Showing papers in "Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society in 1998"

Intraguild predation between an introduced lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and a native lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

Abstract: The introduction of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonio axyridis Pallas (Cole?ptera: Coccinellidae), to the United States has led to its interaction with native coccinellid species. Harmon?a axyridis adults and larvae co-occur temporally and spatially with adults and larvae of the native species, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), which is the most abundant coccinellid species on sweet corn in Kentucky. We tested the capability of H. axyridis to develop on a diet of only C. maculata eggs and the propensity for either species to prey upon the other. We found that H. axyridis larvae can complete development on a diet of only C. maculata eggs and that pr?dation between H. axyridis and C. maculata larvae usu ally results in H. axyridis eating C. maculata. The multicolored Asian lady beetle (Harmonio axyridis Pallas [Cole?ptera: Coc cinellidae]) was introduced into the United States as a biological control agent of several arboreal homopteran pests. Repeated releases of H. axyridis were made in several states starting in 1916, and now this beetle is found throughout much of the United States (Gordon, 1985; Tedders and Schaefer, 1994; LaMana and Miller, 1996). Since the first detection ofH. axyridis in Kentucky during 1992, it has been found in that state on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) (Pfan nenstiel, 1995; Cottrell and Yeargan, 1998a, b), in addition to arboreal habitats. Dur ing our field studies on the native lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) in sweet corn, we noted that H. axyridis (adults and larvae combined) was the second most frequently observed predator species feeding on C. maculata eggs on sweet corn (Cottrell and Yeargan, 1998a, b). Additionally, an observation was made of a late-instar H axyridis eating a late-instar C. maculata on sweet corn in the field (T. E. Cottrell, pers. obs.). In the laboratory, when reared in petri dishes with food and water provided ad li bitum, approximately ten C maculata larvae could be kept in single 9-cm-diameter petri dishes through pupation with little or no cannibalism. However, when H axyridis larvae were reared in this manner, cannibalism sometimes occurred, even though excess food was provided (T. E. Cottrell, pers. obs.). From our field and lab oratory observations, H axyridis larvae appeared more aggressive than C maculata larvae. Our primary objective was to determine, under controlled conditions, the out come of intraguild pr?dation between these coccinellid species. We also determined whether the invading species could utililize eggs of the native species as a food source. Finally, as an index of relative aggressiveness of the two species, we exam ined the tendency of each species to cannibalize similar-sized larvae. 1 Current address: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, South eastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, Georgia 31008. Accepted for publication 26 October 1998. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.215 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:08:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 160 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Materials and Methods Laboratory colonies of both H. axyridis and C. maculata were started from adult beetles collected near Lexington, KY. These colonies were used for collection of eggs and larvae used in pr?dation and cannibalism studies. Colonies were maintained at 27 ? 1?C and a photoperiod of 15:9 (L:D) hr in an environmental chamber. Indi vidual adults were kept in 9-cm-diameter petri dishes and provided a blended beef diet (100 g beef liver, 100 g ground beef, and 12 ml of 5% sucrose [wt/vol]) wrapped in laboratory film (Parafilm "M'\ American Can Company, Greenwich, CT) (Cohen, 1985). The diet of//, axyridis adults was occasionally supplemented with Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs to increase the beetles' egg production. Water was provided by placing a moistened, cotton dental wick in the petri dish. Green floral paper was cut into 10-cm-diameter circles and used to line lids of petri dishes containing adult, female coccinellids. This paper provided females with an oviposi tional substrate which was easily removed and replaced. Egg clusters were collected daily. Helicoverpa zea eggs were collected from a laboratory colony maintained by methods modified from Ignoffo (1965) at 15:9 (L:D) hr and room temperature. Pr?dation of C. maculata eggs by H. axyridis was examined by placing 30 unfed first-instar H. axyridis larvae individually into 9-cm-diameter petri dishes with a moistened cotton dental wick for a water source, and providing C. maculata eggs, ad libitum, daily. Data were recorded for number of larvae surviving through each instar, pupal stage, and for emerged adults. To obtain larvae of the appropriate size or instar for our studies of larval pr?da tion and cannibalism, larvae of both species were reared singly in 9-cm-diameter petri dishes at 15:9 (L:D) hr and 27 ? 1?C with H. zea eggs ad libitum for food and a moistened cotton dental wick for a water source. All pr?dation and cannibalism experiments were done in 9-cm-diameter petri dishes in environmental chambers at 15:9 (L:D) hr and 27 ? 1?C. No food or water was provided during the intraguild pr?dation or cannibalism experiments, but an open container of water was placed at the bottom of the incubator to increase humidity. Thirty-one second-instar H. axyridis were paired with second-instar C. maculata and, after 24 hr, numbers of live and eaten larvae of each species were recorded. A 2 x 2 contingency table was used to compare totals for live and eaten H. axyridis with live and eaten C. maculata. We used Yates' correction for continuity to calculate %2 because the degrees of freedom = 1 (Zar, 1996). Intraguild pr?dation was examined and analyzed in the same man ner for the following combinations of H. axyridis and C. maculata: fourth-instar H. axyridis versus fourth-instar C. maculata (N = 35 pairs) and first-instar H. axyridis versus third-instar C. maculata (N = 36 pairs). In addition to testing intraguild pr? dation between specific instars, we also tested it for individuals that were similar in size. For that experiment we weighed third-instar H. axyridis and fourth-instar C. maculata using a Mettler AE 163 balance (Mettler-Toledo, Inc., Worthington, OH), and 31 H. axyridis third instars were paired with similar-weight C. maculata fourth instars. Because these individuals were similar in size, we felt that they might require a longer period to engage in intraguild pr?dation. Thus, data were recorded at 24 hr and again at 96 hr, and results were analyzed for each time as previously described. Twenty pairs of fourth-instar C. maculata were set up as described for intraguild pr?dation experiments above and cannibalism was recorded after 24 hr. Similarly, 36 pairs of fourth-instar H. axyridis were examined after 24 hr and cannibalism was recorded. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.215 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:08:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 71, ISSUE 2 161 Table 1. Laboratory study of interspecific pr?dation and cannibalism by H. axyridis and C. maculata. Combination Duration Result 2nd instar H. axyridis vs. 2nd instar C. maculata 4th instar H. axyridis vs. 4th instar C. maculata 1st instar H. axyridis vs. 3rd instar C. maculata 3rd instar H. axyridis vs. 4th instar C. maculata 4th instar C. maculata vs. 4th instar C. maculata 4th instar H. axyridis vs. 4th instar H. axyridis 24 hr 86.7% pr?dation on C. maculata 0.0% pr?dation on H. axyridis 24 hr 94.3% pr?dation on C. maculata 0.0% pr?dation on H. axyridis 24 hr 0.0% pr?dation on C. maculata 68.6% pr?dation on H. axyridis 24 hr 16.1% pr?dation on C. maculata 3.2% pr?dation on H. axyridis 96 hr 93.1% pr?dation on C. maculata 6.9% pr?dation on H. axyridis 24 hr 5.0% cannibalism 24 hr 33.3% cannibalism

Electrophoretic analysis of orius insidiosus (hemiptera : anthocoridae) feeding habits in field corn

Abstract: The feeding habits of the hemipteran predator Orius insidiosus were studied over a period of several weeks in Northwest Kansas field corn using gel electrophoresis. The banding patterns of the starved predator and 6 different potential food items of the predator were determined for the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Field collected predators were then analyzed with electrophoresis to determine the food items present in their gut. Sampling was done in three different fields once per week for 10 weeks during 1992 and once a week for 8 weeks during 1993. Our results indicated that early in the season (early to mid-June) be fore tasseling of corn, the predominant food item of O. insidiosus was flower thrips. During late June and early August, O. insidiosus fed mostly on corn pollen. Corn leaf aphids, leafhop pers and eggs and first instar larvae of the European corn borer and the corn earworm were utilized as food at relatively low levels. Late in the season (mid-August to early September), a food item that we could not identify, but suspect to be corn kernels, was detected in the predator's gut. Our results suggested that (1) O. insidiosus did not frequently consume the eggs or the first instar larvae of the European corn borer or corn earworm in corn, and (2) electrophoresis is a suitable method for studying the feeding habits of field-caught predators. The insidiosus flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), is a preda ceous insect found on field crops in the midwestern United States (Isenhour et al., 1990). Orius insidiosus is a polyphagous predator which feeds on plant and arthro pod material allowing it to persist in a variety of habitats (Kiman and Yeargan, 1985). Orius insidiosus often occurs in corn, Zea mays, and is abundant during pollen shed and silking (Corey, 1994). Its presence in corn fields coincides with eggs of the sec ond generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, and corn earworm (CEW), Heliothis zea (Isenhour and Marston, 1981; Isenhour and Yeargan, 1981; Coll and Botrell, 1991). Orius insidiosus nymphs and adults consume eggs and first instar larvae of ECB and can complete development on an exclusive diet of ECB eggs (Andow, 1990). In field tests, in the absence of other prey and predators, fewer corn borer and corn earworm larvae emerge after exposure to O. insidiosus (Reid, 1991). Because ECB is an important pest of corn in the United States, the extent of pr?dation by O. insidiosus on ECB eggs is of interest to integrated pest management programs. Food habits of individual predators may be determined by direct observation in the field or in the laboratory. The drawbacks of a laboratory-based approach include labor-intensive nature, artificiality of the environment, and non-applicability to cer tain arthropod groups (Lister et al., 1987). In some cases recognizable prey remains may be identified in the gut of predators that chew their food (Sunderland, 1975; Phillips, 1981), but in predators with a liquid diet, such as the Hemiptera, more so phisticated techniques may be required (Giller, 1984). An important development has been the study of feeding habits of individual predators by electrophoretic analysis of prey remnants inside their gut. Using elec trophoresis, Murray and Solomon (1978) determined that the anthocorid, Anthocoris Accepted for publication 20 June 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:03:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 12 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY nemoralis, preferred the aphid, Pterocallis alni, over the alder sawfly, Fenusa dohrnni. Similarly, Skinner (1983) identified the feeding preferences of A. nemoralis for aphids and psyllids in apple orchards. The above studies and others like them (see Corey, 1994) suggested that the use of electrophoresis to study the food habits of field-collected predators could provide information that is important in the con text of integrated pest management. Furthermore, a study that includes an examina tion of temporal dynamics of predator feeding throughout a growing season is likely to provide an indication of the predator's potential as a biological control agent, given its response to various food items available at any given time. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine, using electrophoresis, the feeding habits of field collected O. insidiosus through an extended period of the growing season. Materials and Methods field sampling of o. insidiosus and its prey: Studies were conducted in Riley County, KS, during 1992 and 1993 in two commercial corn fields and one corn field at the Kansas State University (KSU) Agricultural Experiment Station. The plots were selected because of their proximity to alfalfa and soybean which act as refugia for O. insidiosus before the migration of predators to corn (Isenhour and Marston, 1981). The corn was grown without the use of insecticides. During 1992, the two commercial study sites were approximately 55 m x 67 m in area and the KSU plot was 27 m x 33 m. During 1993, the dimensions of the two commercial plots were 80 m x 60 m and that of the KSU plot 27 m x 42 m. Weekly sampling commenced on July 1, 1992 and June 9, 1993 and ended in late August or early September, when corn plants generally did not contain O. insidiosus. Sampling was performed at approximately 7 a.m. Corn plants were cut with garden shears, placed in large plastic bags along with a tag to identify the field and location and placed in a refrigerator for 2 hr. Immature and adult O. insidiosus were counted and a minimum of three individuals from dif ferent parts of each plant were placed in prenumbered vials and their location on the plant was noted. The vials were stored at -70?C until use. The presence of ECB egg masses, corn leaf aphids (CLA), Rhopalosiphum maidis, corn earworm (CEW) eggs and larvae, leafhoppers, grass thrips, Anaphothrips obscurus, and other possible prey was recorded but not quantified. electrophoretic analysis of field collected o. insidiosus: Prey remnants in the guts of individual predators were identified by means of poly aery lamide gel elec trophoresis (PAGE) of enzyme loci using a Hoefer Scientific SE600 system. Initially, laboratory reared and starved O. insidiosus immatures and adults, ECB eggs and 1st instar larvae, CEW eggs and 1st instar larvae, CLA, corn pollen, silks, and anthers, thrips, spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, adult and nymphal leafhoppers were ho mogenized individually in 40 |Lil of buffer (10% sucrose, 0.01% bromphenol blue, 1% Triton X-100 dissolved in tris-citrate electrode buffer) and examined for enzy matic activity as described by Kambhampati et al. (1990). Eight enzyme systems, viz., glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, esterase, phos phoglucoisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphogluco mutase, malic enzyme, and alkaline phosphatase were examined with two different buffer systems: tris borate-EDTA (0.81 M Tris, 0.2 M boric acid and 15 mM EDTA, pH 8.9) and tris citrate (0.78 M Tris, 0.24 M monohydrate citric acid, pH 7.1). Sensitivity tests were This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:03:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Diversity and abundance of bees visiting a mass flowering tree in disturbed seasonal dry forest, Costa Rica

Abstract: Loss of habitat is one of the primary reasons for loss of species and for over all reduction in biodiversity, including the recent decline of pollinating insect populations. Comparison of systematic samples of bees attracted to a mass flowering tree, Andira inermis (Fam. Fabaceae), in 1972 and 1996 at Liberia, a site in the seasonal dry forest of Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, indicated a significant reduction of bee pollinators due to habitat loss over the 24 year period. In 1972, about 70 bee species were collected from trees of A. iner mis at Liberia. In 1996, only 28 species were collected, and their frequencies were substan tially lower. Overall the 1996 sample represented a reduction of 90% in total bees collected. Samples collected during the same season at a second less disturbed site, Monteverde, were both higher in numbers of species (37) and in numbers of bees than the Liberia collections. Loss of habitat due to agricultural development and other human-disturbances such as fire are discussed as the primary reasons for the loss of bee species richness and abundance at the two study sites. Andira inermis trees varied in their relative attractiveness to bees. At one extreme, some trees attracted a wide variety of species in large numbers; at the opposite end were trees at tractive to very few individuals. In between were trees attractive to large anthophorid bees such as Centris and Epicharis and to a much lesser extent to honey bees (most or all of which were Africanized); other trees were attractive to primarily honey bees and to a much lesser extent to large bees. Several possible explanations for differential attraction of bee taxa to A. inermis and a brief assessment of the potential impact of Africanized honey bees on native bees in our study areas are offered.

Sleeping aggregations of the bee idiomelissodes duplocincta (cockerell) (hymenoptera : anthophorini) and their possible function

Abstract: Males of the bee Idiomelissodes duplocincta roost in the evening together on the stems of desert shrubs during summer months in central Arizona. The size of the aggre gation can vary greatly during the few days to several months when a shrub is being used as a sleeping site. Some males return to the same plant for up to two weeks but show little site fidelity to a particular stem. When frequently-occupied stems are experimentally cut and moved to new sites in a shrub and replaced with other stems of similar dimensions, the bees rarely utilize the replacement stems but instead shift elsewhere or seek out the previously popular stems in their new locations. This result suggests that odor cues applied by sleeping bees (or some other special properties of the favored stems) attract male bees coming to spe cific roost sites. Sleeping aggregations are occasionally visited by a predator of the bees, the assassin bug Apiomerus flaviventris. However, the number of assassin bugs present at any one aggregation on a given evening is small (not exceeding four in the present study), and few bees are taken. Sleeping bees do not attack or harass the assassin bug. Moreover, they usually ignore approaching assassin bugs rather than flee, even when the predator vigorously attempts to subdue a neighboring bee on a sleeping stem. Thus, male bees in sleeping ag gregations apparently gain anti-predator benefits largely through the dilution effect.

Taxonomic composition and temporal organization of tropical and temperate species assemblages of lotic chironomidae

Abstract: General features of the taxonomic composition and temporal organization of species assemblages of tropical and temperate lotic Chironomidae are described and com pared. Seven studies of emergence phenology using pupal exuviae are included in the analy sis: four studies on three streams of northwestern Costa Rica, and three studies on two streams in western Pennsylvania. Each of the seven studies was conducted for at least one year, but all phenological analyses were restricted to one-year periods. The collection sites for all seven studies were 2ndto 3rd-order sections of the streams. Species richness of the Costa Rican assemblages ranged from 142-151 for the one-year periods used in the phenological analy ses, and from 82-184 for the Pennsylvanian assemblages. Each assemblage was dominated by members of the subfamilies Chironominae, Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. The aver age number of species occurring in the tropical stream samples was about 1.8 times the num ber in the temperate samples (45.9 and 26.1, respectively). The number of species emerging was moderately to greatly influenced by seasonal changes: dry-wet season shifts in the trop ical streams, and summer-winter shifts in the temperate streams. The number of days per year during which the average species was emerging was determined for all seven assemblages by estimation and direct calculation methods. By both methods, the average Costa Rican species was found to be emerging for many more days (116.2 and 132.9 per year by the two methods) than the average Pennsylvanian species (70.0 per year by both methods). Change in taxo nomic composition through the year was determined by calculating the change in similarity (Sorensen Similarity Coefficient) for all combinations of pairs of samples. Pairs of temper ate stream samples were generally less similar the greater the time period separating them. The mean change between compared samples of the three temperate studies ranged from 0.73 to 0.74. Although taxonomic composition of the tropical stream samples changed throughout the year, the degree of change between compared samples generally did not increase with time. The mean change between compared samples for the four tropical studies ranged from 0.50 to 0.58. On the whole, the results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis (Coffman, 1989) that the life cycles of low-latitude stream species are much less seasonally regulated than those of temperate latitudes, and that there may be different developmental stages representing several generations of a species present at the same time. Latitudinal patterns of taxonomic composition, species richness and phenology of lotic assemblages of Chironomidae, to the extent that they exist, are not very well documented. Our knowledge has been limited primarily by three factors: 1) the small number of detailed taxonomic studies on extra-temperate streams; 2) the obscuration of such patterns by the fact that other conditions [temperature, productivity, gradi ent, substrate, altitude, stream size (order), etc.] interact in a complicated fashion, Accepted for publication 15 April 1998. This content downloaded on Wed, 6 Feb 2013 11:59:46 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions VOLUME 71, ISSUE 4 389 often resulting in streams of the same latitude having very different taxonomic com positions and/or levels of species richness; and 3) the very small number of extra temperate studies which have examined phenology. Considering many of the factors that may play a role in determining species rich ness of lotic assemblages of Chironomidae, Coffman (1989) hypothesized that the richness of low-latitude streams should be less than that of similar streams at mid latitudes. It was argued that the lack of clear seasonality of temperature and food types at low latitudes should result in the species assemblage of any one stream con sisting of the set of chironomid species that was best adapted to these nearly per manent conditions, and that they should become asynchronous in their life histories. Thus, it was suggested that \"all species should be doing all things at all times\". This meant that each species should be represented at all times of the year by most, if not all, larval instars and that some adult emergence should be taking place at all times. Each of the instars of each of the species would occupy physical and trophic niche space that in mid-latitude streams would be occupied by separate, and much more synchronously developing, species. Therefore, it was predicted that given the finite supply of niche resources and nearly constant conditions, the species assemblages of low-latitude streams should be smaller and less phenologically distinct than those of mid-latitude streams. At the time, the only studies on low-latitude species rich ness and phenology of low order stream assemblages were those of Lehmann (1979, 1981), who found relatively small numbers of species that were, for the most part, continuously emerging throughout the year in two streams in Zaire. Since then, Fer rington et al. (1993) have provided similar results for a small stream in Puerto Rico. However, analyses of pupal exuviae collections from low-latitude streams (Costa Rica and West Africa) have revealed species richness values that are, in general, at least as great as those of similar mid-latitude streams (Coffman et al., 1992). In this paper we attempt to reconcile the apparently conflicting evidence concern ing chironomid species richness of low-latitude streams, and test the prediction of sharply defined differences in emergence phenology between mid-latitude and low latitude streams. Results of seven studies of species richness and annual phenologi cal patterns (four from Costa Rica and three from western Pennsylvania) will be pre sented to assess the generality of latitude-related phenomena. Since nearly 500 species were encountered in these studies, it is clearly not possible to treat each sep arately in this paper. Instead, we will limit the comparisons to macrotaxonomic and macrophenological patterns: taxonomic composition and temporal change in com position at the subfamily and tribal levels, as well as to estimates of change in sim ilarity indexes of species collected as a function of time. Methods Field procedures Chironomid pupal exuviae were collected at intervals for at least one year in each of the seven studies, although the year of study, the number of samples, and the in tervals between samples varied (Table 1). Natural accumulations of floating exuviae from behind stream flow blocks, e.g., logs, were concentrated using a 0.25 micron sieve and preserved in 70% EtOH. The number of exuviae collected depended on the size of the accumulated mass of debris, the number of specimens emerging in the 1-2 day period before collection, stream flow and temperature conditions (the higher the temperature the more rapidly exuviae sink). This content downloaded on Wed, 6 Feb 2013 11:59:46 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 390 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Table 1. Time periods during which collections were made and the number of samples of exuviae taken; where different, the one-year time period and number of samples used in phenological analyses. Geographical area collection site Collection period Number of samples Costa Rica Q. Las Yeguitas, Maritza 12 Feb 1989-9 Feb 1990 16 Q. Las Yeguitas, Orosi 12 Feb 1989-9 Feb 1990 13 R. Tempisquito Sur 11 Feb 1989-9 Feb 1990 13 R. Tempisquito, Maritza 10 Feb 1989-9 Feb 1990 23 W. Pennsylvania Powdermill Run, Moul 2 Jan 1983-20 Dec 1983 21 Powder-mill Run, Hdqtrs. 1 Feb 1983-2 Jan 1984 19 Linesville Creek 4 Jan 1991-3 Jan 1992 42 The advantages offered by pupal exuviae are well documented and include: all species emerge at the water surface, the exuviae remain floating for at least a day, large numbers of specimens can be rapidly collected, species from all microhabitats are included, and discrimination of species is usually more readily made than with either larvae or adults. Laboratory procedures The species composition of each sample was determined by the examination of all specimens with a dissecting microscope. The number of specimens varied from a few hundred in dry season and winter samples to as many as 70,000 during peak emergences. Most samples from all seven sites contained more than 1000 specimens. Examples of each species from each sample were slide mounted in Euparal? to en sure taxonomic consistency throughout the studies. The specimens are housed in the Coffman collection at the University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sci ences. Essentially none of the Costa Rican types of exuviae and less than 50% of those from western Pennsylvania could be assigned, with certainty, to a described species. All of the species from western Pennsylvanian sites were referable to a named genus. Fifty of the 250 species collected from the four Costa Rican sites could not be placed in a known genus. Analytical procedures The length of the average emergence period (in days) for each of the temperate and tropical species assemblages was determined by Estimation and Calculation Methods. In both cases only those samples taken within the one-year periods were used. In the Estimation Method, it was assumed that the percent of the year's sam ples in which a species occurred was proportional to the percent of the year (num ber of days) during which it was actually emerging. This is, obviously, a major as sumption and its validity is influenced not only by the accuracy of each sample in reflecting the emerging species, but by the variability of the intervals between sam ples. This method offers the advantage, however, that it does not require decisions about how to interpret temporal gaps in the emergence of species. In the Calculation Method, the average emergence periods for the species of the seven assemblages were measured by direct determination. As long as a spe

Chlorophyll loss in a greenbug-susceptible sorghum due to pectinases and pectin fragments

Abstract: Leaf discoloration of greenbug-susceptible sorghum NC+ 159 due to plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and pectin fragments was measured using a hand-held chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Minolta Corporation, Ramsey, NJ). Polygalacturonase from biotype E greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), caused local discoloration when the enzyme was micro-injected into the plant leaves. Pectinases from two plant pathogens, Aspergillus niger and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, caused a weaker leaf discoloration when com pared to that of greenbug polygalacturonase. A significant reduction in plant chlorophyll con tent around the enzyme-treated areas was detected by the chlorophyll meter. Damage symp toms caused by the enzyme treatments were very similar to greenbug feeding damage. Surface treatment of sorghum leaves with pectic fragments caused damage symptoms similar to those induced by pectic enzymes. The results demonstrated the ability of pectinases and pectic frag ments to elicit a response similar to that due to greenbug feeding damage in greenbug-sus ceptible sorghum plants, separate and apart from any feeding greenbugs. The potential roles of greenbug pectinases and pectic fragments in insect-plant interactions are discussed.

Functional significance of the capitate supra-fronto-orbital bristles of male medflies (ceratitis capitata) (diptera, tephritidae)

Abstract: Experimental removal of the sexually dimorphic supra-fronto-orbital bristles from male Ceratitis capitata lowered the chances that courting males would succeed in mounting females. Bristle removal did not affect male courtship behavior, and females often did not contact male bristles, so the male bristles probably function as visual display devices, despite the surprising fact that neither placement of the bristles nor courtship behavior are ap propriate to display either the bristles' exaggerated length or the expansions at their tips to full effect. Indirect evidence suggests that male eye colors are also important in courtship, but that bristle asymmetry is not. Despite the fact that the medfly Ceratitis capitata Wied. is a serious agricultural pest that causes millions of dollars of damage annually, many aspects of its biology are as yet unstudied. One such poorly understood characteristic is the pair of sexu ally dimorphic bristles on the supra fronto orbital area of the head (hereafter the male "bristles"). In male medflies these bristles have a relatively long, light-colored stem that is bent dorsally near the base, and a dark, flattened, more or less diamond-shaped expansion at the tip (Figs. 1, 2). Arita and Kaneshiro (1983) mention that the mod ified bristles may contact the female during courtship. A second hypothesis, derived from the possibility that "Every aspect of the courtship ritual is directed at dispers ing the pheromone toward the female" (Kaneshiro, 1993:26), is that they affect pheromone concentrations near the female. A third possibility is that the bristles form part of a visual courtship display: the colors of male eyes differ from those of fe males (below), and male courtship behavior performed immediately preceding male attempts to mount females includes rapid head rotations that are combined with smaller turning and nodding movements (Fig. 3) (Feron, 1962; Brice?o et al., 1996). Hasson and Rossler (in prep.) note that the degree of asymmetry in size of male bris tles is negatively associated with their size, and suggest that the asymmetry may re veal male quality. This note presents data on the morphology and positioning of the bristles on the male's head, and on the effects of bristles on female responses to male courtship. These data suggest that the bristles function as visual display devices.

A new species of monopelopia (diptera: chironomidae) from phytotelmata in jamaica, with preliminary ecological notes

Abstract: The chironomid component of the aquatic community found in Jamaican bromeliad phytotelmata consisted of Chironomus anonymus Williston, a Metriocnemus sp., Polypedilum cf. tritum (Walker) and two species of Monopelopia. The fourth instar larva, pupa, and adult male and female of Monopelopia mikeschwartzi n. sp. are described from material collected from these phytotelmata. The new species is very similar to M. tillandsia Beck and Beck, another New World Monopelopia species also known from bromeliad phy totelmata. Characters are given that separate these two species in all life stages, as well as from other Nearctic species of the genus. Water temperature, pH and conductivity values and addi tional ecological data are given for the phytotelmata in which the new species was found. Phytotelmata are small water bodies impounded by plants or plant structures (Fish, 1983) that can be regarded as aquatic microcosms (Maguire, 1971), inhab ited by a variety of organisms. Among these, dipteran larvae, especially Chirono midae, Culicidae and Syrphidae, are highly successful in colonizing phytotelmata. Reviewing the published literature, Frank (1983) listed Ablabesmyia costarricensis (Picado), A. ignobilis (=Paramerina ignobilis (Johannsen)), Chirocladius pedipal pus Picado, Chironomus, Cryptochironomus, Metriocnemus abdominoflavatus Pic ado, Monopelopia tillandsia Beck and Beck, Orthocladius, Pentaneura and Tany tarsus sp. nr. confusus Malloch as Chironomidae having larval stages known to occur in bromeliad phytotelmata. Epler (1988, 1995) reported larvae of Dicro tendipes leucoscelis (Townes), Monopelopia tillandsia and two species of Metri ocnemus from bromeliad phytotelmata in Florida. Laessle (1961) noted the pres ence of Chironomus sp. and Cryptochironomus sp. in Jamaican bromeliad phytotelmata. Due to taxonomic changes and the general difficulty involved in iden tifying Chironomidae, many of the preceding names from Frank (1983) and Laessle (1961) must be viewed with skepticism until the material is re-examined. For ex ample, Chirocladius pedipalpus is almost certainly a Polypedilum, but its true iden tity will not be clear until type material, if it exists, is examined. The widely used (especially in older literature) generic names Chironomus, Cryptochironomus, Or thocladius and Pentaneura are almost meaningless without modern examination of reference material. Cranston and Judd (1987) and Cranston and Kitching (1995) provide additional (and taxonomically correct, at least in this moment in time) in formation on phytotelmatic chironomids. During a study conducted by the junior author in Jamaica, larvae of Polypedilum cf. tritum (Walker), Metriocnemus sp., Chironomus anonymus Williston and two dif ferent species of Monopelopia were found. One of the latter was successfully reared to the adult stage and is described here by the senior author, along with preliminary notes on its ecology. '461 Tiger Hammock Road, Crawfordville, Florida 32327, U.S.A. 2 Institut fur Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Aquatische Okologie, Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg, Postfach 25 03, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Accepted for publication 27 August 1997. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 04:57:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 71, ISSUE 3 217 ^ 500 m-7 Kingston ^^^'^ \ \ Depression ? \ ~UW0^^^W /A ? Friendship ,v'' A^Wfi^l (^) ^'-'v^ I r\ <^ \ ( r^//'"'?Ml^ COFFEE HILL \ ? \^ Fig. 1. Map of study area (Inset: Jamaica; WGH = Windsor Green House field station; Friendship and Sherwood Content are nearby villages). The study was conducted near Windsor, Trelawny Parish, at the northern rim of the Jamaican Cockpit Country, a karst landscape reaching 700 m elevation at its highest part (Fig. 1); part of the study was performed on Coffee Hill (77?41'15"W, 18?21'10"N, elevation approximately 198 m). The mean annual rainfall of 1900 3000 mm fosters tropical wet to moist rainforest, described by Asprey and Robbins (1953) as "Wet Limestone Forest". Terrestrial tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) such as Hohenbergia inermis Mez and Aechmea paniculigera (Swartz) Grisebach are a typical feature of the understory. Among these bromeliads, A. paniculigera is es pecially suitable to funnel rainwater and leaf litter derived from the canopy into its leaf axils, where a temporary or even permanent pool is formed (Janetzky and Vareschi, 1993). Methods Temperature and pH values were measured by means of a temperature-compen sated pH meter (WTW pH 320) and a temperature-compensated conductivity meter (WTW LF 92). Before samples were taken, accumulated leaf litter derived from the canopy was removed after being washed down in the phytotelmata. Water and re maining small detritus were sucked out of the bromeliads' leaf axils using a 100 ml syringe on which a hose was fitted, to reach the bottom of leaf axils. Empty leaf ax ils were rinsed with water for complete sampling. In a few cases, bromeliads were cut from the ground, dissected, and water from different leaf axils was collected sep arately. Samples were filtered with a net (mesh size 108 |im), and fixed with forma lin (final concentration 5%). In the laboratory samples were sorted using a light mi croscope (WILD M8) and preserved in 70% ethanol. For rearing experiments, in April 1995 samples were taken from phytotelmata in Aechmea paniculigera growing on Coffee Hill and sorted. Larvae of Monopelopia sp. were transferred into Petri dishes. Detritus was added, after checking for further animals to avoid contamination. The dishes were covered with nets to prevent the contamination of samples and to retain emergent adults. The dishes were checked daily for developmental stages; larvae, pupae and adults were fixed in 70% ethanol. Material was mounted on microscope slides in Canada balsam or Euparal. Mor This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 04:57:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 218 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Nesting biology of the solitary digger bee Habropoda depressa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) in urban and island environments.

Abstract: The nesting biology of Habropoda depressa Fowler is described for urban (University of California at Berkeley) and island (Santa Cruz Island) populations in the state of California (USA). This protandrous species is common in the California foothills where adults are active from late February through early June. Larvae do not spin cocoons and pu pate to overwinter as adults by November. A portion of the population appears to delay de velopment since prepupae were found in nest excavations early in the nesting season. Brood cells were parasitized mostly by two dipterans: bombyliid flies and an anthomyiid species, Leucophora fusca Huckett (found only on SCI). Unlike its congeners which nest in sandy soils, H. depressa nests in hard-packed soils, including clay. During the nesting season, fe males spend evenings outside burrows, roosting on nearby vegetation before returning to their nest the following morning. At the urban locale, female bees subsist almost entirely upon ex otic and horticultural plant varieties while the majority of host plant collection records at Santa Cruz Island were from native species. On average, nests made by bees at V^IB were significantly shorter than those constructed at SCI, although the average number of cells per nest was greater. These foraging and nest architectural differences may reflect either varia tion among populations or adaptations to urbanization effects of the last century. Habropoda (formerly Emphoropsis) is a solitary, ground-nesting, bee genus of nine North American species, most of which occur in the western USA (Brooks, 1988). To remain consistent with recent biological literature and taxonomic treat ments (e.g., Michener et al., 1994), we refer here to this genus as a member of the Anthophoridae although we recognize that this family is a subgroup among the monophyletic Apidae (Roig-Alsina and Michener, 1993). A compilation of speci men records from the University of California at Berkeley and Davis Insect Muse ums indicate Habropoda depressa Fowler is common in the foothill regions of Cal ifornia (Fig. 1). Supplemental specimens were examined at the Snow Entomological Museum (University of Kansas Natural History Museum) and confirm distribution patterns in California as well as indicating records in northwestern Arizona (includ ing localities near Kingman and Sedona). One of us (R.W.T.) also observed a spec imen in southern Oregon. Collection dates (from UC Berkeley and UC Davis col lections) indicate that populations are protandrous, with males reaching their peak numbers in the latter half of March while females are most commonly found nest ing in late March and April (Fig. 2). Males are known to exhibit size and behavioral dimorphism during the location of mates (Barthell and Daly, 1995). Until now, how ever, little has been reported on the nesting biology of this species. Habropoda depressa was described from specimens collected at the University of California at Berkeley campus and Santa Catalina Island (Fowler, 1899). The UC 1 Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034. 2 Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. 3 Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616. Accepted for publication 29 July 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:04:17 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 71, ISSUE 2 117 Fig. 1. Habropoda depressa collection locales in California (based upon museum specimens). Berkeley specimens originated from the original university botanical gardens in the north-central portion of the campus. We discovered a nesting population of this spe cies in the same region of campus which now is developed with buildings and land scaping. Here we report on aspects of this species' nesting biology by comparing the urban UC Berkeley population with a population from a less disturbed island locale (Santa Cruz Island), supplemented with host plant records from other California lo cales. Materials and Methods study locales: Most of the research was conducted on the University of Cali fornia at Berkeley campus (UCB). The main campus covers about a one km2 area at the base of the East Bay Hills in Berkeley (California, USA). Established in 1868, the campus was still a relatively undeveloped area when Habropoda depressa was described from there nearly three decades later by Fowler (1899). Specimens used to describe the species from UC Berkeley were collected near the old campus botan ical garden, which abuts a partially wooded hillside known as Observatory Hill (Fig. 3a). The three nesting sites examined during the current study are located along about a 500 m segment of hillside (running E to W) which intersects this hill. Nearly 100 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:04:17 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 118 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY J-l J-ll F-l F-ll M-l M-ll A-l A-ll M-l M-ll J-l J-ll J-l J-ll Time Intervals (Biweekly) Fig. 2. Phenology of male and female Habropoda depressa in California from January to July based upon museum collections (bars represent proportion of entire collection per 2-week period). years of campus development produced a considerable increase in the density of buildings on the main campus. Indeed, only ruins remain of the original observatory building (after which Observatory Hill is named), the botanical gardens are now lo cated E of the main campus, and the campus itself extends a block further S to Ban croft Avenue (Fig. 3b). Santa Cruz Island (SCI) is located 31 km off the coast from Ventura in southern California. This 25,000 ha island is the largest of the eight Channel Islands and is located about 185 km NW of Santa Catalina Island, another locality from which a H depressa specimen was described by Fowler (1899). SCI contains undisturbed landscape relative to UCB with about 74% of all vascular plants on the island being native (Junak et al., 1995). The island was occupied by a viticultural community dur ing the mid to late 1800's and, subsequently, a cattle ranch. In 1965 the University of California began managing research projects on the island and in 1987 The Na ture Conservancy began stewardship of the western 90% of the island. The National Park Service is now cooperating in the management of the island. The three nesting sites used in the study were along about a 500 m section of Prisoner's Stream, about 1 km N of The Nature Conservancy headquarters. Host plant records made at UCB and SCI were supplemented by regular collec tions made at three California locales: Hastings Natural History Reservation (HNR), Mount Diablo State Park (MDP) and San Joaquin Experimental Range (SJR). HNR is situated 42 km SE of Carmel in the Santa Lucia foothills of Monterey Co. and is part of the University of California Natural Reserve System, managed through the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (UC Berkeley). MDP is near Danville and managed through the state of California while SJR is operated by the California State Uni versity at Fresno and the U.S. Forest Service. The first two locales are coastal foothill regions, the third is situated among the Sierra Nevada foothills. Each of these locales is part of an ongoing project designed to characterize biodiversity of bees and their floral resource uses among several sites in California (Thorp et al., 1992). observations and excavations: Behavioral notes were taken for both male and female H. depressa, mostly at UCB nesting sites. Mating behavior was observed un This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:04:17 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 71, ISSUE 2 119 1^1 1^1 b^ ' -^?^ 1?^^ bk^^j b^kJ ES ^5 (^ 'observatory * " ^UhH W" (remains) ^?*) |^| M ^ fl? i?? * * min w *? ?mi t Eucalyptus Grove

Sieve efficiency in benthic sampling as related to chironomid head capsule width

Abstract: The width of the head capsule in chironomid larvae is the most important mor phometric character controlling retention of specimens in sieving devices. Knowledge of the range in size of these widths within any chironomid community is fundamental to sampling and interpreting the resulting data. We present the head capsule widths of 30 species of chi ronomids and relate their size distribution to loss or retention in several experiments using graded sieve sizes. Based on our measurements and those found in the literature we found the head capsule width of fourth instars in half the chironomids species to be less than 350 jam. Many species may never be collected with the commonly used U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (589 (im), and the No. 60 (246 Jim) screen appears to retain most species only qualita tively. We found 70 to 90% of the chironomid larvae and 19 to 34% of their biomass can pass through a No. 80 sieve (177 |im). The implications of sieve loss and other factors affecting sieving efficiency are discussed. All benthic invertebrate sampling is constrained by difficulties associated with the sampling, extraction, and identification of a wide range of organisms (Resh and McElravy, 1993). In the sampling process, the importance of selective retention of benthic invertebrates by sieves of various mesh sizes was first recognized by Jonas son (1955, 1958). In these two seminal papers, Jonasson described commonly used sieving techniques and efficiencies in the sampling of freshwater benthic communi ties and cited examples of erroneous conclusions due to the mesh size of the siev ing device. Jonasson (1955) found that adequate sampling of chironomid larvae in the sieving process is partially governed by the width of the larval head capsule. Later studies by Kajak (1963), Heuschele (1969), Mundie (1971), Ferrington (1984), and Storey and Pinder (1985) supported Jonasson's findings that the head capsule width of chironomid larvae governed their retention. One approach created to avoid sieve mesh selectivity, was to create artificial size categories of benthic invertebrates such as macroinvertebrates (retained by 200-2000 |iim sieves), microinvertebrates (those passing through a 595 (Xm sieve), meiofauna (retained by 40-200 |im sieve), and microfauna (pass through a 40 (im sieve) (Weber, 1973; Stray er, 1985). However, these categories transcend taxonomic units, since individuals of certain species may be retained or lost depending upon the larval stage of development. This situation is particularly true of chironomid larvae, in which species range in size from 2 to 30 mm in length, and whose cylindrical, legless bodies are more susceptible to passing through a sieving device than most other benthic taxa. Although there are several papers dealing with mesh-size and efficiency of sam pling larval chironomids, most studies deal with relatively few species and do not Accepted for publication 28 January 1998. 1 This article is contribution 1075 of the USGS Great Lakes Science Center. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.57 on Sat, 10 Sep 2016 05:51:42 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 71, ISSUE 4 457 look at both the hypothetical and practical aspects of sieve loss. We present here the head capsule widths of 30 species of chironomids and relate their size distribution to loss or retention in several experiments using graded sieve sizes. The implications of sieve loss and the factors affecting sieving efficiency are discussed. The conse quences of losing early instars, the problems in data interpretation, and the use of head capsule width as a systematic tool are also described.

Emergence, male behavior, and mating in the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Abstract: The alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, is solitary but nests in dense ag gregations which may cover many acres and contain millions of individuals. Adult emergence is protandrous with the first males preceding the first females by a day or two to a week or more. Males patrol the nesting site searching for newly emerged, receptive, virgin females. Aggressive interactions between males are rare. Only newly emerged females are receptive to mating. Receptive females are located by males using pheromonal cues. The probable source of the female sex pheromone is the abdomen. Mating takes place on the surface of the bee bed and generally lasts fewer than 30 seconds. Females appear to mate only once after which they become non-receptive. Non-receptive females remain attractive to males for less than a day during which they may be repeatedly pounced upon by a succession of males. By the time females have begun to nest their attractiveness has waned and they are not bothered by males. The value of the alkali bee, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, in the production of al falfa seed in the Pacific Northwest was recognized nearly 50 years ago. Consequently many aspects of its biology, nesting requirements, management for pollination, nat ural enemies, etc. have been studied over the years. One area that has received little attention, however, is male behavior and mating in this solitary, gregariously nest ing bee. Mating has been observed at the nesting site, or bee bed, where males pounce on emerging females (Johansen and Mayer, 1976). They provided no data but stated that copulation lasted about 15 seconds and that males may mate several times but believed females to mate only once. No information has been reported re garding mate location by males, precopulatory behavior of males, male courtship, competition among males for receptive females, or possible female sex pheromones. This paper reports the results of our studies on emergence, male behavior, and mat ing in N. melanderi between 1988 and 1996. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on commercially managed alkali bee nesting sites, "bee beds," in southeastern Washington near Touchet, Walla Walla County. Alkali bee emergence patterns were monitored during the 1988 and 1990 seasons using 3 mm mesh hardware cloth cone traps. Base diameter of a cone was 61 cm and height was 76 cm. The apex of a cone was open and a plastic bag was attached to it to capture emerging bees. Four traps were placed at a single bee bed prior to the start of bee emergence in 1988. They were located in areas where nesting had been good the previous year. Traps were monitored on 18 days from 24 May to 18 July. Three traps were placed on each of four bee beds in 1990 and visited eleven times from 31 May to 29 June. At each visit male and female alkali bees were counted and released. Accepted for publication 10 May 1998. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.212 on Fri, 10 Jun 2016 06:09:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 62 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Table 1. Numbers of male and female alkali bees found in emergence traps on each of 18 days dur ing 1988. Numbers are totals for four traps. Total bees = 181:167. Date 5/24 6/7 6/13 6/17 6/20 6/21 6/22 6/23 6/24 #M:#F 0:0 1:0 7:1 51:7 19:7 38:22 17:19 20:13 3:3 Date 6/27 6/28 6/30 7/1 7/7 7/12 7/13 7/18 7/21 #M:#F 12:30 1:8 0:7 0:4 0:7 0:9 0:8 0:7 0:2 Experiments were conducted on the response of male alkali bees to females or parts of females. Individual female bees were divided into three parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) with a clean razor blade. Legs and wings were removed from the tho rax. Each body part was pierced with an insect pin and affixed to the surface of the nesting site. Head, thorax, and abdomen were arranged in a line with the parts 42 cm apart. Male responses were recorded during a five minute observation period. Only actual contacts by a male bee with a female body part were counted. Length of contact ranged from less than a second to three or four seconds. Males frequently landed on the abdomen, rapidly crawled over it for several seconds, and often ap peared to try to mate with it. Females for use in the experiments were collected in a variety of ways. Virgin fe males were captured in simple cages made of aluminum window screen (35.6 cm x 35.6 cm x 5.1 cm). These were placed before emergence over areas of the nesting site where nesting had been dense the previous year. Bees emerging into the cages were captured and placed in plastic vials until used. These cages were also used to monitor bee emergence on 9 and 10 June 1995. Other methods of capture are de scribed under the results of individual experiments. Observations of bee activity were recorded with a portable cassette recorder and transcribed later in the laboratory.

Nearctic Orthocladius subgenus Eudactylocladius revised (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract: The Nearctic species of subgenus Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius Thiene mann) are revised, with reference to several Palaearctic named species. Orthocladius (Eu dactylocladius) subletteorum n. sp. is described as new from adults previously misidentified as O. (E.) mixtus (Holmgren) from North America. The Holarctic O. (E.) gelidorum (Kief fer) and O. (E.) gelidus Kieffer and the exclusively Nearctic O. (E.) dubitatus Johannsen are described or redescribed in all stages. Holarctic O. (E.) olivaceus (Kieffer) is redescribed from the male, teneral female and pupa. Orthocladius nanseni Kieffer is proposed as a junior sub jective synonym of O. (E.) gelidorum, and Dactylocladius longiseta as a junior subjective synonym of O. (E.) gelidus. Lectotypes are designated for Orthocladius gelidus Kieffer, 1992 and Dactylocladius gelidorum Kieffer, 1923. After examination of type material, Dactylo cladius aurantiacus Kieffer, Dactylocladius griseipennis Kieffer, and Chironomus mixtus Holmgren are excluded from the subgenus Eudactylocladius. The ecology of species in the subgenus which ranges from the hygropetric to lentic and lotic habitats, is reviewed. The subgenus Eudactylocladius Thienemann, of the genus Orthocladius Wulp, is unusual amongst the Chironomidae in being quite homogeneous in adult and im mature stage morphology, yet remarkably heterogeneous in larval ecology. For ex ample, larval Eudactylocladius often dominate the fauna of temperate thin water films, whereas in arctic regions Eudactylocladius larvae occur in damp or inundated soil and lake margins. Elsewhere in the temperate Holarctic region and montane Afrotropical region other species are truly lotic in streams. Eudactylocladius was erected by Thienemann (1935) for a larval/pupal segregate within Orthocladius, with fuscimanus Kieffer designated as the type. The present subgeneric concept remains that of Thienemann, with additional support from char acters of the adult male (Brundin, 1956; Soponis, 1977) and female (Saether, 1977). In contrast, species limits within the subgenus have been unstable and inconsistent. For example, the morphologically variable O. (E.) fuscimanus Kieffer had been de scribed as new at least 6 and possibly as many as eleven times (Cranston, 1984). Al though Cranston's (1984) study concerned the taxonomy and ecology of a widespread, western palaearctic, hygropetric taxon, it did not purport to revise the subgenus. How ever, examination of fuscimanus, its synonyms and some related species did allow the tentative recognition of some western palaearctic Eudactylocladius species. Following examination of extensive collections of Eudactylocladius from arctic North America and many type-specimens of many of Kieffer's boreal taxa, it is pos sible to revise the Nearctic species of the subgenus.

On a new species of the genus Oukuriella Epler (Diptera, Chironomidae, Chironominae).

Abstract: The male of a new species of Oukuriella Epler, 1986, is described from Brazil. The new species is distinguished by basal transverse bands on abdominal tergites and a dis tinctive superior volsella. The female and immature stages are unknown. The genus Oukuriella was established by Epler (1986) with three species from Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay. Epler (1996) later described 3 more species from Costa Rica and the first female for the genus. Messias and Fittkau (1997) include 2 more species from Brazil, O. oliveirai and O. epleri. Messias, Fittkau, and Oliveira (in press) described O. intermedia from Brazil and the first immature stages for the genus. During ongoing revision of the genus in a Ph.D. thesis by the first author, two spe cies groups have been separated. Oukuriella sublettei n. sp., described below, is a member of the first group, characterized by the lack of a scutal tubercle, by tergites without setal tufts, and wings without dark brown markings. All measurements follow Epler (1988) unless otherwise stated. The abbreviations used to denote collections follow Messias and Fittkau (1997). Values are given in |im and, in parentheses, with the number of specimens utilized if different from the number cited at the beginning of the description. All specimens examined in this study are from the Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen. Mor phological terminology and abbreviations follow Saether (1980). Oukuriella sublettei n. sp. (Figs. 1-3) Male imago (n = 10). color: Head, thorax and abdomen brownish. Wings mostly clear with a light brown tinge, veins light brown, legs brownish. T II-V with characteristic brown bands. Gonostylus white. head (Fig. 1): Temporals 12. Clypeus with approximately 15 setae. Palpomere lengths (n = 7): 20-25; 30-37; 88-94; 100-119; 150-176. AR (n = 6): 1.42 (1.32-1.49). thorax (Fig. 2): Acrostichals 6, dorsocentrals 5, scutellars 8, prealar 1. wing: Length 1.47 mm. Width 0.41 mm. VR: 0.74. R with 10 setae, Rt 15 setae. R4+5 10 setae. Segments lengths and proportions (n = 8): Accepted for publication 19 January 1998. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.175 on Thu, 11 Aug 2016 04:33:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 71, ISSUE 3 261 X ^^^"^ivSS^^^ 100 ^im J J ioo ^m '^^^Wtmr\^^^^^ Figs. 1-3. Oukuriella sublettei n. sp. 1. Head, frontal view. 2. Thorax. 3. Hypopygium. fe ti ta, ta2 ta3 ta4 ta5 LR BV SV P] 960(9) 592 1031 728 480 408 144 1.74 1.46 1.50 p2 924(8) 712 484 240 144 120 48 0.70 3.84 3.83 p3 960(9) 744 600 360 288 192 96 0.80 2.46 2.84 abdomen: T VII with a group of 20 setae; S VIII with a proximal circular mound bearing a cluster of 12 setae. Paratergites I-VII each with 7 pairs of setae, VIII with a mound bearing setae. hypopygium (Fig. 3): T IX with 10 dorsomedian setae, posterior margin with a median weak notch and, transverse fields of setae. Superior volsella with 5-6 setae, inferior volsella with 10 dorsal setae and 1 ventral seta. Gonostylus white, broad and curved medially. etymology: We take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. J. E. Sublette and Mary Sublette, to express our deep appreciation of their contribution to the knowledge of Chironomidae. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.175 on Thu, 11 Aug 2016 04:33:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 262 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY type material: Holotype: imago, slide-mounted in Euparal, to be deposited at ZSM. Paratypes will be sent to ZSM and IOC. type locality: BRAZIL, Amazonas, at light, leg. E. J. Fittkau. Holotype: Rio Paru do Oeste, at light, 20/4/62. Paratypes: Missao Cururu, 12/1/61; 19/1/61. diagnosis: Oukuriella albistyla Epler, 1986, and Oukuriella sublettei n. sp. have white gonostylus, but the new species can be distinguished from all others so far de scribed by the banded abdomen, distinctive TIX and volsellae. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Prof. E. J. Fittkau and Dr. F. Reiss for valuable discus sions, and M. Spies for editing the draft manuscript. This publication is a part of the first author's ongoing Ph.D. thesis at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, prepared as a Doctoral Program in Cooperation ("Sandwich Program") of Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD).

Chironomidae-Trichomycete associations: a literature review.

Abstract: Published records of Chironomidae serving as hosts for Trichomycete fungi are summarized and citations to original literature provided. Fifty-one species of Tricho mycetes from the order Harpellales are reported to occur in 32 genera within the subfamilies Orthocladiinae (12 genera), Chironominae (10), Diamesinae (7), and Tanypodinae (3). Thirty of the Trichomycete species are known only from hosts within a single subfamily or tribe, and no species occur in hosts from all four subfamilies. Orthocladiinae serve as hosts for 29 Trichomycete species, Chironominae hosts 21 species, Diamesinae 13 species, Tanytarsini 11 species, Tanypodinae 4 species, and Pseudochironomini hosts one Trichomycetes species. Or thocladiinae also has the greatest number of Trichomycete species that occur only in spe cies of this subfamily with 14. Chironomini and Tanytarsini show the greatest overlap in Trichomycete infestations, followed by Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae. Fifteen additional species of Trichomycetes are recorded in the literature from chironomids but no host genera are listed, bringing the total to 66 species of Trichomycetes associated with Chironomidae. The fungal genus Smittium has the greatest number of species associated with Chironomidae hosts, with 43 Smittium species infesting chironomid larvae compared to Stachylina (16), Aus trosmittium (4), Furculomyces (2) and Trichozygospora (I). Twenty three new, but incom plete, records included in this publication are not included in the totals given above. Fungi of the class Trichomycetes (Zygomycota) live obligately within the diges tive tracts of arthropod hosts (Lichtwardt, 1986). Species of the order Harpellales at tach to the hindgut cuticle or peritrophic membrane of the midgut of immature aquatic Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Coleoptera. They are believed to associate with their hosts primarily as commensals, neither harming nor benefitting the hosts. However, at least one species, Smittium morbosum, can cause devastating mortality in larval mosquito populations (Sweeney, 1981; Sato et al., 1989), but other studies have provided evidence that gut fungi can benefit develop ing larvae that are nutritionally deprived (Horn and Lichtwardt, 1981). Five genera of Trichomycetes are associated with Chironomidae hosts. Two of the genera, Smittium and Stachylina, are cosmopolitan, and comprise 56% of de scribed Harpellales. Species of Stachylina are restricted to the peritrophic mem brane of the midgut as an attachment site. Species of Smittium all generally attach to only the hindgut cuticle, where growth and sporulation occur, although there is a recent report of premature sporulation and limited thallic growth in the midgut (Lichtwardt et al., 1997). The remaining three genera, Austrosmittium, Furcu lomyces and Trichozygospora, all attach to the hindgut. These genera are not spe cies rich, with Austro smittium only found in Orthocladiinae larvae from Australia and New Zealand, Furculomyces in larvae collected from Australia and central United States, and the monotypic Trichozygospora in hosts from the eastern United States and Europe. 1 Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. 2 Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. 3 Department of Botany, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. Accepted 22 April 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.28 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 04:18:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 71, ISSUE 4 491 Trichomycete associations are described for species in four of the Chironomidae subfamilies?Tanypodinae, Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae and Chironominae. Pub lished descriptions of Trichomycetes and Chironomidae hosts are scattered and no systematic appraisal has been made of the host/Trichomycete relationships. It ap pears that chironomid researchers are largely unaware of the extent to which larvae serve as hosts for the fungi, since they were not mentioned in sections dealing with host-parasite/commensal relations in Armitage et al. (1995). Consequently, the pur pose of this review is to compile a comprehensive list of the Chironomidae hosts, and to summarize patterns that exist among the fungi and their Chironomidae hosts. Methods and Materials Published Trichomycete and Chironomidae associations were compiled by a re view of the following literature: Lichtwardt, 1972, 1986, 1994, 1996, 1997; Licht wardt and Arenas, 1996; Lichtwardt and Grigg, 1998; Lichtwardt and Williams, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1992a, b, c; Lichtwardt et al., 1987, 1997; Manier, 1969; Williams and Lichtwardt, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1992. Unpublished Trichomycete and Chironomidae associations have been compiled from our previous and current studies, and include records from several chironomid hosts that could be identified to genus but usually with insufficient development of fungus to characterize it to species. Voucher spec imens of both fungi and chironomid hosts are kept in our respective labs at the Uni versity of Kansas and are available for inspection. Similarity of Trichomycetes infestations among Chironomidae subfamilies was measured using Whittaker's Coefficient of Percentage Similarity (Whittaker, 1952). This measure of similarity was chosen since Trichomycete infestations were con sidered to be meristic attributes, with the number of chironomid species of each sub family known to be infested by particular Trichomycetes used as input to calculate the index. However, no effort was made to determine the relative occurrence of in festation by a Trichomycete within a known host chironomid.