed Prairie Ecosystem1

Abstract: This study evaluates the impact of ten botanical parameters upon grassland invertebrate faunal diversity, density and biomass where plants and invertebrates were collected from the same m2 areas. The two year study, conducted in south central Nebraska mixed prairie, produced regression equations accounting for as much as 55% of the variation in invertebrate species diver sity. Of the invertebrate diversity values used, invertebrate species density (number of species/m2) was best predicted by botanical parameters. Biomass, species density, vertical stratification and range condition were the most important plant factors in predicting invertebrate diversity and biomass.

Factors influencing size and sex ratios in Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

Abstract: Factors influencing the size and sex ratio of the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee, Megachile rotundata, were studied. Bees of both sexes tended to emerge in the typical reverse sequence, the latest cells constructed being the first to produce adult bees, even though cells were removed from the tunnels and incubated separately. Bee size was related to emergence day, but since it was also associated with cell position, it may be influenced by several factors such as temperature, oxygen tension, and pa rental manipulation. Tunnel diameter did not significantly effect the observed sex ratios, but this may be a result of using nest tunnels approximately 12 cm long. Since it was first used for pollination in North America, the alfalfa leaf cutter bee, Megachile rotundata, has grown in importance as the prime alfalfa pollinator, and the amount of research on it has grown correspond ingly. Though most of the studies have dealt with questions of agricultural concern, the ease of raising these bees in a laboratory setting makes them an ideal species with which to study biological problems basic to many Hymenoptera. Three such problems, the regulation of adult size, emergence sequence, and sex ratio, are considered below. The nest of Megachile rotundata consists of a series of cells, end to end, in a tunnel not made by the bee. The characteristics of the tunnel (in nature usually an abandoned burrow in wood made by a beetle) are important in determining the characteristics of a bee's progeny. Tunnel diameter has been considered a factor of prime importance in determining size. From their study on the influence of tunnel size and nest ing material on progeny size, Stephen and Osgood (1965) concluded that large tunnel diameters would increase the number of large bees in a popu lation. Klostermeyer and Gerber (1969) also found that the sizes of the progeny are correlated with tunnel diameter. In fact, when smaller females utilize larger tunnels than large females, the former produce larger progeny. This is because cell size is related to tunnel diameter, and the amount of provisions is related to cell volume. Larger bees result when more food is provided, since larvae generally eat all the provisions available to them. Generally then, larger bees are produced in larger diameter tunnels, but

Nest defense and foraging ethology of a neotropical sand wasp, Bembix multipicta (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Abstract: Nesting females of a neotropical sand wasp, Bembix multipicta, exhibit both preventive and active defensive behaviors in response to nest predation pressures, especially from ants. Three types of outer nest entrance closures which differ considerably in thickness and extents of compaction and concealment are em ployed?temporary, overnight, and final. The cost of a more secure closure is realized for the females during the longer periods of exposure to high surface temperatures, predators, and parasites if she opens the nest entrance when bearing prey. Active defensive behaviors directed mainly toward raiding Solenopsis ants are em ployed when preventive measures fail. The foraging time expenditures of females for tabanid flies around domestic horses is proportional to the relative prey density rather than to the horse's surface area. Vertical elongate dark ob jects, such as a horse's legs (rewarding) or wooden posts (non rewarding), proved to be powerful stimuli eliciting local search for prey. The nyssonine sand wasps are typified by their fossorial nesting aggre gations, and provisioning of nests with paralyzed or dead arthropod prey. They are perhaps best known for the ethological studies of the widely dis tributed subsocial genus Bembix (see Evans, 1957, 1966, and literature cited therein). The genus Bembix is characterized by progressive provisioning of the nest by the female, usually with dipteran prey. When nesting in or near areas frequented by livestock, these wasps may repeatedly take associated tabanid and muscoid flies, thereby earning the wasps the common name of "horse guards" (Bryant, 1870) or "insectos policia". In addition, these wasps have evolved an elaborate repertoire of nest concealment and closure behaviors which serve to reduce larval mortality inflicted by parasitic or predatory arthropods (Evans, 1966). 1 Contribution number 1697 from the Department of Entomology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. 2 Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045. 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90007, U.S.A. Received for publication 22 November 1978. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.33 on Sat, 26 Nov 2016 04:07:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 668 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY This study considers the adaptive implications for the foraging ethology and nest defense strategies of the neotropical wasp, Bembix multiple ta. Materials and Methods The nesting and foraging ethology of Bembix multipicta was studied for one week in mid-August 1978, during the rainy season, at the Sirena Ranger Station, Corcovado National Park, Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica (8?29'N and 83?36'W, elevation 0 m). The study site was located at the end of a grass airstrip, approximately 300 meters south of the Pacific shoreline. Aggregations of Stictia heros and Bembecinus bolivari were also present. Uniquely paint-marked female individuals were observed at their nest sites from dawn to dusk for fifty man-hours. Three nests were subse quently excavated, sketched, and had their contents removed for later anal ysis. The foraging behavior of female wasps at pack horses was observed during the last two days of the study.

New and Little-Known Halictine Bees from Colombia (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Abstract: The following new Halictinae, all from Colombia, are described: Ha bralictus bimaculatus, Caenohalictus eberhardorum, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) breedi, Microsphecodes truncaticaudus (a parasite of H. bimaculatus), and M. trichommus (a parasite of L. breedi). Comments are also included on Lasioglossum (Dialictus) seabrai and Microsphecodes kathleenae. The genera Habralictus and Caenohalictus are discussed and included species are listed. Because L. breedi is almost entirely nonmetallic, it could be included in Evylaeus; it is related, however, to metallic species included in Dialictus. The name Dialictus has priority over Evylaeus and the oldest generic or subgeneric name applied to a species of the group is Hemihalictus. This paper consists primarily of descriptions of new species of the tribe Halictini from the mountains west of Cali, Colombia. In 1976 and 1977 I visited this area in company with Drs. W. J. Bell and M. D. Breed in order to collect information on nesting and social behavior of halictid bees. Most of the species investigated proved to be new; they are described here to provide names for use in a publication on behavior. Comments are also made on the genera, including lists of named species of Habralictus and Caeno halictus.

Distribution of eastern and western alfalfa weevil in Nebraska determined by cross-matings (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Abstract: Dispersal of the 2 populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), in Nebraska was determined by viability of eggs obtained from cross matings of Nebraska weevils with weevils from laboratory-reared colonies of Mary land (eastern) and Utah (western) origin. In previous cross-mating studies with the nearly identical eastern and western populations of the weevil, the cross of eastern females and western males produced inviable eggs. Single pair matings were: virgin Maryland females x field-collected Nebraska males and virgin Nebraska females x Utah males. From cross-matings of Nebraska weevils collected in 1975, 1976, and 1977, the indication is that the eastern and western populations overlap in Central Nebraska at least 150 miles (241 kilometers). The alfalfa weevil, Hypera pos tica (Gyllenhal), has been accidentally in troduced into the United States at least twice, into Utah in 1904 and into Maryland in 1951. That these 2 introductions represent distinct populations is well known and is based on various differences in behavior. Several attempts to differentiate the 2 populations have been made. Pienkowski et al. (1969) found significant differences between the 2 populations in selected proportionate anatomical measurements, but the ranges of the measure ments overlap and can be used only to distinguish between a series of spec imens. Differences in the percentage of encapsulation by the weevil larvae of the eggs of the parasitoid Bathyplects curculionis (Thomas) were noted by Puttier (1967). Differences in encapsulation rate were also used by van den Bosch (1971) as a means of determining the relative distribution of the alfalfa weevil and the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, H. brunneipennis (Boheman) in California. Blickenstaff (1965) was the first to demonstrate reproductive incompatibility between the 2 populations. When eastern females are crossed with western males, inviable eggs are produced. In the reciprocal cross, western females crossed with eastern males, the eggs are fertile and the resultant progeny consists of 6 females for every male. The normal sex ratio for the species is 1:1.

The microdistribution of Allocapnia naiads (Plecoptera: Capniidae).

Abstract: The microdistribution of Allocapnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) naiads was assessed through late fall and winter of 1970-71 by using leaf pack samplers placed in a pool and on riffle and bedrock substrates in Little Pine Creek, Warren County, Indiana. Over all sampling dates, sig nificantly greater numbers of stonefly naiads were collected in riffle sam plers. On a weekly basis, analysis of size of naiads collected from riffle and bedrock samplers revealed no significant differences in their size frequency distributions, however, similar comparisons for riffle and pool samples revealed significant differences on four sampling dates. Generally: (1) the greatest range in size of naiads was found for those collected in riffle samples; (2) species composition in pool, bedrock and riffle samplers was the same; and

The Picicola (Mallophaga: Philopteridae) of the Passeriformes (Aves)

Abstract: Six species of Picicola from the Passeriformes but excluding the family Pittidae are discussed and a key is provided. One new species is described from Basileuterus coronatus regulus; P. rubina is synonymized and the lectotype for P. bimaculatus is designated. iformes.) Hopkins and Clay (1952) recognized seven species of Picicola from the Piciformes and six from the Passeriformes. In 1958 Clay discussed the po sition of Picicola within the Degeeriella complex. Since that time, Dalgleish (1969) has revised the species from the Picidae and formed three species groups, and Somadder and Tandan (1977) have dealt with nine species from the Pittidae. This paper deals with six Picicola species from 14 other Passeriform families. These Picicola differ from the species groups discussed by Dal gleish and Sommader and Tandan in that the sides of the marginal carina of the head are nearly broken where the carina curves around the frons and are on this account assigned to the foedus group. I have tried to parallel Dalgleish's use of diagnostic features where pos sible in the hope that two complementary keys would result. Peters (1948) and Gruson (1976) were used for the nomenclature of hosts. The dimensions provided for each species of Piciola were taken from all of the specimens listed in the "Material Examined" sections. All of the members of the foedus group have a carina which is nearly divided (here called the lateral notch) at the point where the sides curve around the frons, and a varying number of setae and their associated "ca nals" in the portion of the carina anterior to the lateral notch. All of the specimens show a preantennal suture at the posterior edge of the frontal plate, however, in some specimens it is difficult to see.

The hind tibiotarsal and tibial spur articulations in bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Abstract: In sphecoid wasps and short-tongued bees as well as the Megachilidae the hind tibial spurs arise from the apical tibial corium, although in some taxa the bases of the spurs are partially isolated by sclerotic processes. In many of the An thophoridae and Apidae the bases of the spurs are partially or wholly isolated from the corium by processes or bridges, so that the spurs may arise from an isolated but common membrane or from separated membranous areas. The tibio-basitarsal artic ulation proper has been modified in orientation and morphology, and recessed prox imally into the tibia, in some of the higher bees. The functional, taxonomic, and phylogenetic implications of these characters are discussed. This study began as an investigation of the hind tibiotarsal articulations of bees. The tibiotarsal articulation is here interpreted as the entire region comprising the joint of the tibia and the basitarsus, composed of a transverse intersegmental membrane or corium, a tibial articulatory process or acetab ulum (Snodgrass, 1956) lying in the corium, a basitarsal articulatory process or condyle, and the exoskeletal rims and associated processes (Figs. 1 and 2). Pollen gathering and transport behavior and associated derived hind leg movements of female bees, especially in the family Apidae, initially seemed likely to have evolved in conjunction with morphologically recognizable modifications of the hind tibiotarsal articulation. Since such leg movements have been related to apoid phylogenies (Michener, Winston, and Jander, 1978), it would seem that morphological adaptations associated with the movements might contain phylogenetic and taxonomic information. Al though the structures of the condyles and acetabula proved to be only mod erately informative, striking differences in the articulations of the hind tibial spurs were observed. It appears not to have been previously noted that although these spurs often arise from the corium itself, they sometimes arise from a common membrane that is isolated from the corium, and even from altogether separate membranes or sockets. Materials and Methods The basitarsi of dried sphecids and apoids were broken away from the tibiae at their articulations. The revealed structures, both of the tibial apex and the tarsal base, were then measured and drawn using a dissecting mi Received for publication 17 April 1978. 1 Contribution number 1683 from the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.81 on Sat, 17 Sep 2016 05:16:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 124 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 1. Apical view of the left tibia of Xylocopa virginica, female, with the basitarsus removed, showing the acetabulum (a), and both an exoskeletal bridge (b) and process (p) isolating or partially isolating the spurs from the corium (c). (Photo taken with a Philips 501 SEM. The scale line represents 0.25 mm.) croscope, employing a camera lucida and optical micrometer where appro priate. Resolution constraints limited this study to those bees and wasps gener ally over 4 mm in body length. The taxa represented are listed in Table 1, while Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the anatomy of the tibiotarsal structures. To allow meaningful comparisons of hind tibial structures for bees of varying sizes, the following ratios were used: spur length = inner spur length/outer spur length; spur diameter = least basal diameter of inner spur/same for outer spur; spur separation = least distance between spur bases/least width of the apical tibial cavity tangent to the apex of the articulatory process (=acetabulum); and spur remotion = distance from the apex of the ace tabulum to the middle of the shortest line between spur bases/least width of the apical tibial cavity tangent to the apex of the acetabulum. Note that the word acetabulum is for convenience used not only for the socket but for the entire articulatory process. Comparison of the means and variances of these size-adjusted measurements for arbitrarily selected groups of large and small species of bees yielded no significant correlations between overall bee size and any of these ratios. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.81 on Sat, 17 Sep 2016 05:16:41 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 52, NUMBER 1 125 Table 1. Basal isolation of inner and outer hind tibial spurs of female (F) and male (M) bees and wasps. Degrees of isolation of the spur bases from the corium by exoskeletal processes are assigned values as follows: 0 = no isolation apparent (Fig. 3), 1 = partial isolation (Fig. 5), 2 = considerable isolation (Fig. 11), 3 = primary bridge complete (Fig. 21), 4 = primary and secondary bridges (Fig. 19). Occasionally, a bridge (P) occurs that encircles only one spur base (Fig. 8). -Iand indicate greater or lesser isolation than is typical for categories 0 to 4. Sex Inner spur Outer spur Figure

A Key to the Nearctic Species of Celina with Descriptions of New Species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)1

Abstract: Four new species of Celina are described from North America. C. imitatrix n. sp. is abundant in Florida, but ranges north as far as Indiana and New Jersey and also occurs in Cuba. C. hubelli n. sp. is close to C. angustata Aube, and seems to replace that species inland from the coastal areas. C. occidentalis n. sp. occurs on the West Coast in California and Mexico. C. palustris n. sp. is so far known only from North Carolina and Alabama. A key is given to distinguish the Nearctic species. The genus Celina is easily distinguished from all other genera of Dytis cidae by the following combination of characters: body form elongate, the sides subparallel; scutellum large, exposed; elytra acuminate at tip and 7th (apparent) abdominal sterna projecting as a sharp spine beneath the female ovipositor or male genitalia so that the body is distinctly pointed behind; anterior and middle tarsi detectably 5-segmented, but 4th segment small and sometimes partly concealed between lobes of 3rd; male genitalia consisting of an elongate aedeagus of various forms, lateral parameres each consisting of a flattened expanded base and a prolonged, spear-like apex, and accom panying flattened spine-like structure of unknown origin or function. The relationship of Celina are uncertain. The exposed scutellum is unlike that of any other genus of the Hydroporinae, but may be foreshadowed in the Hydroporus oblitus group of species in which a tiny tip may be exposed. Hydroporus rufiplanulus Fall, a rare, semisubterranean spring-living species from the Appalachian region, masquerades in some collections as "Celina angustata."

Effects of diflubenzuron on black vine weevil oviposition, egg viability and adult longevity (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Abstract: Adult black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) were fed 3 concentrations of diflubenzuron (0.05, 0.025, and 0.013 g Al/liter) sprayed on the foliage of yews, Taxus media Reh der. Fecundity of those insects exposed to diflubenzuron was re duced 15-81% compared to that of insects fed nontreated foliage. Reduction of fecundity was caused by decreased oviposition and egg viability. Diflubenzuron did not affect adult longevity. Diflubenzuron (N(((4-Chlorophenyl) amino) carbonyl)-2, 6-difluoroben zamide; Dimilin?; Thompson-Hayward 6040) has shown varying insecticidal properties among a number of insects. Ovicidal and/or sterilant activity following adult exposure has been demonstrated in certain coleopterans (Taft and Hopkins, 1975; McGregor and Kramer, 1976; Calkins et al., 1977; Tedders, 1977) but not among parthenogenetic species. The black vine wee vil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is a parthenogenetic species in which the reproductive system does not mature until 4-10 weeks after adult eclosion (Smith, 1932; Cram, 1958). Adults feed voraciously on foliage during repro ductive maturation, and their feeding, combined with larval damage to plant roots, makes the species one of the more serious pests of ornamental plants in many northern states and also in areas of Canada. Adults live up to 617 days and may produce >1600 eggs (Smith, 1932). Therefore, our experi ments were designed to detect effects of diflubenzuron on black vine weevil oviposition, egg viability, and adult longevity. Methods and Materials Newly emerged black vine weevil adults were collected 15 June 1977, in a yew planting of a Suffolk County, New York nursery. They were taken to our laboratory in Ithaca, placed in 10-cm disposable petri dishes, 5/dish, and fed Taxus media Rehder cuttings which were replaced daily. Each dish was designated as a replicate, and three replicates were assigned per treat ment. The insects were held in a growth chamber at 28?C, with a 12:12 h photoperiod. Received for publication 20 October 1978. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.147 on Wed, 18 May 2016 05:32:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 52, NUMBER 4 663 Three aqueous suspensions of Dimilin 25 WP (0.05, 0.025, and 0.013 g Al/ liter) were applied 20 June 1977, each to one of 3 large (ca. 4-m diameter), multi-plant, isolated blocks of T. media located near our laboratory. A fourth planting was sprayed with distilled water at the same time to serve as a check. All sprays were applied with a Solo? backpack sprayer until runoff. Beginning immediately after the foliage was dry, random foliar samples (ca. 7 cm long) were collected daily from the sprayed areas on each of the 4 plantings and placed in the appropriate dishes to feed the test weevils naturally aging diflubenzuron residues. Dead weevils were removed, all eggs present in the petri dishes or on the foliage were counted, and sprayed foliage was replaced daily. When all weevils in a replicate died, the total number of eggs in that replicate was divided by the cumulative number of live weevils present during each 24 h period, and is expressed as eggs/9 day. The total experimental period was then divided into 5-day intervals, and eggs/9 day calculated for each interval to evaluate treatment effects on oviposition cycles. If fewer than 50 eggs replicate were found during daily counts, all were held to determine the hatch percentage; if more than 50 were present, 50 were randomly selected for observation and the excess counted and dis carded. The eggs to be observed were placed in 30-ml styrene cups con taining 15 ml of hardened plaster of Paris saturated with distilled water. The cups were closed with tight-fitting plastic lids, and held in complete darkness at 28?C, except during observations of hatch. Observations began when the eggs were 9 days old, and continued daily until hatching ceased. All larvae were removed from the cups and discarded when counted. Total hatch per centages and 5-day interval hatch percentages were calculated after all wee vils in a replicate died, and hatch had ceased. Adult longevity is expressed as the mean number of days survived after the weevils' first exposure to treated foliage. We have not included the insects' pre-experimental ages in the longevity data, because we could not assess the intervals between their eclosion and emergence, which may range 4-17 days (Smith, 1932). Following arcsin transformation of the hatch per centages, all data were subjected to analysis to variance and least significant difference mean separation procedures. Results and Discussion Diflubenzuron had no observable effects on T. media, and treated foliage was readily eaten by the weevils. When presented in the manner described, diflubenzuron did not cause significant differences in longevity among the experimental insects (Table 1). The first eggs were found 12 days after the insects' exposure to treated foliage; the last were found 77 days after exposure. The total numbers of This content downloaded from 157.55.39.147 on Wed, 18 May 2016 05:32:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 664 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY j-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 I 4 a * I 1 L\ / \ ? CHECK I "7 NX/ \ ?*0.013g Ai/I 1(4 / / X**^-. \ o?oa025gA./| 1 // \ \ u?u0-05g Ai/I |Cb?-,-,-,-,-,-,-n >ft-??*-1 10 30 50 70 DAYS AFTER ADULT EXPOSURE I-1-1-k-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 R /\ ? CHECK / \ *?*0.013g Ai/I I / A\ o?o0.025g Ai/I I 60| I i\ \ ?"" u0058 Al/| f tAra y UVM DAYS AFTER ADULT EXPOSURE Fig. 1. Five-day interval effects of diflubenzuron on black vine weevils, A: no. eggs/9 day B: % egg hatch. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.147 on Wed, 18 May 2016 05:32:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 52, NUMBER 4 665 Table 1. Laboratory bioassay effects of diflubenzuron on oviposition, egg viability, and longevity of black vine weevil adults. Each mean represents the performance of 15 insects. Treat~ ~ . , * Eggs/9 day Egg viability ment Total Adult Relative g Al/ eggs Fraction Hatch Fraction longevity fecun liter (no.) No.* of check (%)* of check (days)* dity** 0.05 1,869 2.41a 0.45 19. la 0.42 59.8a 0.19 0.025 2,238 2.61a 0.48 19.5a 0.49 67.7a 0.24 0.013 5,525 4.89b 0.91 43.2b 0.93 79.8a 0.85 check 4,992 5.40b 1.0 44.8b 1.0 67.0a 1.0 * Within-column means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at the 5% level of probability. ** Relative fecundity = (eggs/9 day fraction of check) x (egg hatch fraction of check). eggs/9 day laid by the weevils fed 0.05 and 0.025 g Al/liter were signifi cantly less than in the check (Table 1). The ovipositional cycles observed in the check are similar to those reported by Penman and Scott (1976), i.e., a rapid increase in the number of eggs/9 day, followed by a sharp decrease and a series of subsequent fluctuations of lower magnitude (Fig. 1A). The weevils fed 0.05 and 0.025 g Al/liter had similar oviposition cycles, but laid fewer eggs. Eggs laid by weevils fed diflubenzuron at 0.05 and 0.025 g Al/liter were significantly less viable than eggs laid by the check weevils. As the study progressed, viability decreased in all treatments including the check, but diflubenzuron treatments were generally lower (Fig. IB). Egg viability in the check was lower than that reported in other studies (Cram and Pearson, 1965; Cram, 1967; Shanks and Finnigan, 1973), but approximates that re ported by Cram (1965) when black vine weevils were fed nitrogen-deficient strawberry foliage. Cram (1967) reported that apholate-induced sterility of black vine weevils was reversible. Our studies show slight resurgences of oviposition and egg viability among the treated weevils very late in the experiment (Fig. 1), however, few weevils were alive at that time, making those data extremely variable. The cumulative effects of diflubenzuron on oviposition and egg viability are given in Table 1 as "relative fecundity." This was much reduced among those weevils fed diflubenzuron at the 0.05 and 0.025 g Al/liter rates, due to the decreased hatch of fewer eggs than in the check. This net reduction in weevil fecundity clearly demonstrates a potential means of reducing black vine weevil population levels by interference with normal reproductive cycles and suggests that diflubenzuron may similarly affect other parthenogenetic insects. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.147 on Wed, 18 May 2016 05:32:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 666 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Ovipositional and feeding preference of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Clark soybeans in relation to plant pubescence.

Abstract: Ovipositional preference of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), was determined on eight isolines (pubescent types) of Clark soybeans. In field tests, counts of all leafhoppers on the isolines were used as an index of feeding preference; the glabrous and curled deciduous lines had the highest number of leaf hoppers and the dense type the fewest number of leafhoppers. In greenhouse tests, the glabrous line received a significantly greater number of eggs than the other lines, but the curled deciduous line was also highly preferred for oviposition. The dense pubescent soybean line received the least number of eggs. Pubescence of soybeans in relation to attack by the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), has been investigated by several workers (Poos and Smith, 1931; Johnson and Hollowell, 1935; Wolfenbarger and Sleesman 1963; Singh et al., 1971; Broersma et al., 1972; Turnipseed, 1977). In previous research, the number of nymphs of the potato leafhopper has been used as an index of the number of eggs laid and as a measure of varietal preference for oviposition. In the present study, actual egg counts on eight isolines of Clark soybeans were used to determine ovipositional preference of E. fabae and counts of leafhoppers on the isolines in the field were used as an index of feeding preference. Methods and Materials greenhouse tests: A greenhouse test was designed to establish the ovipositional preference of E. fabae on eight isolines of Clark soybeans that 1 Joint contribution: Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, USDA, and Journal Paper No. 8163 of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Mis souri 65201. Part of a thesis submitted by the first author in partial fulfillment of the require ments of the M.S. degree. 2 Formerly Agricultural Research Technician, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, USDA, Columbia, Missouri; presently Agricultural Research Technician, Ag ricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, USDA, Ankeny, Iowa 50021. 3 Formerly Research Entomologist, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Admin istration, USDA, Columbia, Missouri; presently Agricultural Administration, International Programs Division, USDA, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. 4 Formerly Research Entomologist, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Admin istration, USDA, Columbia, Missouri; presently Research Entomologist, Agricultural Re search, Science and Education Administration, USDA, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502. Received for publication 5 October 1978. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.212 on Fri, 10 Jun 2016 04:35:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 604 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY had the following types of pubescence: dense, appressed, curled decidious, irregular, seedling sparse, glabrous, and pure line (normal pubescence). Seed of the eight types was obtained from the U.S. Regional Soybean Lab oratory, Urbana, Illinois. Near isogenic lines of the pubescent types were developed by backcrossing to Clark and selecting BC5F2 plant progenies (Singh etal., 1971). The insects used in these tests were obtained from a colony of E. fabae established in our greenhouse (1968) from adults obtained from Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Broadbeans (Viciafaba L.) were planted in soil-filled flats (15 x 21 x4") and placed in 19 x 21 x 26" sleeve cages constructed from %" plywood covered with clear W plexiglass. When the broadbeans were ca. 8-10" high, 60-70 adult leafhoppers were placed in each cage. Ventilation within the cages was provided by suction fans connected to the back of the cages with 3" dryer hose. Air was pulled into the cages through 4" round holes in each side of the cage that were covered with 32-mesh saran screen. This system provided air circulation within the cages which was necessary for optimum reproduction of the leafhoppers. Each cage produced ca. 400 nymphs and adults in 4-6 weeks. Fluorescent lights programed for 14:10 light:dark cycle were used throughout the season. The eight soybean isolines were planted in randomized rows (10 seeds per row) in 15 x 21 x 4" metal flats and replicated four times. When the plants were 4-6" tall (second trifoliate stage), they were thinned to five plants per row, and the flats were placed in the sleeve cages. Two hundred adult leafhoppers were then released in each cage and allowed to feed and oviposit. After seven days, the plants were cut off at soil level, taken into the laboratory, and boiled in lacto-phenol for 5-7 minutes (Carlson and Hibbs, 1962). The hot lacto-phenol was used to clear the plant tissue and to coagulate egg protein so that the eggs could be counted. Then plants were stored in 70% ETOH until they could be examined. Preliminary examina tions of the plant parts showed that few eggs were laid in the leaves; there fore, only stems and leaf petioles were examined. Subsequently, the stems and petioles were observed under a binocular microscope and the number of eggs laid in each pubescent type was recorded. field tests: Field tests were conducted at the Delta Research Center Farm, Portageville, Missouri (1968 and 1969) to determine the natural oc currence of leafhoppers on the eight pubescent isolines of Clark soybeans. For this test, the pubescent types were planted in four-row plots, 50' long, and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Leafhop per populations were sampled by sweeping the middle two rows of each plot with a 12" sweep net, 10 sweeps per plot. Sweeps were made in a canoe paddling fashion, i.e., the net was thrust forward as far as possible and swept rearward along the upper portion of the plants. Each sweep covered This content downloaded from 157.55.39.212 on Fri, 10 Jun 2016 04:35:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 52, NUMBER 3 605 Table 1. Ovipositional preference of Empoasca fabae, occurrence of leafhoppers, and tri chome counts on isolines of Clark soybeans. Mean no. Mean no. Mean no. Mean no. E. fabae leafhoppers/10 sweeps trichomes/ trichomes/ eggs/plant cm on sq. mm Isoline_1968a-c_1968bc_1969bc_stems on leaves Glabrous 43.9 a 76.0 a 65.3 a 0.0 0.0 Curled deciduous 32.2 b 44.0 b 43.6 b 27.0 6.6 Appressed 24.3 be 25.5 c 21.9 c 29.6 5.9 Seedling sparse 23.1 be 11.8 de 10.1 d 13.5 4.8 Pure line 22.9 be 8.5 e 11.5 d 30.5 7.9 Irregular 21.3 be 20.0 cd 15.4 cd 26.1 4.7 Sparse 19.1c 13.0 de 11.6 cd 20.3 2.8 Dense 17.1c 5.5 e 9.7 d 44.6 10.4 a Greenhouse tests. b Field tests. c Means followed by the same letter do not differ at the 0.05 level of significance by Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). about three feet of row. Boyer (1967) used this method in collecting the three cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say) and considered it the most effective sweep for collecting homopterans on soybeans. After each series of sweeps, the insects in the net were anesthetized with C02, counted, and subsequently released. Although E. fabae was the predomi nant species, all species were included in the counts. examination of plant pubescence: The trichomes on stems and leaves of the eight pubescent types of Clark soybeans were counted on plants grown in the greenhouse. Trichome counts of stems were made on five plants of each type when the plants were eight weeks old (three trifo liolate stage). The stems were examined at three sites: near the base of the plant, above the first trifoliolate petiole, and just below the uppermost tri foliolate. A section of the stem at each site was cut longitudinally and tri chomes along one centimeter of the cut edge were counted. Trichome counts of leaves were obtained by selecting the middle leaf of the last fully devel oped trifoliolate of five plants and counting the number of hairs in a 4-mm2 section of the underside of the leaf. All trichome counts were made with the aid of a stereoscope microscope. Results and Discussion The number of eggs oviposited by E. fabae on the eight isolines of Clark soybeans is shown in Table 1. The glabrous line received a significantly greater number of eggs than all other pubescent types. Curled deciduous was also preferred for oviposition. No significant difference in oviposition was This content downloaded from 157.55.39.212 on Fri, 10 Jun 2016 04:35:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 606 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY H WKLr _ ^H mm. WKKKKKKk ^^^^^^^^ B ^^^^^^HHHf ^^^^^M^^^SS^^^SS^^^^^^t. w^' Dense Glabrous deciduous ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^J^^^^^^^^^^B HHHHHB^gi ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HHS^ra^Sj^B Seedling sparse ^^^^^^^^^^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^H m ifliLll^^Kj^M^Sr^S..;^^^^^Si Pure Line ****** *" line ^/f^gjj^jg^^^S^S^^^fSS. Curled decidljpus

Two New Species of Bovicola (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae)

Abstract: Two new species of Bovicola are described and il lustrated: B. multispinosa collected off Pseudois nayaur in Nepal and B. fulva off Ammotragus lervia in Texas. Two series of Bovicola Ewing sent to us by Dr. Christian Weisser, Zoo logisches Institut, University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany, and Dr. Danny B. Pence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, have been found to represent new species. It is our purpose here to describe and illustrate these species. Bovicola multispinosa n. sp. (Figs. 1-3) Male: As in Fig. 3. Total length 1.63-1.65 mm. Head width at temples 0.40-0.42 mm, length 0.31-0.33 mm; anterior margin slightly concave; basal antennal segment enlarged. Prothorax width 0.36-0.39 mm. Abdomen width 0.42-0.44 mm; with 6 pairs of spiracles; pleural and tergal plates faint but defined. Chaetotaxy with numerous short setae as shown in Fig. 3; cluster of longer setae on each side of tergite II. Ranges of setal counts on abdomen: tergite I 6-8, II-V 50-60, VI 45-55, VII 40-50, VIII 35-40, IX 34-42; ster nite II 55-60, III-VII 50-70, VIII 35-40. Terminal abdominal segment with elongated protuberance. Genitalia prominent, 0.73-0.75 mm long, 0.07 mm wide, with pair of long slender parameres as shown in Fig. 2. Female: As in Fig. 1. Total length 2.12-2.15 mm. Head width at temples 0.52-0.53 mm, length 0.40-0.41 mm; anterior margin flattened; antennae with somewhat enlarged basal segment. Prothorax width 0.45-0.48 mm. Abdomen width 0.55-0.57 mm; much as for male, except for larger pleurites and denser chaetotaxy as shown in Fig. 1. Ranges of setal counts on ab domen: tergite I 7-9, II 70-80, III 75-85, IV-V 85-95, VI-VII 90-105, VIII 70-85, IX 30-34; sternite II-VII 70-85; subgenital plate 55-65. Holotype male and allotype female from Pseudois nayaur Hodgson (Ar tiodactyla: Bovidae), 20 miles north of Dhorpatan, Nepal, 13 April 1975, collected by P. Wegge, and deposited in the collection of the U.S. National Museum. Paratypes, 40 of both sexes, same data as holotype, with speci mens distributed to other major collections. Received for publication 28 December 1978. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.176 on Sat, 09 Apr 2016 06:38:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 748 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

New or little known Agallinae from central America (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Abstract: Five new species are described: Agallopsis puta?a n sp (Panama), A pallidipennis n sp (Panama), A imitans n sp (Panama), Agallia freytagi n sp (Honduras) and A panamensis n sp (Panama) The male and female genitalia of Euragallia nervata (Om) are illustrated The five new species of agalline leafhoppers described at this time are from Honduras and Panama The Honduras species was collected by Frey tag and Gibson in 1967 The Panama specimens were collected by J G Sanders (1921), later by T T Howard (1939) and Triplehorn and DeLong collected material in 1967 Euragallia nervata (Om) has been collected in Guatemala, Salvador, Panama and Mexico Agalliopsis puntana sp n Fig 1 Length 5 mm Yellow-brown S Face with two large squarish spots in upper margin, an inverted T-shaped figure in upper part, a ring around ocelli, anteclypeus, and a round large spot at antennal pits, black; frontoclypeus with short dark lateral arcs; margins of lora dark Crown with small apical spot and two pairs of triangular lateral spots black; eyes brown Pronotum with anterior margin, median stripe and a large transverse discal spot on either side, black Scutellum black, base with T-shaped middle spot, apex with margins, pale Elytra mainly dark brown, appearing striated owing to pale veins, the most distinct of which are the claval veins, claval suture and the basal parts of the forks of M Under surface largely black Legs yellow-brown 9 Like male but paler Dark pattern less intense Dis cal spots of pronotum round Scutellum pale yellow with basal triangles and two dots in basal part and a middle spot in apex, black Elytra golden brown with longitudinal dark shadows; veins as in S Body large Elytra with two closed subapical cells Male genitalia in Figs 2-7 Side lobes of pygofer rounded, apical margin provided with wing-like irregularly dentate process Anal tube short and broad, basal ventral angles with small claw-like process Genital plates tri angular Aedeagus with enlarged base; shaft band-like and rather straight, a pair of subapical falcate processes recurved laterodorsad, apex of aedea 1 SF-21220 Somersojo Finland, visiting professor, Ohio State University 1976-77 2 Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus Received for publication 23 June 1978 This content downloaded from 2074613176 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 06:19:04 UTC All use subject to http://aboutjstororg/terms

Patterns of host tree visitation by Scolytus quadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Abstract: The process of host visitation by the hickory bark beetle, Scolytus quadrispinosus Say was studied on 30 black hickories, Carya texana (Buckley). Beetle flight was directed and healthy hosts were visited infrequently. The average process of host visitation lasted 6 weeks (range 3-14 weeks). Ninety-five percent of all beetles were caught in weeks 1-6, and peak numbers were caught in week 3. During the first week of visitation males predominated; females predominated thereafter. The hickory bark beetle, Scolytus quadrispinosus Say (Cole?ptera: Scol ytidae) uses its hosts in two different ways. Newly emerged adults fly to crowns of healthy hosts to feed in twig crotches. Once this feeding is com plete the beetles seek weakened hosts where gallery construction and ovi position take place (Blackman, 1924). Aspects of host visitation during ovipositional attack have been described for S. quadrispinosus (Goeden and Norris, 1964a, 1965) and S. ventralis LeConte (Ferrell, 1971). Here we report data which augment previous studies on S. quadrispinosus oviposi tional attack. Materials and Methods Field studies were conducted in 1973 and 1974 in the Clark National Forest, Dent and Reynolds counties, Missouri. 1973 flight trapping: Sticky traps coated with Tree Tanglefoot? sam pled S. quadrispinosus visitng the boles of black hickories, Carya texana (Buckley). Traps were made of 2.5 cm plaster lathing and 14 mesh aluminum window screening. Rectangular frames 75 x 30 cm were assembled from plaster lathing. A 75 x 30 cm piece of screening was stapled on each frame. The traps were deployed in sets of 4/tree. Individual traps were held together by a combination of screw eyes and screw hooks in appropriate corners. An entire set of 4 traps was held in position by a screw hook installed in the tree bole at 2.4 m above ground. Direction of a set of traps was chosen using a table of random numbers. Six C. texana 10-15 cm D.B.H. were sampled with these traps from August 9 to November 1. Five of the trees Received for publication 22 February 1978. 1 Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. 8055. 2 Present address: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843. 3 Department of Entomology and the School of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.57 on Sat, 10 Sep 2016 04:32:07 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 52, NUMBER 1 113