Showing papers in "Metal Science and Heat Treatment in 2005"
TL;DR: The effect of nitrogen on the strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance of nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steels is studied in this paper, where several fields of application of these steels are considered.
Abstract: The effect of nitrogen on the strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance of nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steels is studied. Fields of application of these steels are considered.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of modifying additives of niobium, zirconium, and titanium on the structure and properties of cast tungsten-molybdenum high-speed steels R6M5 and R6m5K5 is studied.
Abstract: The influence of modifying additives of niobium, zirconium, and titanium on the structure and properties of cast tungsten-molybdenum high-speed steels R6M5 and R6M5K5 is studied. Results of metallographic and x-ray diffraction analyses and of studies of fracture surfaces of the steels after casting, annealing, hardening, and tempering are discussed. The relationship between structural parameters, the degree of contamination of the metal by nonmetallic inclusions, and mechanical properties is established. It is shown that modifying with the mentioned elements in optimum amounts primarily promotes an increase in the impact toughness and wear resistance of the metal.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the microhardness, microbrittleness, and wear resistance of die steels after boronizing, borocopperizing, and borochromizing are studied.
Abstract: Processes of diffusion boronizing, borocopperizing, and borochromizing of die steels in fluidized bed are considered. The microhardness, microbrittleness, and wear resistance of die steels after boronizing, borocopperizing, and borochromizing are studied.
38 citations
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the history of development of titanium alloys in Russia is presented, and the effect of chemical composition and structure on the properties of alloys is analyzed; the treatment process is described.
Abstract: The history of development of titanium alloys in Russia is presented. Structural and high-temperature titanium alloys, and alloys with intermetallic reinforcement are considered. The effect of chemical composition and structure on the properties of alloys is analyzed. The treatment process is described. Examples of the use of titanium alloys in various branches of Russian industry are presented.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of various modes of thermomechanical treatment, including intense plastic deformation and postdeformation annealing, on the structure, mechanical, and functional properties of alloys based on titanium nickelide is investigated.
Abstract: The effect of various modes of thermomechanical treatment, including intense plastic deformation and postdeformation annealing, on the structure, mechanical, and functional properties of alloys based on titanium nickelide is investigated. The advantages of intense plastic deformation with annealing are shown as compared with traditional thermomechanical treatment.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of praseodymium in the change of magnetic properties of the material (residual induction, coercive force, temperature stability) is determined.
Abstract: Sintered magnetically hard materials with compositions (Nd05 − x
Pr
x
Dy05)18(Fe07Co03)remB55 (x = 012 − 05) and (Nd06 − x
Pr
x
Dy04)15(Fe08Co02)remB6 (x = 003 − 04) are studied The role of praseodymium (at invariable content of dysprosium and cobalt) in the change of magnetic properties of the material (residual induction, coercive force, temperature stability) is determined The phase composition of the material is identified The role of praseodymium in the magnetic properties of the material is interpreted
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the structure and properties of two groups of material, i.e., a new aluminum high-strength deformable alloy V1963 of the Al - Zn - Mg - Cu - Zr system bearing low additives of silver and scandium and possessing high strength, fatigue, and fracture toughness characteristics, and laminated alumopolymer composites of the SIAL class with enhanced crack resistance and strength (by a factor of 1.5 - 2) with respect to monolithic materials, are presented.
Abstract: Directions of development and ways for advancing aluminum-base materials for aircraft and spacecraft engineering are considered. Structure and properties of two groups of material, i.e., a new aluminum high-strength deformable alloy V1963 of the Al - Zn - Mg - Cu - Zr system bearing low additives of silver and scandium and possessing high strength, fatigue, and fracture toughness characteristics, and laminated alumopolymer composites of the SIAL class with enhanced crack resistance (by about a factor of 10) and strength (by a factor of 1.5 – 2) with respect to monolithic materials, are presented.
21 citations
TL;DR: The Bogachev - Mints concept of metastability of austenite for the choice of strain-hardenable steel, cast iron, and facing alloys resisting mechanical kinds of wear (cavitation-, erosion-, and abrasion-induced) is discussed in this article.
Abstract: The significance of the Bogachev - Mints concept of metastability of austenite for the choice of strain-hardenable steel, cast iron, and facing alloys resisting mechanical kinds of wear (cavitation-, erosion-, and abrasion-induced) is discussed
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the content of silver in the amount of 0.6 wt.% and of the Cu/Mg ratio in the range of 1.6 − 15 on the temperature ranges of phase transformations and on the properties of alloys of the Al - Cu - Mg - Ag system is studied with the aim of amending heat treatment modes.
Abstract: The effect of the content of silver in the amount of 0.6 wt.% and of the Cu/Mg ratio in the range of 1.6 – 15 on the temperature ranges of phase transformations and on the properties of alloys of the Al - Cu - Mg - Ag system is studied with the aim of amending heat treatment modes. Pressed strips with cross section 10 × 100 mm are studied after natural and artificial aging. The method of differential scanning calorimetry is used to determine the temperature ranges and thermal effects in solid-phase dissolution (segregation) of excess phases and melting of the structural components. Mechanical properties are determined at room and elevated temperatures and the microstructure over the cross section of the strips is studied.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors generalized the methods of study and criteria of evaluation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of zirconium alloys as applied to cladding tubes of nuclear reactors.
Abstract: Methods of study and criteria of evaluation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of zirconium alloys are generalized as applied to cladding tubes of nuclear reactors. Mechanisms of SCC in zirconium cladding tubes in iodine-bearing media (iodine vapors, solution of iodine in methanol, etc.) are described. Metallographic and fracture features of damage in these media are analyzed. Data on cracking rates and critical stress intensity factors are presented.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of temperature and moisture content in the atmosphere (5% H2 + 95% N2) on the removal of carbon and oxidation of the surface layer of technical alloy Fe - 3% Si (electrical anisotropic steel of the nitride-copper production variant) is presented.
Abstract: Results of a study illustrating the effect of temperature and moisture content in the atmosphere (5% H2 + 95% N2) on the removal of carbon and oxidation of the surface layer of technical alloy Fe - 3% Si (electrical anisotropic steel of the nitride-copper production variant) are presented. Variation of the concentration of silicon over the thickness of the surface layer is studied. The types of phases forming on the surface and their influence on the occurrence of the processes are determined. Annealing parameters (temperature and moisture content of the atmosphere) at which the processes of decarburization and oxidation are decelerated and even stopped are established.
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of a single-phase layer of γ′-nitride on the surface of carbon steel in the process of controlled gas nitriding (NITREG®) is presented.
Abstract: Results on the formation of a layer of γ′-nitride on the surface of carbon steel in the process of controlled gas nitriding (NITREG®) are presented. In the formation of single-phase layers of γ′-nitride it is necessary to control thoroughly the nitriding atmosphere including the stage when the treated material is heated to the process temperature. A mathematical formula relating the nitriding atmosphere with the value of the nitriding potential is suggested. Results of corrosion tests and metallographic studies of γ′-nitride layers are described.
TL;DR: In this article, compositions, structures, properties, and fields of application of advanced corrosion-resistant deformable weldable structurally stable nickel alloys with different alloying systems are presented.
Abstract: Results of more than forty-years work of the author, which have allowed her to create scientific foundations for alloying of corrosion-resistant alloys, are considered. Compositions, structures, properties, and fields of application of advanced corrosion-resistant deformable weldable structurally stable nickel alloys with different alloying systems (Ni - Cr, Ni - Mo, Ni - Cr - Mo) are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of nitrogen on the structure and properties of steels is analyzed. And the role of nitrogen in their hardening is considered, as well as its role in the electron subsystem of the metal.
Abstract: Special features of the structure of nitrogen-containing steels and the role of nitrogen in their hardening are considered. The following mechanisms of the action of nitrogen on the structure and properties of steels are analyzed: change in the state of solid solutions, shifting of the temperature of phase equilibria, segregation of nitride particles, interaction between nitrogen atoms and defects of crystal structure, and effect of nitrogen on the electron subsystem of the metal.
TL;DR: In this article, some conditions of formation of solid solutions and intermetallic compounds in the course of mechanochemical synthesis are considered, and the main factor among those determining the thermodynamic possibility of the formation of metastable phase is substantial increase in the internal energy of the initial material due to accumulation of stored strain energy and appearance of nanostructural state.
Abstract: Some conditions of formation of solid solutions and intermetallic compounds in the course of mechanochemical synthesis are considered. The main factor among those determining the thermodynamic possibility of formation of metastable phase in mechanochemical synthesis is substantial increase in the internal energy of the initial material due to accumulation of stored strain energy and appearance of nanostructural (excited) state. Competition (choice) between phases possible in the given system is determined by kinetic factors. As a rule, the first to appear in metallic systems are regions of solid solution phase based on a relatively low-mobility component. Energy barriers in generation and growth of excess phase (especially for phases with low energy of formation) are an additional factor of stability of the metastable state of supersaturated solid solution in the process of mechanochemical synthesis due to scarceness of mobile vacancies.
TL;DR: In this article, a possible mechanism for raising the resistance to localized corrosion by increasing the nitrogen content is considered, where a pressure electroslag remelting device is used to remove impurities.
Abstract: High-nitrogen steels (HNS) with more than 1 wt.% nitrogen and without manganese have been developed at the National Institute for Materials Science of Japan with the use of a pressure electroslag remelting device. Such steels have low content of impurities, high resistance to localized corrosion, and good mechanical properties. A possible mechanism for raising the resistance to localized corrosion by increasing the nitrogen content is considered.
TL;DR: The influence of manganese on the processes of structure formation in cast iron and steels depends considerably on its distribution between the phases as discussed by the authors, and the coefficients depend strongly on the concentrations and temperature values of the coefficients of distribution of MANGESE between other phases are systematized on the basis of known published data and the Fe - Mn phase diagram.
Abstract: The influence of manganese on the processes of structure formation in manganese cast iron and steels depends considerably on its distribution between the phases The values of the coefficients of interphase distribution of manganese are important initial data for making a thermodynamic analysis of the system and plotting sections of the diagram This paper presents new and complete experimental data on the distribution of manganese in carbides and austenite in cast iron The coefficients are shown to depend strongly on the concentrations and temperature Values of the coefficients of distribution of manganese between other phases are systematized on the basis of known published data and the Fe - Mn phase diagram
TL;DR: A weldable corrosion-resistant alloy based on the Al-Zn-Mg system has been developed in this paper, which has high strength characteristics (σr ≥ 500 MPa and σ02 ≥ 450 MPa) and is well weldable (the factor of weld concavity is 08 − 095).
Abstract: A weldable corrosion-resistant alloy based on the Al - Zn - Mg system has been developed The alloy has high strength characteristics (σr ≥ 500 MPa and σ02 ≥ 450 MPa) and is well weldable (the factor of weld concavity is 08 – 095) The substrate metal and welded joints of this metal are characterized by high corrosion resistance, good ductility and fracture toughness, and high fatigue resistance The alloys and the process of its production are based on known scientific achievements of the All-Russia Institute of Light Alloys (VILS) in the field of alloys of the Al - Zn - Mg system and in the field of alloying of aluminum alloys with scandium
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermodynamic model for the majority of boron-bearing steels for high-strength fasteners is used to plot nomograms characterizing the effect of titanium, aluminum, nitrogen, and borson on the amount of nitrides and oxides segregated in crystallization and on the content of effective borsons, which are used for determining the range of permissible contents of titanium and aluminum ensuring through hardenability of rolled bars from steels 12G1R, 20G2R, and 30G 1R up to 25 mm in diameter.
Abstract: The main advantages of boron-bearing steels used for production of rolled sections at cold upset shops of Russian automotive plants are considered. A thermodynamic model for the majority of boron-bearing steels for high-strength fasteners is used to plot nomograms characterizing the effect of titanium, aluminum, nitrogen, and boron on the amount of nitrides and oxides segregated in crystallization and on the content of effective boron. The effect of effective boron on the characteristics of hardenability is estimated. The studies conducted are used for determining the range of permissible contents of titanium and aluminum ensuring through hardenability of rolled bars from steels 12G1R, 20G2R, and 30G1R up to 25 mm in diameter.
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of the connection zone in front of the front of molten pool and changes in the macro-and microstructure of the weld metal were considered for conditions of fusion welding of titanium alloys on an example of pseudo-α-titanium alloy VT20.
Abstract: Special features of formation of the connection zone in front of the front of molten pool and changes in the macro- and microstructure of the weld metal are considered for conditions of fusion welding of titanium alloys on an example of pseudo-α-titanium alloy VT20.Ways for forming macrotexture on the surface of joined preforms are determined with the aim of obtaining weld metal with structure and properties close to those of the base metal.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTMT) on the processes of hardening and softening of corrosion resistant steels with up to 0.5% nitrogen is studied.
Abstract: The effect of the temperature and deformation conditions of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTMT) on the processes of hardening and softening of corrosion-resistant steels with up to 0.5% nitrogen is studied. Axisymmetric single and double compression and stress relaxation tests are performed with the help of Gleeble 1500 installation that ensures physical simulation of thermomechanical treatment. The hardening is determined in terms of changes in the hardness.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that at specific structural states and treatment modes, cast iron with globular graphite acquires high ductility in addition to high strength, which makes it possible to deform it by any method used in metallurgy and machine building.
Abstract: Results of studies of the structure and properties of various kinds of cast iron are considered. It is shown that at specific structural states and treatment modes iron with globular graphite acquires high ductility in addition to high strength. This makes it possible to deform it by any method used in metallurgy and machine building. The operation of deformation produces a combination of mechanical and physicochemical properties that makes iron a new structural material. Such iron will find wide use in various branches of industry. Specific applications are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure of the surface of steel-steel tribotechnical mating parts operating in lubricants alloyed with nanopowders of copper, zinc, and brass was studied.
Abstract: The methods of metallography, scanning electron microscopy, microscopic x-ray spectral analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger spectroscopy, scanning profilometry, and measurement of microhardness are used to study the structure of the surface of specimens of “ steel-steel” tribotechnical mating parts operating in lubricants alloyed with nanopowders of copper, zinc, and brass. The friction factors and wear are determined for the lubricants. The strained state of the surface layers formed under friction in media with nanopowders is considered.
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of some alloys of the nickel-chromium system are studied with the aim of determining the possibility of their use as structural materials for nuclear reactors, and it is shown that at some compositions such alloys form a structure ensuring high process and service properties under irradiation in boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors.
Abstract: Properties of some alloys of the nickel-chromium system are studied with the aim of determining the possibility of their use as structural materials for nuclear reactors. It is shown that at some compositions such alloys form a structure ensuring high process and service properties under irradiation in boiling water reactors and pressurized water reactors. Commercial production of these alloys has begun.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of various external factors (applied loads, iodine concentration, temperature, irradiation), structure, and properties (strength, state of the surface, residual stresses, and hydrogen charging) of zirconium alloys on the mechanisms of and resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of cladding tubes primarily in iodine-bearing media are presented.
Abstract: Data on the effect of various external factors (applied loads, iodine concentration, temperature, irradiation), structure, and properties (strength, state of the surface, residual stresses, and hydrogen charging) of zirconium alloys on the mechanisms of and resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of zirconium cladding tubes primarily in iodine-bearing media are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, phase reactions in three high-temperature nickel-base alloys with 16-22% Cr were studied in the process of long-term laboratory aging after different kinds of heat treatment and after operation.
Abstract: Phase reactions in three high-temperature nickel-base alloys with 16–22% Cr are studied in the process of long-term laboratory aging after different kinds of heat treatment and after operation. The conditions of formation, the composition, and the amount of the σ-phase and its influence on the properties of the alloys are determined.
TL;DR: The effect of having zero spin, orbital, and full magnetic moments on the induction temperature coefficient and phase composition of sintered magnetically hard materials of the Nd - Dy - Fe - Co-B system is studied in this paper.
Abstract: The effect of cerium and yttrium having zero spin, orbital, and full magnetic moments on the induction temperature coefficient and phase composition of sintered magnetically hard materials of the Nd - Dy - Fe - Co - B system is studied.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors constructed polythermal sections from isothermal sections of the Fe - C - Mn diagram at various contents of carbon and manganese at two vertical planes and on a horizontal plane of the diagram.
Abstract: Polythermal sections are constructed from isothermal sections of the Fe - C - Mn diagram at various contents of carbon and manganese. Transition from a fragmentary representation to a general representation of the Fe - C - Mn diagram is performed. A list of all three-phase and four-phase equilibria and a diagram of mono- and nonvariant equilibria in the studied part of the system are given. The ties between this system and the initial Fe - C, Fe - Mn, and Mn - C systems and projections of regions of the diagram on two vertical planes (at variable contents of carbon and manganese respectively) and on a horizontal plane (base) of the diagram are determined.
TL;DR: In the 1980s researchers of the All-Russia Institute of Light Alloys and the Komposit Research and Production Association developed Alloy 1970, a high-strength weldable corrosion-resistant alloy based on the Al - Zn - Mg - Cu - Sc - Zr system as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In the 1980s researchers of the All-Russia Institute of Light Alloys and the “Komposit” Research and Production Association developed a high-strength weldable corrosion-resistant alloy based on the Al - Zn - Mg - Cu - Sc - Zr system. The alloy was graded 1970 and used for fabricating pilot batches of sheets, plates, sections, and pressed preforms. Results of studies of the structure and properties of these semiproducts and their welded joints are presented. Alloy 1970 was initially designed for the purpose of spacecraft engineering. In recent years the aircraft industry has shown interest in high-strength weldable alloys for this purposes. Sheets from alloy 1970 were studied from the standpoint of their applicability as an aircraft material.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of different modes of combined treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of long-length semiproducts from commercial purity titanium is studied.
Abstract: The effect of different modes of combined treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of long-length semiproducts from commercial purity titanium is studied. The combined production process includes equal-channel angular pressing followed by thermomechanical treatment. Special features of formation of an ultrafine-grain structure in preforms and changes in mechanical properties are studied in different stages of the process. A comparative analysis of mechanical characteristics of titanium in the initial annealed state and after the combined treatment is performed. Scattering of mechanical properties over the length of preforms is studied.