Showing papers in "Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society in 1985"

Multifemale nests and rudimentary castes in the normally solitary bee Ceratina japonica (Hymenoptera : Xylocopinae)

Abstract: Ceratina jap?nica is most commonly a solitary bee. About 20% of nests contain more than one female. Multiple female nests are usually reused from a previous season. Ovarian development of cohabiting females is variable and about one-half of them are uninseminated. Artificial induction of multifemale nests was attempted. In 11 out of 12 such nests, the larger females served as guards and the smaller females as foragers. Eggs were laid either by the larger females alone or by both larger and smaller cohabitants. Apparently C. jap?nica is at an incipient stage of social evolution. Since Hamilton's studies (1964), theoretical explanations of the origin and development of sociality in Hymenoptera have received much attention, resulting in the publication of many interesting articles (for reviews see Wilson [1971] and Starr [1979]). In order to improve our knowledge of these problems, we need, besides a theoretical framework, much more precise information on the lives of primitively social wasps and bees (West Eberhard, 1978), especially on those occurring at the boundary between solitary and social life. The present paper deals with the occurrence of rudimentary castes in multi female nests (MFN) of the basically solitary bee Ceratina (Ceratinidia) jap?nica Cockerell. The small carpenter bees, Ceratina, have long been considered solitary (Michener, 1974). Chandler (1974), however, published a brief note suggesting the presence of some social tendencies. In certain Japanese species traits exist that can be regarded as precursors of social life, and MFN are occasionally found in the brood rearing season (Sakagami and Maeta, 1977). This paper gives further information on (1) the analysis of MFN found in nature and (2) artificial induction of such nests. Materials and Methods life of c. jap?nica: C. jap?nica is univoltine and is distributed throughout Japan except Okinawa and eastern Hokkaido. Its mode of life does not differ essentially from that of most its congeners (Sakagami and Maeta, 1977). Females excavate nests in pithy cores of twigs or stems, prepare the brood cells serially, separated by pith partitions, and practice mass provisioning for immatures. The life cycle can be divided in seven periods or phases, Pi-P7 (Table 9). analysis of natural mfn: In Morioka (39?45'N), where this study was carried out, nests of C jap?nica are dug mainly in dry stems of Rubus, Kenia and other pithy plants growing in semi-shaded wood margins. From 1974 to 1980 many dry stems of Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus were placed vertically in natural nest sites in the spring. The occupied nests were collected from late June to late July (Table 9, from the end of period P2 to P3), either in the evening or on cloudy/ rainy days when the adult inhabitants were presumably all in their nests. As C. 1 Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan. 2 Laboratory of Insect Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Shimane University, Matsue 690, Japan. Accepted for publication 26 January 1984. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.28 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:18:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 640 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Fig. 1. (left) Nest room for rearing of Ceratina jap?nica, a wooden stand supporting artificial nests at the center and sweet clover as food source at the right, (right) Wooden stand for artificial glass-tube nests covered with black paper. jap?nica often reuses nest burrows constructed in the prior year, a number of occupied stems were always left at the sites and examined the next year. The following features are used in this study. I. Number of immatures of each stage and of adult females. II. Size of each female. Divided in six classes, S0-S5, by head width (Table 4). III. Age of each female. In this species more than 50% of the mothers born in the previous year pass through their second winter and many of them successfully produce a second brood (Sakagami and Maeta, 1977). Based on wing and man dibular wear, females were divided into new (Aq, those emerged the previous autumn) and older (A,). IV. Spermathecal condition, inseminated (Fi) or not (F0). V. Ovarian condition. Using the criteria established by Kurihara et al. (1980), females were divided in three classes: Egg layers (02). Ovaries contain oocytes of either stage IV (completely chorionated egg) or III (full grown oocyte before completion of chorionation), or if not, III' (oocyte degenerated from III). Previous egg layers (Ox). Ovaries do not contain IV, III, III' oocytes, but indicate previous laying activity by the enlarged calyces of some ovarioles which may contain corpora lutea. Non-egg layers (O0). Ovaries are threadlike, containing only stage I, II (previtellogenic or early vitellogenic) or F, II' (degenerated from I or II) oocytes. The symbol O' designates the females parasitized by Zodion vsevoldi Zimina. Distinction of O, from O0 was difficult in some late nests, the females of which exhibited advanced ovarian degeneration. In such cases the number and stages of the immatures and ovarian conditions of cohabitants were taken into consideration. In difficult cases precedence in assigning the ovarian class was given to the occurrence of previous oviposition. artificial induction of mfn: In early spring, adult males and females (both Ai and Aq) in the P7 stage (Table 9) were liberated in several 3 m (1) x 1.5 m (w) x 2 m (h) vinyl roofed rooms set in a greenhouse (Fig. 1). Glass tubes 50 cm long and 5 mm in inner diameter were used for nest substrates. The pithy cores of Kenia jap?nica of appropriate diameter were inserted in the tubes, each core being furrowed along one side to form a straight guide along which the bee burrows. About 20-30 tubes were supported on a wooden stand (Fig. 1). Each tube was kept semihorizontal, 5 cm from its neighbors with the entrance directed about 8? This content downloaded from 207.46.13.28 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:18:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 57, NUMBER 4 641 Table 1. Number of multifemale, solitary and orphan nests examined (respectively Nm, Ns, N0) and (in parentheses) their percentage ratios. %Nm Nest type Year Multifemale Solitary Orphan Total (Nm + N,)~l Newly built 1974-75* 2(1.1) 153(84.1) 27(14.8) 182 1.2 1976 0(0) 18(69.2) 8(30.8) 26

The introduction of the European Bee, Osmia cornuta Latr., into the U.S. as a potential pollinator of orchard crops, and a comparison of its manageability with Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Abstract: A population of the European bee, Osmia cornuta Latr., was successfully transported to the U.S. from Spain and managed through the winter in temperature cabinets. Incubation of these bees during late April of the following year was also successful and resulted in their introduction in Utah to an isolated apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) orchard supplied with nest shelters filled with various types of man-made nest materials. A smaller population of a related pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (native to North America) was also mass-released in the same orchard for comparative purposes. Nests of both Osmia species were recovered from all nest materials supplied and the same pollen species (predominantly apple) was collected from all cell provisions. Other biological and behavioral comparisons between these two Osmia species (nest architecture, egg deposition, development of immatures, prenesting dispersal patterns, expressed pref erences for establishing nests in particular materials, courtship and mating habits) were also remarkably similar. Dispersal by prenesting O. cornuta females was, however, greater than that of O. I. propinqua. As a consequence, proportionately fewer O. cornuta established nests in the orchard and, as a result, the nesting population of O. cornuta decreased whereas the nesting population of O. I. propinqua increased. In 1974, the USDA Bee Laboratory in Logan, Utah established a cooperative program in Spain with the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA) through the Central Regional Laboratory in Valladolid. The program included a survey of the Spanish bee fauna to determine candidacy of those species as po tential pollinators of alfalfa seed crops grown in the United States (Parker et al., 1976) and Spain (Asensio, 1979). The survey required placement of nest trap materials in the field from which nests of Osmia cornuta Latr. were obtained early in the flight year. An additional effort was then made to trap larger numbers of O. cornuta bees during subsequent nest trapping years for the following reasons: (1) O. cornuta is a member of the type subgenus Osmia (Osmia) and it is closely related to Osmia cornifrons (Ra doszkowski) and Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson. (2) In Japan, O. cornifrons has been developed into a commercial pollinator of fruit trees (Maeta, 1978; Maeta and Kitamura, 1965a, b, 1974, 1981), and the species has more recently been established in the United States (Rust, 1974; Batra, 1979, 1982). (3) O. /. propinqua is a North American species now in the final phases of development as a pollinator of almond (Torchio, 1979, 1981a, b, 1982a) and apple crops (Torchio, 1976, 1982b, c, 1984-85). (4) The nesting biology of O. cornuta is 1 Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Utah State University, UMC 53, Logan, Utah 84322. 2 Centro Regional de Investigaci?n y Desarrollo Agrario de la 5a Division, Crida 05, Apartado 733, Valladolid, Spain. Accepted for publication 22 February 1984. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.92 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 04:58:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 58, NUMBER 1 43 similar to related species. (5) Preliminary field observations indicated that O. cornuta might also be a manageable pollinator of orchard crops. In 1975 and 1976, nests of O. cornuta were sent to the USDA Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory in Logan, Utah where bees were incubated under quar antine and released in the greenhouse with O. I. propinqua. Both species were studied intensively under glass-house conditions (unpubl.) and their biologies were found to be remarkably similar. A small population of O. cornuta was also released into a large almond orchard near Huelva, Spain in 1976 and it was learned that this species, like O. I. propinqua, can nest successfully in commercial orchard environments. These positive results led directly to an expanded trapping program in Spain to obtain a large population of O. cornuta for introduction into the United States. The trapping program proved successful and, as a result, O. cornuta was intro duced into an apple orchard in Utah (1978) in competition with O. I. propinqua. The results of that study are reported herein. Methods and Materials The 15-hectare orchard used in this study is located in Logan, Utah at the base of the Wasatch Mountains. Nest shelters were adapted from military footlockers (each, 81.3 cm x 43.2 cm x 30.5 cm) constructed of plywood and attached in dividually to implanted metal fence posts (Torchio, 1982c). Near the eastern edge of this orchard, 2 to 4 nest shelters were positioned next to every other tree in 7 adjacent rows of trees (2 shelters in each outer row, 4 shelters in the central row, and 3 shelters in each of the 4 remaining inner rows) to form an encirclement (21.9 m radius) of 20 equally-spaced nest shelters. Near the western edge of the orchard, 12 additional shelters were distributed similarly across 5 rows of trees to form a smaller circle (14.6 m radius) of equally-spaced units. One additional shelter was then placed at a center-point, 547 meters between each of the 2 groups of nest shelters to house a Belfort? hygrothermograph (continuous recorder) that remained operational throughout the flight period of released bees. All 33 nest shelters were positioned to face SE. Osmia cornuta was mass-released in the center of the 20 nest shelters placed near the eastern edge of the orchard. Preparations for release of this bee species required trap nesting activities in Spain during the previous year, nest transfer to the United States in November 1977, and dissections of nests under quarantine. Cocoons obtained from dissected nests were inserted into clear, #000, gelatin capsules and placed into a 3?C temperature cabinet in late November. These capsules were then transferred to a 29?C temperature cabinet during mid-April of the following year. Incubation required 4 days during which time capsules were checked often and those with adults emerged from cocoons were returned to the 3?C temperature cabinet. After incubation was completed, bees were de-encap sulated in the 3?C temperature cabinet and placed into emergence boxes (Torchio, 1982a) where they remained until transferred to the orchard for release. Nest associates recovered from O. cornuta nests were identified and then in cinerated along with dissected nest materials, emerged cocoons, and used gelatin capsules. Osmia /. propinqua was mass-released in the center of the 12 nest shelters placed near the western edge of the same orchard. These bees were derived from the This content downloaded from 157.55.39.92 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 04:58:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 44 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY same source as another population used in a second 1978 study (Torchio, 1985). Preparation and treatment of cocoons followed the same techniques described above except that encapsulated O. I. propinqua cocoons were placed in the 3?C temperature cabinet on October 1. Only wood nest materials were placed in shelters surrounding the O. cornuta release site. Three redwood nest traps (Torchio, 1982c), each containing 46 holes inserted with paper soda straws (7 mm inside diameter), and one short laminate block (Torchio, 1985) with 52 holes were placed centrally in each nest shelter. In addition, 4 long laminate wood blocks (each having 105 holes) were attached individually to apple trees as corner traps and positioned one row outside the encirclement of nest shelters. Therefore, a total of 84 nest traps and 4220 nest holes were made available in nest shelters and trees surrounding the O. cornuta release site (4 traps and 190 holes/shelter). Both milk carton and wood nest traps were added to the 12 nest shelters surrounding the O. I. propinqua release site. Two types of milk carton nest traps were used [those with unpainted soda straws (Torchio, 1982c) and those with soda straws painted black (Torchio, 1985)], and one of each was placed in a nest shelter. In addition, a short laminate nest block was added to each shelter, and 6 long laminate blocks were attached individually to trees in a similar pattern as described above. Thus, a total of 42 nest traps and 2430 nest holes were added to nest shelters and trees surrounding the O. I. propinqua release site (3 traps and 150 holes/shelter). On the second night following release of adult bees, a flashlight was used to examine available nesting holes in the orchard to determine the number and location of each nesting Osmia species. Nest materials were returned to the laboratory on May 26, 1 day prior to the application of pesticides in the orchard. These nest blocks were retained in the laboratory until mid-September at which time all nest materials were dissected and data recorded. Pollen analysis followed the same procedure outlined in an earlier study (Tor chio, 1976).

Calling behavior in female cockroaches (Dictyoptera:Blattaria)

Abstract: Females of several species of cockroaches exhibit specific "calling stances". Typically, the abdomen is lowered toward the substrate. In some species the genitalia are expanded and relaxed periodically. Both virgin and previously mated females (after par turition or egg deposition) assume "calling poses". In the field, females with protracted copulations (e.g., Xestoblatta) call during defined time intervals early in the night; females which copulate for shorter periods (e.g., Nyctibora) call later. Calling has been observed in three of the five cockroach families, and may be involved with the release of pheromones. Most of the approximately 4000 described species of cockroaches have a tropical distribution. Because of the paucity of studies on non-synanthropic species, and because of their nocturnal activity, little information is available about these cockroaches outside of the taxonomic literature. Roth and Willis (1952), Barth (1968), Bell (1982), Breed (1983), and Schal et al. (1984) review the occurrence of volatile and contact sex pheromones, the most common mate-location mechanism in the Blattaria. Volatile pheromones may be emitted by females or by males. The role of male pheromones is thought to involve both mate-location and mate-selection (Breed, 1983); their operational distance is rather short. Female volatile sex pheromones are known in three of the five families of cockroaches and may attract males over several meters (Tobin, 1981; Seelinger, 1985a, b). Roth and Willis (1952) and Barth (1970) delineated the courtship sequence of Periplaneta americana (Blattidae: Blattinae), and Wharton et al. (1954a, b), Rust (1976), and Tobin et al. (1981) quantified the relationship between female equiv alents of the sex pheromone and the male's responses. The midgut has been suggested as the most likely site of sex pheromone production in this species (Bodenstein, 1970; Takahashi et al., 1976). Two components of the sex pheromone of P. americana have been isolated and characterized from extracts of female feces (Persoons et al., 1979; Taiman et al., 1978; Sass, 1983), and one component, periplanone B, has been synthesized (Adams et al., 1979; Still, 1979). In the lab and in the field P. americana males are attracted to the synthetic compound in a wind current from distances of up to 28 m (Tobin, 1981; Seelinger, 1985a, b), and in still air over a distance of up to 10 m (Tobin et al., 1981; Bell et al., 1984). Both the production of sex pheromone by females and the responses of males are known to be influenced by temperature (Appel and Rust, 1983). This report describes specific "calling" postures of female tropical cockroaches. Previous to these findings, Willis (1970) described "calling behavior" in Lati 1 Dedicated to George W. Byers on the occasion of his 62nd birthday. 2 Present address: Department of Entomology & Economic Zoology, Cook College, Rutgers Uni versity, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. Accepted for publication 19 February 1984. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.45 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 04:42:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 262 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY blattella (Blattellidae: Plectopterinae) from Honduras, in which females lowered the tips of their abdomens, assuming positions similar to those of "courting males", and males were attracted to calling females. Tobin (pers. comm.) also observed this behavior in virgin females of four Periplaneta species. Hales and Breed (1983) reported a similar behavior in Supella longipalpa (Plectopterinae). Materials and Methods The insects were observed and collected at Finca La Selva, an Organization for Tropical Studies field station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica (see Hold ridge et al., 1971 for description of site). Most observations were conducted during March to July 1979, February to May 1980, and March to June 1981. Diel calling and mating patterns of Xestoblatta (Blattellidae: Blattellinae) were observed in the field. The frequencies of occurrence of these behaviors were determined at hourly intervals and standardized for the amount of time spent searching. Insects were also reared in soil-lined plastic cages in an outdoor insec tary. Food and water were provided ad lib. Other species were also observed in the field, but data on patterns of calling and male responses were collected at the University of Kansas in a laboratory maintained at approximately 25?C with a 12:12 hr light : dark regime. Results and Discussion description of calling: Females of Xestoblatta cantralli, X. hamata (Blat tellidae: Blattellinae), Nyctibora notivaga, N. lutzi, Megaloblatta blaberoides (Blat tellidae: Nyctiborinae), Capucina patula (Blaberidae: Zetoborinae), and Epilam pra maya (Blaberidae: Epilamprinae) exhibit specific calling stances. Typically, calling females appear to raise their wings in a manner similar to courting males (Figs. 1-12). However, as noted by Willis (1970) and in conflict with Hales and Breed's (1983) interpretation, this display results from lowering of her prothorax and distal abdominal segments so that the abdomen is flexed away from the folded wings. Her legs, particularly the hind legs, are straightened, lifting the body away from the substrate. Unlike males, females of three species of Latiblattella that engage in calling behavior do not have modified abdominal terga, but males are attracted to and palpate the female's dorsum (Willis, 1970). Epilampra and Capucina females also apparently lack specialized tergal glands. In Xestoblatta and Nyctibora females, however, intersegmental and genital membranes are exposed continuously or periodically during calling (Figs. 2-4, 7-9, 11, 12). X. cantralli females expose a conspicuous yellow membrane which is normally hidden by terga 8 and 9. Unlike other females, X. cantralli also roll the distal abdominal segments laterally (Fig. 3), thus alternately directing the exposed dorsal membrane to the left and right. Simultaneously, the genital pouch is expanded by lowering the seventh sternite, exposing the vestibulum and the intersternal folds (terminology of McKittrick, 1964). Nyctibora and Capucina females also periodically expand the genital aperture in a manner previously described for Supella longipalpa (Hales and Breed, 1983). The function of this behavior and the significance of its temporal pattern are unknown. Field results provided only indirect evidence that calling females are more This content downloaded from 157.55.39.45 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 04:42:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 58, NUMBER 2 263 Figs. 1-12. Calling postures of some cockroach species. 1. Xestoblatta cantralli in normal position perching on a leaf. 2-4. X. cantralli in a calling posture. Note rolling motion in 3. Arrow indicates exposed genital membranes. 5. Normal perching posture of A", hamata. 6-9. Stages in calling behavior of X. hamata females. Arrow in 9 indicates expanded genitalia of courted female. 10. Mating X. hamata. 11, 12. Calling Nyctibora noctivaga female in the laboratory. attractive to males than are non-calling females. In several instances unusually high male densities were observed near calling Xestoblatta females. However, we were unable to attract males to calling females in screened cages, nor to calling females tethered on leaves. In cages in the laboratory, non-calling females were not attractive to males, whereas calling females elicited locomotion and courtship. factors affecting calling: In all species in the present study, as well as in This content downloaded from 157.55.39.45 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 04:42:57 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 264 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Spastomeloe, a New Genus of Meloini from Peru (Cole?ptera: Meloidae)

Abstract: The new genus Spastomeloe is described for the new species S. formosus, from Tacna, and S. singularis, from Piura, both in Peru. This is the second alate genus of Meloini and the first endemic South American genus. In anatomical characters of the triungulin larva S. formosus is more similar to species of Eurymeloe Reitter, new status, than to those of either Meloe Linnaeus or Spastonyx Selander. In the adult stage Spastomeloe shows special similarity with Spastonyx not only in retaining the hindwings but also in several characters of male courtship behavior. Interpretation of cladistic incompatibility of larval and adult characters indicates that, with the inclusion of Eurymeloe, the genus Meloe is polyphyletic. It is therefore proposed that Eurymeloe (which is redefined, on the basis of larval characters, to include Meloe cicatricosus Leach and M. tuccius Rossi) be elevated to generic rank. Further, it is suggested that Spastonyx, despite its similarity to Spastomeloe in adult characters, is more closely related to Meloe. As a result of the redefinition of Eurymeloe, Coelomeloe Reitter is reduced to a junior synonym of it. For many years the meloid tribe Meloini (sometimes treated as a subfamily) was regarded as containing only the apterous genus Meloe Linnaeus (Cros, 1940; MacSwain, 1956). In 1970 Pinto and Selander added the alate genus Spastonyx Selander, originally described as a subgenus of Eupompha LeConte in the tribe Lyttini (Selander, 1954). This addition was based primarily on a consideration of larval characters of one of the two species of Spastonyx, S. nemognathoides (Horn); subsequently, Pinto (1974) verified that the larva of the second species, S. macswaini (Selander), is of the same type. Like others before them, Pinto and Selander were aware of the heterogeneous nature of Meloe and, in fact, intimated that Spastonyx, despite its retention of hindwings, might prove to be a closer relative of the nominate subgenus of Meloe than some of the other subgenera. The principal element of heterogeneity in Meloe is the occurrence of two quite distinct larval types. The first of these is associated primarily with species of the subgenera Eurymeloe Reitter, Coelomeloe Reitter, and Meloegonius Reitter; the second is characteristic of the remaining subgenera for which larvae are known and the genus Spastonyx. In the new genus Spastomeloe, described in the present paper, the alate condition of Spastonyx is combined with the first larval type, thus rendering wing development and larval type fully incompatible in the cladistic sense and, as discussed below, considerably strengthening the argument that the genus Meloe is polyphyletic. Accordingly, in this paper I propose to expand the scope of Eurymeloe and to elevate it to generic rank, and I will refer to it hereafter as a genus.

Seasonal changes in the reproductive condition of female black cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Abstract: Female black cutworms captured in blacklight traps during the 1978 and 1979 flight seasons in Iowa and Ohio were dissected and assigned to one of four reproductive classes. When females were categorized according to three flight periods (spring, summer, fall) the results showed that the spring and fall flight periods were dominated by older mated females and unmated females, respectively. The summer flight periods were rep resented by large proportions of each of the four reproductive classes. The significance of these seasonal changes in the reproductive condition of female populations is discussed relative to pest management considerations. In Ohio (1979), 74% and 66% of the females of the spring flight and summer flight, respectively, had mated once. The concept proposed by Sherrod et al. (1979) that black cutworm, Agrotis ?psilon (Hufnagel), larvae injuring seedling corn in the north central region of the U.S. arise from eggs oviposited by female moths in cornfields in early spring is now generally accepted by entomologists in this region. Each year the moths first appear between mid-March and mid-April. These moths may overwinter or arise from overwintering forms. However, despite Crumb's (1929) report that he suc cessfully carried black cutworm pupae through the winter in Tennessee, research ers (Apple, 1967; Carey and Beegle, 1975; Story and Keaster, 1982) have been unable to demonstrate an overwintering potential for this noctuid in more north ern regions. Instead, as hypothesized by Kaster and Showers (1982), the early spring moths, or a large portion of them, may immigrate to the north central region on strong southerly winds. Progress in resolving the question of the origin of the spring moths in the north central region is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the complete life history of A. ?psilon in this region. A recent contribution (Kaster and Showers, 1982), how ever, has led to a better understanding of one aspect of the life history of this 1 Approved for publication as Journal Article No. 83-83 of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, and Journal Paper No. J10056 of the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa 50011. Project No. 2280. 2 This paper reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product in this paper does not constitute a recommendation for use by the USDA, the Ohio Agricultural Research and Devel opment Center, The Ohio State University, or Iowa State University. 3 Formerly Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and De velopment Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691. Presently Research Entomologist, USDA, ARS, Biological Control of Weeds Laboratory-Europe, % American Embassy, APO New York 09794. 4 Predoctoral Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011. 5 Research Entomologist, Corn Insects Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ankeny, Iowa 50021 and Professor, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011. 6 Formerly Technical Assistant, Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and De velopment Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691. Accepted for publication 26 January 1984. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.11 on Sun, 17 Apr 2016 06:40:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 58, NUMBER 1 63 insect, namely its reproductive biology. These researchers found that all the early spring females captured in Iowa blacklight traps were mated; females captured in these traps during the autumn were mostly unmated. They used this information to formulate their immigration hypothesis. The present study, conducted con currently with the Kaster and Showers study, explored in more detail the repro ductive biology of A. ?psilon in the north central region. To accomplish this objective we collected detailed information on the reproductive condition of females captured in Iowa and Ohio blacklight traps by placing them into one of four reproductive classes (see next section). The results of this 2-yr study are reported here and discussed, in particular, as they relate to the pest management of this insect. Methods and Materials iowa: In 1978 moths were collected from eight blacklight traps, each located adjacent to a central Iowa (Warren Co.) cornfield. The minimum distance between any two traps was 3 km. Traps were checked three times/wk from April to mid September and weekly thereafter until mid-October. In 1979 six traps were op erated between April and late-October; the location and collection schedule was the same as in 1978. Dissections were performed on freshly collected moths or on individuals held in a freezer xh but % of that of a Class 1 female. This approach was applied to the mated females in the following way. Females receiving rankings of "c" for fat, "b" or "c" for eggs, and "b" or "c" for chorionated eggs were placed in Class 2; Class 3 females had rankings of "b" for fat, "b" for eggs, and "b" or "c" for chorionated eggs; Class 4 females had rankings of "a" for fat, "a" or "b" for eggs, and "a", "b", or "c" for chorionated eggs. In those few cases where there was doubt about a ranking, the lower one was chosen. The amount of fat material and eggs present proved to be the best criteria for assessing the reproductive condition of the female moths. Females caught in 1979 in the central and southern traps were held in a freezer until the subsequent winter when they were dissected and classified only as un mated or mated. This procedure was followed because freezing moths for several weeks resulted in a deterioration of fat material and ovariole structures, thus making it difficult to distinguish between Class 2, 3 and 4 females.

New Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Alabama

Abstract: Three new species of Hydroptila, H. lagoi, H. chelops, and H. patriciae, and a new Neotrichia, N. mobilensis, from Alabama are described and illustrated. In recent years, light trap collections from throughout Alabama have revealed a great diversity of microcaddisflies. Seven new species have been reported from the state (Harris and Kelley, 1984; Kelley and Harris, 1983); and, with the new species described herein, the number of Hydroptilidae known from Alabama totals 79 species. A comparison to Tennessee with 38 species (Etnier and Schuster, 1979), Mississippi and southeast Louisiana with 28 species (Harris et al., 1982a), and Florida with 35 species (Blickle, 1962; Harris et al., 1982b), would suggest the Alabama fauna is particularly species rich or the states surrounding Alabama have been inadequately surveyed. The new species of Hydroptila described here were collected primarily in the vicinity of springs and small spring runs in west-central Alabama. The new Neo trichia is only known from the Mobile River in coastal Alabama. Type material will be deposited in the collection of the author and at the following institutions: National Museum of Natural History (USNM) and Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS). Hydroptila lagoi, new species (Fig. 1) In most respects this species closely resembles H. lonchera Blickle and Morse. It differs primarily in the shape and location of the heavy spines of segment VIII as well as other characters of the male genitalia. male: Length 2.4-2.7 mm. Antennae 25-segmented. Dark brown in alcohol. Sternite of abdominal segment VII with short apico-mesal process. Segment VIII deeply incised dorsally, rounded posteriorly in lateral view with five or six heavy feather-shaped setae on ventro-lateral margin. Segment IX retracted into VIII. Segment X long, rounded and lightly sclerotized basally; deeply incised in dorsal view, each narrow arm clublike at tip. Inferior appendages long and narrow in lateral view, sharply angled at base; ventrally wide at base tapering to apex and slightly diverging, a sclerotized ventro-lateral projection beyond midlength. Phal lus tubular, paramere at midlength making complete revolution; ejaculatory duct protruding at apex. female: Unknown. holotype, male: ALABAMA, Tuscaloosa County, Big Sandy Creek at spring, 4 miles S Coaling, T22N, R7E, S25, 9 June 1982, S. C. Harris (USNM). paratypes: Same data as holotype, \6 (USNM); same, 3 June 1983,666 (USNM, INHS, SCH). Accepted for publication 23 March 1984. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.181 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 04:54:36 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 58, NUMBER 2 249