Showing papers in "Mapping Sciences & Remote Sensing in 1987"
TL;DR: A paper describing the proceedings of a seminar on geographic information systems sponsored jointly by Tartu University and the USSR Academy of Sciences reveals major thrusts of Soviet research in this emerging field.
Abstract: A paper describing the proceedings of a seminar on geographic information systems sponsored jointly by Tartu University and the USSR Academy of Sciences reveals major thrusts of Soviet research in this emerging field. Topics presented in the seminar include basic types of geographic information systems, the roles played by microcomputers and data base management systems in GIS, use of data from topographic maps in GIS, terrain modeling, remote sensing and GIS, GIS development based on Soviet-produced hardware and software, and the application of information systems in the solution of specific resource management problems. Translated from: Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1986, No. 1, pp. 136–138.
2 citations
2 citations
TL;DR: A procedure for formalizing and classifying the textures created by various geographic features on maps is outlined with the objective of providing a mathematical basis for their analysis by computer.
Abstract: A procedure for formalizing and classifying the textures created by various geographic features on maps is outlined with the objective of providing a mathematical basis for their analysis by computer. The topological digital modeling of “geotextures” is based on the identification of mathematical sets (matrices) describing the content (either nominally or ordinally scaled) and distribution (either discrete or continuous) of elements comprising a particular texture. Several examples of such models are presented in detail for both discrete and continuous areal data and are compared in terms of their space requirements in the random access memory of a computer. Translated from: Geografiyo i prirodnyye resursy, 1986, No. 4, pp. 121-129.
2 citations
TL;DR: The first of three papers devoted to monitoring of the hydrosphere from space as mentioned in this paper outlines general principles for interpreting changes in the levels of reservoirs and agents responsible for those changes, illustrated using case studies and sample imagery derived from several of the better known water resource problems within that country (Caspian and Aral' Sea problems), as well as others not widely recognized outside the USSR (such as the creation of artificial reservoirs from drainage of excess irrigation waters or escape of groundwater from poorly constructed wells).
Abstract: The first of three papers devoted to Soviet monitoring of the hydrosphere from space outlines general principles for interpreting changes in the levels of reservoirs and agents responsible for those changes. These are illustrated using case studies and sample imagery derived from several of the better known water resource problems within that country (Caspian and Aral' Sea problems), as well as others not widely recognized outside the USSR (such as the creation of artificial reservoirs from drainage of excess irrigation waters or escape of groundwater from poorly constructed wells). Satellite remote sensing is an integral, officially recognized component of comprehensive government efforts to manage such problems. Translated from: Antropogennyye vozdeystviya no prirodnuyu sredu po nablyudeniyam iz kosmosa. Leningrad, Nauka, 1985, pp. 11-23.
2 citations
TL;DR: The authors outline a methodology for the small-scale hypsometric mapping of plains areas based on the averaging of relief for the purpose of portraying the most important details of local relief without obscuring larger, major relief forms or compromising the readability of the map.
Abstract: The authors outline a methodology for the small-scale hypsometric mapping of plains areas based on the averaging of relief—this for the purpose of portraying the most important details of local relief (small erosional landforms) without obscuring larger, major relief forms or compromising the readability of the map. An example map (25-m contour interval) of the Soviet portion of the East European Plain at a scale of 1:5,000,000 is included. The elevations portrayed on this map were averaged, according to a multi-stage procedure, from grid cells on a 1:2,500,000 map before transference onto the smaller-scale map base. The new map makes possible a revised estimate of the average elevation of the Russian Plain and depicts well the effects of both endogenous and exogenous factors on relief formation. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 1, pp. 22-29.
1 citations
TL;DR: The activities of the Pacific Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences in the creation of a series of standardized computer (line printer) atlases of sown areas and yields of basic agricultural crops at 1:8,000,000 scale are described.
Abstract: The activities of the Pacific Institute of Geography, USSR Academy of Sciences in the creation of a series of standardized computer (line printer) atlases of sown areas and yields of basic agricultural crops at 1:8,000,000 scale are described. Contributions by Institute researchers in the development or refinement of greytone scales for alphanumeric areal symbols, computer mapping programs in general, and applications of line-printer maps in planning and nature management are also mentioned. Translated from: Izvestiya Akademiya Nauk SSSR, seriya geografi-cheskaya, No. 3, 1986, pp. 128-130.
1 citations
TL;DR: The first two papers devoted to the analysis and mapping of river channels and floodplains describe Soviet work in the photogrammetric and cartometric analysis of floodplain morphology based on remote sensing imagery as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The first of two papers devoted to the analysis and mapping of river channels and floodplains describes Soviet work in the photogrammetric and cartometric analysis of floodplain morphology based on remote sensing imagery. The emphasis of the present paper is on the creation of digital terrain models for the automated measurement and mapping of floodplain features. Considerable attention is focused upon analysis of indicators of channel and floodplain dynamics (channel deposition, bankside erosion, meanders) appearing on aerial photographs. The results of channel analyses based on aerial photographic and field methods (determinations of channel width, depth, etc.) are compared for a test site. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1986, No. 4, pp. 51-57.
1 citations
TL;DR: The author outlines a systems approach to the analysis of the informational content of topographic, political-administrative and other types of maps, more specifically for the calculation of coeffi...
Abstract: The author outlines a systems approach to the analysis of the informational content of topographic, political-administrative and other types of maps, more specifically for the calculation of coeffi...
1 citations
TL;DR: A review of Soviet research describes methods of combining remote sensing and geodetic data in cartometric data bases for the purposes of compiling more detailed and accurate 3D terrain maps as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A review of Soviet research describes methods of combining remote sensing and geodetic data in cartometric data bases—for the purposes of compiling more detailed and accurate “three-dimensional” terrain maps. The major objective is to provide, by means of photogrammetric techniques employing stereopairs or series of overlapping images, elevational data on selective key geomorphological points (along structure lines, summits of ridges, valley bottoms, etc.) which can be used to supplement (or replace) data obtained for the control points of a rectangular grid. Creation of digital models from these “geomorphological” points provides more accurate three-dimensional terrain maps. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1986, No. 6, pp. 56-64.
1 citations
TL;DR: The author calls for the creation of a new State Committee on Geodeziya and Cartography (of higher administrative status) to replace the current Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartographic, with expanded powers to administer diverse cartographic programs.
Abstract: The author reviews the current state of Soviet thematic cartography and outlines a number of proposals for its improvement in conjunction with broader reforms now taking place in the Soviet economy and society. A critical need is for the better coordination (among a large number of separate institutions) of state mapping programs. The author calls for the creation of a new State Committee on Geodesy and Cartography (of higher administrative status) to replace the current Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography, with expanded powers to administer diverse cartographic programs. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1987, No. 5, pp. 41-46.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a map-movies, i.e., the photographing of maps depicting the same area for different, sequential points in time, onto the frames of motion picture film.
Abstract: The author, seeking to demonstrate that cartography can make significant contributions to the space-time paradigm in geography, outlines principles for the compilation of “map-movies,” i.e., the photographing of maps depicting the same area for different, sequential points in time, onto the frames of motion picture film. In particular, the experience accumulated during the compilation of a map-movie depicting the dynamics of the condition of landscapes in the Georgian SSR from January 1 to April 8, 1986 is described, as are the general findings of tests designed to determine how map readers perceive such motion picture images. Translated from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1987, No. 1, pp. 28-32.
TL;DR: The author investigates a number of cartographic models, several introduced fairly recently into Soviet cartography, in terms of their specific attributes, place in the general system of Cartographic knowledge, and prospects for further refinement upon subsequent advances in data gathering and manipulation methods and automated graphics technologies.
Abstract: The author investigates a number of cartographic models, several introduced fairly recently into Soviet cartography, in terms of their specific attributes, place in the general system of cartographic knowledge, and prospects for further refinement upon subsequent advances in data gathering and manipulation methods and automated graphics technologies. The models described include digital, normalized, and topologic models; computer-generated cartograms; models of fields; and mental and preference models—many of which, unlike more traditional varieties, permit the representation of non-Euclidean, topologic and other relationships in a mathematically precise way. Translated from: Izvestiya Akademiya Nauk SSSR, seriya geograflcheskaya, 1987, No. 1, pp. 33-43.
TL;DR: The author raises several questions about the use of systems and quantitative approaches as a basis for a universal theory of cartography and emphasizes that reliance on these approaches does not substitute for knowledge of specific properties of the objects of mapping or of fundamental principles of map design.
Abstract: The author raises several questions about the use of systems and quantitative approaches as a basis for a universal theory of cartography. In particular, he emphasizes that reliance on these approaches does not substitute for knowledge of specific properties of the objects of mapping (derived from the methods of the individual sciences) or of fundamental principles of map design. Mathematical-cartographic modeling, which uses draft maps as a means of comparing mathematical models with reality and thus for evaluating each stage in the modeling procedure, is advocated as a means for integrating diverse approaches in thematic cartography. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 2, pp. 147-152.
TL;DR: Zemli et al. as discussed by the authors evaluated the significance of changes in the water level of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol, a brackish gulf of the eastern portion of the Caspian Sea, and evaluated the importance of these changes for biotic and mineral resources.
Abstract: A second paper on the use of remote sensing in water resource monitoring focuses on efforts to assess and predict changes in the water level of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol, a brackish gulf of the eastern portion of the Caspian Sea, and to evaluate the significance of these changes for biotic and mineral resources. Near infrared “Meteor” satellite imagery, supplemented by quasi-synchronous aerial overflights and ground observations during the period 1980-1982, indicated that the surface area of the gulf had decreased by a factor of five since completion of a dam separating it from the Caspian, and permitted the mapping of four zones of salinization (differential potential for use in local commercial brine processing operations) for areas of former lake bed exposed at the surface through evaporation. Translated from: Priroda Zemli iz kosmosa, A. P. Tishchenko and S. V. Viktorov, eds. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984, pp. 129-130.
TL;DR: It is argued that the pattern or configuration of a cartographic symbol used to represent a geomorphological feature should represent the spatial structure of that feature with sufficient reliability to serve as a key to an understanding of its genesis.
Abstract: The authors attempt to identify and standardize the cartographic symbols (“images”) used to represent a variety of specific geomorphological features. A large number of cartographic representations of landform features found on geological-geomorphological maps are classified in terms of their basic pattern/configuration and the level of complexity within each major pattern type. It is argued that the pattern or configuration of a cartographic symbol used to represent a geomorphological feature should represent the spatial structure of that feature with sufficient reliability to serve as a key to an understanding of its genesis. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 2, pp. 62-66.
TL;DR: An algorithm for the determination of slopes based on the pattern of illumination and shadow on a radar photomap, with the subsequent determination of axial lines (which correspond in general with geological lineaments), is described.
Abstract: A method is outlined for the automated processing of radar-image photomaps of the surface of Venus—this for the geological interpretation of mountain systems and indirectly, the identification of belts of tectonic activity. More specifically, an algorithm for the determination of slopes based on the pattern of illumination and shadow on a radar photomap, with the subsequent determination of axial lines (which correspond in general with geological lineaments), is described. A number of findings resulting from the procedure are listed. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1987, No. 2, pp. 51-55.
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic principles behind scaling in cartography are outlined and illustrated with a large number of examples, including the use of symbols differentiated by variations in internal structure, failure to correctly differentiate between interval, ratio, and absolute scaling.
Abstract: The basic principles behind a theory of scaling in cartography are outlined and illustrated with a large number of examples. The following levels of scaling are used in the transformation of “(objective) empirical systems of relationships” to “abstract systems of relationships” for the purpose of their graphic representation: nominal, ordinal, interval, proportional or ratio, and absolute. While the first four levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) are similar to those widely identified in the West, the absolute level represents what would be considered a special type of ratio scaling in Western practice. The paper includes criticism of certain graphic methods supposedly used by Western cartographers on maps employing the different levels of scaling (use of symbols differentiated by variations in internal structure, failure to correctly differentiate between interval, ratio, and absolute scaling, etc.). Measurement for mapping purposes should be based on careful analysis of the structure of relati...