Showing papers in "Langue Francaise in 1999"

Le problème du paradoxe dans une sémantique argumentative

Abstract: Marion Carel, Oswald Ducrot, Paradox in argumentative semantics ; This paper aims at defining paradox as a mere linguistical notion, independant of any cognitive or sociological notion (in particular, « paradox » is distinguished from belief opposite to usually accepted opinions). This definition is given in the framework of the theory of « argumentation in language » , as recently reformulated : the paper second part presents the argumentative notions necessary to define (part 3) « paradox » in this framework. Lastly, the notion is used to characterize sequences of two connected sentences, and lexical words.

Le nombre: essai d'analyse genetique

Abstract: En francais, le nombre linguistique constitue, avec les formes verbales en /E/, l'une des sources les plus importantes d'erreurs en orthographe, chez les enfants et les adolescents (Brissaud & Sandon, ce volume). Il suffit en effet que les situations de production se complexifient pour que des sujets experts eprouvent des difficultes a en maitriser les variations graphiques (Fayol & al., 1994). Pourtant, malgre cette complexite, le nombre presente la particularite de faire l'objet d'un travail cognitif precoce (Clark, 1998). Cet apparent paradoxe s'explique par l'ecart important qui separe le fonctionnement du nombre a l'oral et a l'ecrit, et par les problemes de gestion cognitive qui en decoulent. Pour toutes ces raisons, le nombre graphique du francais pourrait bien etre l'un des domaines linguistiques les plus longs a maitriser. Cette maitrise pose en fait un double probleme. Elle necessite d'une part des savoirs theoriques sur le profil morphologique des mots. Le principe et les marques de la variation linguistique sont en l'occurrence determines par l'appartenance a des classes de mots (noms, adjectifs, verbes, etc.). La gestion de ces savoirs doit d'autre part tenir compte d'une dimension morphosyntaxique, chaque marque pouvant etre associee a d'autres, concomitantes. S'y ajoute la complexite des situations de communication, en reception comme en production, quand la gestion specifique de l'orthographe doit compter avec celle du texte et des idees (David, 1996; Fayol, 1997). Le nombre linguistique est donc au centre d'un reseau multidimensionnel qui fait coexister des competences distinctes susceptibles de donner naissance a des procedures quasi automatisees.

Les proverbes: des dénominations d'un type "très très spécial"

Abstract: George Kleiber, The Proverbs : a very special type of names ; The goal of this article is to show that, contrary to Michaux's proposals (1995 and 1996), the proverbs could not constitute personal judgements. ; The difficulty represented by the data called for invalidate the classical idea which considers the proverbs collective judgements can be surmonted by taking into account two factors : ; (i) the name status of proverbs ; and ; (ii) the « deproverbialisation » procedure through which the proverb is loosing its name aspect and keeps its phrase aspect only. George Kleiber, The Proverbs : a very special type of names ; The goal of this article is to show that, contrary to Michaux's proposals (1995 and 1996), the proverbs could not constitute personal judgements. ; The difficulty represented by the data called for invalidate the classical idea which considers the proverbs collective judgements can be surmonted by taking into account two factors : ; (i) the name status of proverbs ; and ; (ii) the « deproverbialisation » procedure through which the proverb is loosing its name aspect and keeps its phrase aspect only.

Le phénomène sémantico-discursif de déconstruction-reconstruction des topoï dans une sémantique argumentative intégrée

Abstract: Olga Galatanu, The semantico-discursive phenomenon of topoi deconstruction-reconstruction in an integrated argumentative semantics Having as starting point the analysis of semantico-discursive phenomenon, frequent in media discourse, the phenomenon of topoi deconstruction-reconstruction, and in line with the « argumentation in language theory » , this article proposes a description of the lexical meaning suitable to be caracterized as an integrated argumentative semantics which articulates the stereotypes associated to words, in Putnam's meaning, and the « argumentative possibilities » associated to each element of these stereotypes. An analogy with the quantum states of particles would allow to represent the « argumentative possibilities » of words' meaning as topical clouds, carriers of systems of beliefs . The article aims to show the incidences of this semantic approach on the analysis of discursive mechanisms.

Anaphore associative et relation partie-tout : condition d'aliénation et principe de congruence ontologique

Abstract: Georges Kleiber: Anaphore associative et relation partie-tout: condition d'alienation et principe de congruence ontologique The aim of this paper is to give an answer to the problem raised by the analysis of the relation which holds between the two referents involved in an associative anaphor. Starting with restricted facts over the phenomenon, we try to show that two factors are involved in the mechanism of the relation: a condition of alienation and the principle of ontological congruence. These two factors explain in a novel and stimulating fashion why the utterances: ?Pierre a expose son dernier tableau. La beaute (= la beaute du tableau) est fascinante ?Max entre. Les yeux (= les yeux de Max) sont hors de leur orbite ?Paul ouvrit la commode. Le bois (= le bois de la commode) etait polychrome are deviant, when the sequences: Paul lava la voiture, mais oublia le capot (= le capot de la voiture) Max entre, les yeux brillants are well formed. Georges Kleiber: Anaphore associative et relation partie-tout: condition d'alienation et principe de congruence ontologique The aim of this paper is to give an answer to the problem raised by the analysis of the relation which holds between the two referents involved in an associative anaphor. Starting with restricted facts over the phenomenon, we try to show that two factors are involved in the mechanism of the relation: a condition of alienation and the principle of ontological congruence. These two factors explain in a novel and stimulating fashion why the utterances: ?Pierre a expose son dernier tableau. La beaute (= la beaute du tableau) est fascinante ?Max entre. Les yeux (= les yeux de Max) sont hors de leur orbite ?Paul ouvrit la commode. Le bois (= le bois de la commode) etait polychrome are deviant, when the sequences: Paul lava la voiture, mais oublia le capot (= le capot de la voiture) Max entre, les yeux brillants are well formed.

Contribution pour une histoire récente de l'analyse du discours

Abstract: Michel Charolles et Bernard Combettes : Contribution pour une histoire recente de l'analyse du discours ; The development of discourse analysis at the end of the sixties was made possible because the instigators of the major paradigms in the field (analysis of enunciation, analysis of cohesion, text-grammar) reserve to this analysis a specific field not encroaching on the sentence. More recently, the progression of pragmatics which integrates some aspects of discourse analysis deepened the gap between this analysis and sentence grammar. This problematic situation is changing with the diffusion of works presenting a less formal image of the grammatical relations. Between the cohesive relations expressed by the grammar and those specified by the cohesive markers intervaining beyond the sentence there is only a difference of degree of grammaticalization. These perspectives favorish new topics of investigation on discourse in connection with sentence grammar.

Réflexions sur la partition : les groupes nominaux partitifs et la relativisation

Abstract: Lucien Kupferman: Partitive nominal phrases and relativization It is proposed that the head of a partitive nominal phrase is a functional one, the word de , and that quantifying expressions are specifiers of QPs. It is also contended that so-called partitive complements are labelled as DPs, where N is the lexical head of the whole expression.

L'acquisition des formes verbales en /E/ à l'école élémentaire et au collège, entre phonographie et morphographie

Abstract: Les donnees fournies par l'institution en matiere d'orthographe sont assez anciennes (MEN, 1977) ou restent evasives quant a ce qu'on peut attendre d'eleves a differents moments de leur cursus. C'est surtout vrai quand il s'agit de juger de leur degre de maitrise dans des activites d'ecriture moins strictement dirigees que la dictee. Or, de telles activites apparaissent actuellement de maniere de plus en plus massive et dans des situations de plus en plus diversifiees. Conjointement, une double transformation des demandes sociales et institutionnelles se fait jour : la necessite d'evaluer la maitrise de la langue ecrite en situations diversifiees de production d'une part, le souci de concevoir des aides didactiques d'autre part (Allal, 1997). La question deja ancienne de l'adaptation du degre d'exigence en matiere d'orthographe necessite donc des reponses actualisees. Les enseignants peuvent-ils alors se tourner vers les recherches en cours ou celles conduites au cours de ces dernieres annees pour y trouver matiere a des reponses qu'ils auront a construire eux-memes ? Pour repondre a la question toujours actuelle d'un certain niveau d'exigence, nous presentons dans cet article des donnees quantitatives tres recentes sur des reussites et des erreurs a l'ecole elementaire et au college et nous mettons en regard des donnees statistiques les commentaires que les eleves les plus jeunes font eux-memes sur leurs propres essais alors qu'ils ne se sont pas encore approprie un bagage grammatical que leurs aines possedent.

Existe-t-il des stades successifs dans l'acquisition de l'orthographe d'usage ?

Abstract: Catherine Martinet, Marilyne Bosse, Sylviane Valdois, Marie-Jeanne Tainturier. Existe-t-il des stades dans l'acquisition de l'orthographe d'usage ? ; This paper questions the main proposal of the stade models of spelling acquisition which postulate that children go through a serie of stages characterised by the acquisition of specific processing abilities during learning. Two kinds of evidence against this hypothesis are presented here through the analysis of neuropsychological and experimental data. It is argued that the mechanisms underlying normal reading establish very early during development, their involvement in processing being essentially determined by word familiarity. Catherine Martinet, Marilyne Bosse, Sylviane Valdois, Marie-Jeanne Tainturier. Existe-t-il des stades dans l'acquisition de l'orthographe d'usage ? ; This paper questions the main proposal of the stade models of spelling acquisition which postulate that children go through a serie of stages characterised by the acquisition of specific processing abilities during learning. Two kinds of evidence against this hypothesis are presented here through the analysis of neuropsychological and experimental data. It is argued that the mechanisms underlying normal reading establish very early during development, their involvement in processing being essentially determined by word familiarity.

L'effet Buben : de la linguistique diachronique à l'approche cognitive (et retour)

Abstract: Jean-Pierre Chevrot et Isabelle Malderez. The Buben effect : from the historical linguistics to the cognitive approach (and back) In the studies of historical linguistics, the authors often try to explain phonetic evolution by the influence of spelling on pronunciation (the so-called Buben effect or spelling pronounciation). At first, we analyze the results of the historical studies and we specify the modes of that influence. In a second time, we present psycholinguistic data and models that may explain the cognitive mechanisms responsible for such an influence. We conclude by showing how this detour by cognitive approach allows a best understanding of the Buben effect on the historical plan.

L'apprentissage de l'orthographe lexicale : Le cas des régularités

Abstract: Sebastien Pacton, Michel Fayol, Pierre Perruchet. L'apprentissage de l'orthographe lexicale : le cas des regularites According to traditional stage models of spelling development, children are thought to isolate the phonemes in the word and attempt to spell each with an appropriate grapheme without regard for acceptable letter sequences or other conventions of specific orthographies. In this paper, using nonwords in both judgment and production tasks, we show that French children (Grades 1 to 5) are sensitive to some orthographic patterns having no phonological counterparts (the use of double consonants and the transcription of /o/) much earlier than traditional stage models posit.

Les propriétés linguistiques du paradoxe : paradoxe et négation

Abstract: Oswald Ducrot, Marion Carel, Linguistical properties of paradox : paradox and negation ; The previous paper has defined a mere linguistical notion of paradox. But this notion does not represent the meaning of the word paradox of the ordinary language : and so it must be justified. This is the purpose of this paper. It shows that the words, sentences and sequences to which the linguistical definition of paradox applies have peculiar properties : for instance the negation effect on them is different from the negation effect on the paradoxical expressions.

Le jeu de la prédication dans certains composés nominaux

Abstract: Jean-Claude Anscombre: The role of predication in some French nominal compounds ; The aim of this article is to account, in terms of 'deep predication' for syntactic and semantic properties of those of French nominal compounds N₁, N₂ that are not idioms. Such a word formation, extremely productive in Modern French, mainly provides terms that refer to subsets of things: N₁ a N₂ is a hyponym of N₁. ; The study is carried out within the framework of the theory of linguistic stereotypes, especially as regards genericity. The first part is devoted to an examination of the possibility/impossibility for such nominals to be built up, and shows that it crucially depends on the existence of a peculiar generic connection between N₁ and N₂. The second part is an attempt to find out the conditions under which the N₂ of a compound noun N₁ a N₂ can be anaphorized by means of le N₂, son N₂, and en respectively. Once again, such possibilities are closely related to the above mentioned generic connection, especially as regards the type of (deep) predication involved.

Le factum textus: Fait de grammaire, fait de linguistique ou fait de cognition?

Abstract: Lita Lundquist : Le Factum Textus, fait de grammaire, fait de linguistique ou fit de cognition ? ; People are able to distinguish with a large degree of consensus between texts and non-texts. In the present article, I discuss the theoretical implications of this fact for text linguistics. I demonstrate, partly via a small experiment, that sentences in text can contain three categories of linguistic expressions which contribute to signal their position in the text : anaphors, argumentative signals and mental space builders. Taking a partly psycholinguistic point of view, I argue how text linguistics must integrate cognitive as well as linguistic aspects, but suggest that it can nevertheless obtain status as a linguistic science by satisfying the three criteria proposed by Milner (1995) of falsification, « mathematisation » and « technical application ».

Proverbes et structures stéréotypées

Abstract: Christine Michaux, Proverbs and stereotyped structures Proverbs are traditionally described either as being a proposition or as being a name. In this paper, 1 shall concentrate on the second definition type and analyse Kleiber's proposal on that matter. Kleiber claims indeed that proverbs can be defined by taking into account the nature of the referential relation in which they enter. In this perspective, Kleiber makes of the referential relation by proverb a referential relation similar to that linking a name to its referent. In this sense, proverbs should be considered in Kleiber's terms as a « metalinguistics » denomination. The first step of my analysis will consist in checking Kleiber's hypothesis by testing the validity of such a nominal conception of the proverb. This investigation will lead to a double conclusion. On the one hand, proverbs exhibit referential specificities that are note shared by names. On the other hand, defining proverbs in purely denominative terms can be shown not to provide a satisfying picture of proverbial semantics. The second step of the analysis shall then consist in introducing the phrasal dimension that characterises propositionalist approaches. The aim will be at that stage to put together the nominal and phrasal traits observed in all proverbial units. The last stage of my analysis will consist in describing an interpretative procedure integrating the specificities of this double proverbial status.

Le système des possessifs en français standard moderne

Abstract: Anne Zribi-Hertz: The possessive system of Standard Modern French ; This paper offers a thorough description of the three series of possessive expressions produced in Standard Modern French: possessive determiners (e.g. mon), possessive adjectives (e.g. mien) and dative possessives (e.g. a moi). It attempts to show how the three types are interrelated, and in what respects the possessive system of Modern French differs from those of Old French and Latin. The leading assumption is that Modern French possessives are spell-outs of a functional head, labelled 'I°', which articulates finite predications.

Les mots sans guère de choses : la praelectio

Abstract: Michele Rossellini : Words without things : the praelectio The history of praelectio from Erasmus to the 18th century reveals an increasing orientation towards to form more than substance. The Jesuits, indeed, stay away from the moral of the Ancients pagans, but they think that their « beautiful style » can and should be used to tell God's glory. The Jansenists, opposed to the flashing eloquence, turned the exercice towards language and translation. These process of thoughts have made a concept of « explication de texte » wich separates them from their fonction of speech.

Les adages du droit français

Abstract: Jean-Michel Gouvard, French law adages The aim of this paper is to compare proverbs and adages. First, I present some formal properties they share in common, I argue for a denominative approach of such sentences. Next, I demonstrate that adages show a very specific behavior from a semantical point of view and I try to define the class they belong to.

Champ, schéma, sujet : les contributions de Biihler, Bartlett et Benveniste à une linguistique du texte

Abstract: Brigitte Nerlich et David Clarke : Champ, schema, sujet ; les contributions de Buhler, Bartlett et Benveniste a une linguistique du texte This article is a contribution to an international and interdisciplinary history of text linguistics. It focuses on the works of three authors who have influenced text linguistics in various ways : Buhler, through his theory of four modes of language, his organon model, his theory of anaphora and deixis and his theory of language understanding influenced by Gestalt psychology ; Bartlett, through his theory of schemata or mental models that structure the understanding and memorisation of stories, a theory that had a direct influence on all later models of text comprehension based on schemata, frames, scripts and plans ; and finally Benveniste, through his theory of pronouns and indexicals and his discussion of two broad types of enunciation or genres of text : the story and the discourse.

Les stéréotypes et la contagion des idées

Abstract: Marc Dominicy, Les stereotypes et la contagion des idees ; In a series of books and articles, Dan Sperber has developed a cognitive theory that distinguishes between « intuitive » and « reflective » beliefs. It is argued here that a reflective belief necessarily contains (or « induces ») at least one « unanalized » concept. This hypothesis allows for a treatment of reflective beliefs which does not reduce them to a particular variety of ordinary beliefs, while leading to a better account of evocation. Indeed, evocation can now he seen as a central (nonmodular) mechanism, in which the processing of an unanalized concept involves the exploration of the « stereotype » assigned to it. In this perspective, « stereotypes » are set of beliefs located in the central system, and should not be confused with (modular) « prototypes ». Marc Dominicy, Les stereotypes et la contagion des idees ; In a series of books and articles, Dan Sperber has developed a cognitive theory that distinguishes between « intuitive » and « reflective » beliefs. It is argued here that a reflective belief necessarily contains (or « induces ») at least one « unanalized » concept. This hypothesis allows for a treatment of reflective beliefs which does not reduce them to a particular variety of ordinary beliefs, while leading to a better account of evocation. Indeed, evocation can now he seen as a central (nonmodular) mechanism, in which the processing of an unanalized concept involves the exploration of the « stereotype » assigned to it. In this perspective, « stereotypes » are set of beliefs located in the central system, and should not be confused with (modular) « prototypes ».

Origine adverbiale du génitif indo-européen, extractions, possessifs, anaphore associative et interprétations grammaticalisées dans les GN français

Abstract: Anne Daladier: The original adverbial caracter of the indo-european genitive case, extractions, possessive pronouns, anaphoric le and grammaticalized interpretations in French nominal The use of various morphological pronouns inside distributional oppositions such as: constraints on the possessivation of de N, constraints on Qu- extraction in contexts where the clitic en is allowed, constraints on anaphoric le in sentences where an explicit anaphoric genitive son is allowed, extends concrete and abstract values of source and membership of the indo european genitive case while discriminating very sharply the new values. Extraction properties also renew in some sense the adverbial original caracter of the genitive case. These extensions and differenciations of grammaticalized values take place inside two syntactic uses of de. De can occur as a discontinuous morpheme of a noun operator where it is grammaticalized inside the argumentai relationship of this noun with its arguments. De can also occur as a lexical operator, expressing various concrete and abstract possessive values and governing arguments, having or not argumentai structures.

L'orthographe en questions au 3615 ORTHOTEL ou « Est-ce que le participe passé dans les gâteaux sont fai- s'accorde ?

Abstract: Jacqueline Bllliez, Vincent Lucci, Agnes Millet. L'orthographe en questions au 3615 ORTHOTEL ou « Est-ce que le participe passe dans les gâteaux sont fai- s'accorde ? » This study analyses a corpus of 1 000 questions addressed to the ORTHOTEL service between January and August 1995. Accessible via the Minitel, this service provides assistance in helping ordinary writers resolve their spelling difficulties. The analysis yields two major results : on the one hand it shows accrued interest in grammatical markers and in particular those of the plural. It also allows for the description of highly differentiated normative attitudes linked in interpretation to real or supposed competencies. The observation of these questions which precede the act of writing suggest furthermore that the areas of spelling insecurity are not necessarily directly related to social distinction.

Pour une grammaire du discours : l'« ordre oratoire » face à la Praelectio, une occasion manquée

Abstract: Alain Viala : For a speech grammar. The « oratory order » against the praelectio : a missed opportunity The « Francais » still persists in treating the study of the language as a preliminary to the study of the texts (lot of grammar in primary school and Junior High School, lot of literature and no grammar in High School), especially by laying the emphasis on sentence's grammar. In reaction to its kicks, has appeared a text's grammar. But the language exists, in practice, as a speech, and is learned before school, and, more, the notion of « text » is problematical. The persistence of such an inadequate mechanism has historical reasons. In the middle of 18th Century, Batteux, by proposing to study the French authors aside of the Ancients, started a movement towards the « oratory order ». But the scholar institution didn't extend it, under the influence of the dominating model : the teaching of latin with a grammar of sentence — for a foreing language — and praelectio — for the literary texts. So there is an aggiornamento necessary and possible by the way of a "speech grammar"