Showing papers in "Labour in 2022"
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the wage gap for women of colour along three dimensions: relative to white women, relative to men of their respective race/ethnicity, and relative to White men, and found that women of color face an unexplained gender and racial wage gap.
Abstract: We evaluate the causes of the wage gap at the intersection of race, ethnicity and gender over time in the United States. We analyse the wage gaps for women of colour along three dimensions: relative to White women, relative to men of their respective race/ethnicity, and relative to White men. Using the American Community Survey, we replicate earlier findings based on the Current Population Survey data which show that, on average, Black women face an unexplained wage gap relative to White men that goes beyond the simple addition of the separate unexplained gender and racial wage gaps. This can be seen persistently between 1980 and 2019, and we find it is true across the entire wage distribution but especially notable at higher centiles. From 1990 through 2019, Black and Hispanic women saw stalled progress, while White women continued to make steady progress closing the wage gap relative to White men.
3 citations
TL;DR: This article found that worker-level variation in tasks has played a key role in the widening of the German Native-foreign wage gap, and that idiosyncratic differences account for up to 34 percent of the wage gap.
Abstract: This study documents that worker-level variation in tasks has played a key role in the widening of the German Native-Foreign Wage Gap. I find idiosyncratic differences account for up to 34 per cent of the wage gap. Importantly, natives specialize in high-paying interactive activities not only between, but also within occupations. In contrast, foreign workers specialize in low-paying manual activities. This enhanced degree of task specialization accounts for 11 per cent of the gap among high-wage earners and 25 per cent among low-wage earner, thus offering new insight into sources for imperfect substitution of native and foreign workers and consequently small migration-induced wage effects.
2 citations
1 citations
TL;DR: The authors studied the role of managers' gender as a determinant of mentoring relationships between managers and employees in British firms by using data collected from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey.
Abstract: This article studies the role of managers' gender as a determinant of mentoring relationships between managers and employees in British firms by using data collected from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Past literature suggests a rather mixed figure with datasets collected from either one point in time or in a single firm. Using longitudinal data collected from hundreds of British firms, this study shows that the results are inconsistent between classical pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) and fixed effects (FEs) regression models. The significant associations found in POLS regressions disappeared when firm FEs are included. This finding should encourage researchers to go beyond gender differences in mentoring relationships which often are the results of conventional stereotyping.
1 citations
TL;DR: This paper revisited the relationship between job enrichment and worker well-being by analysing worker-level data from around 20 countries and found that even though average non-boss workers doing more boss-like tasks earn higher wages, they are not necessarily more satisfied with their jobs.
Abstract: This study revisits the relationship between job enrichment and worker well-being by analysing worker-level data from around 20 countries. Job enrichment, which vertically expands jobs, is primarily measured by the novel ‘boss-like tasks’ indicator, constructed from 42 task-frequency data. The aim of job enrichment is to motivate workers. However, the study finds that even though average non-boss workers doing more boss-like tasks earn higher wages, they are not necessarily more satisfied with their jobs. The non-positive or slightly negative association with satisfaction becomes positive when workers have low-skilled blue-collar jobs or when tasks involving planning and organizing are enriched.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the impact of household head's involuntary job loss on young people's likelihood to transition from non-employment to employment was analyzed and it was shown that a female with at least a high school degree is about 8.7 percentage points more likely to transition to employment than a female in the group where the head experienced an unexpected job loss.
Abstract: This article analyses the impact of household head's involuntary job loss on young person's (15–24 years old) likelihood to transition from non-employment to employment. We construct twelve two-year pseudo-panels based on previous year's labour market outcomes using Turkish Household Labor Force Surveys (THLFS) from 2005 to 2016 and then pool the twelve pseudo-panels for analysis. We examine youth's labour market responses according to education levels and gender. We show that a female with at least a high school degree is about 8.7 percentage points more likely to transition to from non-employment to employment in the group where the head experienced an unexpected job loss than a female in the group where the head remained employed. Furthermore, for females, the probability of transitioning to employment increases by education level. For males, although we find positive and statistically significant effect of head's job loss on the transition probability, we do not find any differences according to education level.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors evaluate a law change in Norway making welfare receipt conditional on participation in an activation program for all welfare recipients below the age of 30 and estimate that the law change had quite precise 0-effects on benefit receipt, work and education.
Abstract: Activation policies to promote self-sufficiency among recipients of welfare and other types of benefits are becoming more common in many welfare states. We evaluate a law change in Norway making welfare receipt conditional on participation in an activation program for all welfare recipients below the age of 30. Analysing the program's staggered implementation across municipalities with several modern event study estimators, we estimate that the law change had quite precise 0-effects on benefit receipt, work and education. We also do not find any effects on the probability of being out of work or of being in employment, education or labour market programs. Qualitative evidence suggests that the zero effect may be due to the law change only impacting the participation of recipients with low expected gain from activation.
1 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors explored delayed retirement intention and its influencing factors in a large sample of older Chinese workers and found that female workers were more reluctant to delay retirement than male workers.
Abstract: The aim of the current study was to explore delayed retirement intention and its influencing factors in a large sample of older Chinese workers. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 2776 older Chinese workers. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed separately for male and female workers to examine the association between work characteristics, family factors, personal health and the neuroticism trait and delayed retirement intention. Results showed that workers had low delayed retirement intention, while female workers were more reluctant to delay retirement than male workers. Job demand-control, job satisfaction, family economic status, family caregiving responsibilities, chronic diseases, physical health, mental health and neuroticism were predictors of male workers' delayed retirement intention, while job effort-reward imbalance, job satisfaction, family caregiving responsibilities and neuroticism were predictors of female workers' delayed retirement intention after controlling for demographic factors.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors used the Italian Statistical Institute survey that comprises about 80,000 questionnaires representative of the overall population between 15 and 90 years old to estimate the impact of chronic migraine on absenteeism and labour productivity.
Abstract: We use the Italian Statistical Institute survey that comprises about 80,000 questionnaires representative of the overall population between 15 and 90 years old to estimate the impact of chronic migraine on absenteeism and labour productivity. Using an ordinary least squares method to determine the direct effect of chronic migraine on labour productivity, we show that a 10 per cent increase in the number of people with chronic migraine increases absenteeism by 11 per cent and reduces labour productivity by 1.1 per cent per year. However, the effects of chronic migraine on absenteeism and labour productivity vary substantially between regions and sectors. Also, the comorbidity of chronic migraine with other illnesses, especially psychological illnesses, contributes to decreasing labour productivity. Most important, the results obtained at the micro level are similar and even more robust at the macro level. The results refer to a specific country, but we claim they can apply to other countries.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors show that a 6-year increase in the age of teachers leads to a one standard deviation reduction in the graduation mark, and that older teachers are detrimental to pupil attainment.
Abstract: Italy's secondary school system faced budget cuts, which limit availability of new permanent job slots for teachers. The allocation of these slots favours teachers with more seniority such that the age distribution of teachers across schools reflects older teachers' preferences for being close to urban centres. Using schools' distance from main urban centres and population size in the school's vicinity to instrument for non-random exposure of schools to older teachers, we show older teachers are detrimental to pupil attainment. The effect is large: a 6-year increase in the age of teachers leads to a one standard deviation reduction in the graduation mark.
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TL;DR: The full-text version of this article can be found in the full text version of the paper as discussed by the authors , with a link to share with friends and colleagues, but no abstract is available for this article.
Abstract: LABOURVolume 36, Issue 1 p. i-iii ISSUE INFORMATIONFree Access Issue Information First published: 03 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12199AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume36, Issue1March 2022Pages i-iii RelatedInformation
TL;DR: In this article , the authors explored diverse effects of an unemployment benefit (UB) reform in Germany on labor market outcomes of individuals with health impairment and found that the reform induced substantial reductions in potential duration of regular UB for older workers, which is exploited in a difference-in-differences setting.
Abstract: This paper explores diverse effects of an unemployment benefit (UB) reform in Germany on labor market outcomes of individuals with health impairment. The reform induced substantial reductions in potential duration of regular UB for older workers, which is exploited in a difference-in-differences setting. The results provide evidence for a decrease in days in UB, an increase in days in employment, and an increase in days in unemployment assistance. The effects on UB and employment are smaller and the effects on unemployment assistance are larger for unemployed and non-employed individuals than for individuals who were employed before medical rehabilitations.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of unstructured data in the context of data augmentation, and presented a method based on the concept of self-healing.
Abstract: No abstract is available for this article.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors exploited an employer-employee database with information on more than 200,000 workers at 26,055 Spanish firms to provide new evidence on the link between firm level characteristics (size and export) and the adoption of performance pay as part of worker remuneration.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to provide new evidence on the link between firm level characteristics (size and export) and the adoption of performance pay as part of worker remuneration. Our study exploits an employer–employee database with information on more than 200,000 workers at 26,055 Spanish firms. We find that the incidence of performance pay usually increases with firm size (at decreasing rates) and export status. However, we detect a wide variation among occupations, both in the prevalence of the two types of performance pay analysed and their relationship with size and export.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors consider the effects of conciliation and cooling-off periods, which were introduced in the Canadian Industrial Disputes and Investigation Act of 1907, on strike duration and person-days lost to strikes.
Abstract: I consider the effects of legislation for conciliation and cooling-off periods, which were introduced in the Canadian Industrial Disputes and Investigation Act of 1907, on strike duration and person-days lost to strikes. I estimate the effects of this legislation on strike duration and persons-days lost to strikes using bargaining pair level data from 1901 to 1915 with a differences-in-difference model as well as an event study methodology. Both of these methodologies exploit variation in legislative coverage because there were some industries that were not covered by the legislation, and so were untreated.
TL;DR: In this paper , a trust game with real long-term unemployed and caseworkers is evaluated and the results support the social identity theory, i.e. trust in members of the own group is higher than trust in member of the other group.
Abstract: Research about drivers of trust of the long-term unemployed in their caseworkers is a white spot in the literature. The paper closes this gap using a unique data set. Embedded in a theoretical model at the organizational level a trust game with real long-term unemployed and caseworkers is evaluated. The results support the social identity theory, i.e. trust in members of the ‘own’ group is higher than trust in members of the ‘other’ group, as well as more traditional explanations of trust. Thus, policy can raise trust using the concept of incentive ethics of the theoretical model.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors evaluate the impact of a mentoring program in French disadvantaged high schools and find that information about prospective labour market opportunities feeds back positively into academic performance, suggesting that acquiring information on job market prospects updates students' priors on their skills and possibilities.
Abstract: We evaluate how the impact of a mentoring programme in French disadvantaged high schools varies with the intensity of the programme. Given that, in general, the only significant effect was observed by full attendance to all meetings, we argue that the treatment dose matters. Thus, while the original evaluation programme was designed as a randomized experiment to balance control and treated individuals (those who were offered the mentoring scheme, with different degree of programme participation), we motivate the use of continuous and multi-valued treatment effects models to estimate the dose response function. The programme shows that information about prospective labour market opportunities feeds back positively into academic performance. However, it has a negative effect on job self-esteem, suggesting that acquiring information on job market prospects updates students' priors on their skills and possibilities and that the students might be updating rationally.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors pursues a multiple scenario analysis until 2030 to identify past and potential future labour supply and demand dynamics of four different skill groups in the six Western Balkan (WB6) countries.
Abstract: This paper pursues a multiple scenario analysis until 2030 to identify past and potential future labour supply and demand dynamics of four different skill groups in the six Western Balkan (WB6) countries. Simulation results of the baseline scenario show that skill shortages and surpluses would coexist: In all WB6 countries, the low educated would experience labour shortages within or shortly after the projection period while in some WB6 countries there is evidence of growing excess labour among Med-VETs, Med-GENs and the highly educated. Additional scenarios point to important country-specific policy options that can help to mitigate these projected labour market imbalances.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyze how and through which channels wage inequality is affected by the rise in automation and robotization in the manufacturing sector in Germany from 1996 to 2017, and find evidence that besides personal characteristics like age and education, the use of automation contributes significantly to wage inequality in Germany.
Abstract: We analyze how and through which channels wage inequality is affected by the rise in automation and robotization in the manufacturing sector in Germany from 1996 to 2017. Combining rich linked employer-employee data accounting for a variety of different individual, firm and industry characteristics with data on industrial robots and automation probabilities of occupations, we are able to disentangle different potential causes behind changes in wage inequality in Germany. We apply the recentered influence function (RIF) regression based Oaxaca-Blinder (OB) decomposition on several inequality indices and find evidence that besides personal characteristics like age and education the rise in automation and robotization contributes significantly to wage inequality in Germany. Structural shifts in the workforce composition towards occupations with lower or medium automation threat lead to higher wage inequality, which is observable over the whole considered time period. The effect of automation on the wage structure results in higher inequality in the 1990s and 2000s, while it has a significant decreasing inequality effect for the upper part of the wage distribution in the more recent time period. JEL classification: J31, C21, D63, O30
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of unstructured data in the context of data augmentation, and presented a method based on the concept of self-healing.
Abstract: No abstract is available for this article.