Showing papers in "Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi in 1966"
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral absorption curves of solutions prepared by the wet acid digestion of chromic oxide were examined to study the digestibility of feed by marine fishes; the results of the present work showed that the following procedures were adequate for the study of digestibility.
Abstract: Numerous aspects of the wet acidic digestion procedure for the assay of chromic acid in a small amount of feed and excreta were examined to study the digestibility of feed by marine fishes; these examined were the spectral absorption curves of solutions prepared by the wet acid digestion of chromic oxide (Fig. 1), the stability of chromic acid solution obtained (Tables 1, 2), the effects of the amount of perchloric acid added (Table 2) and the wavelength to pre-pare the concentration-optical density curve (Fig. 2). The results of the present work showed that the following procedures were adequate for the study of digestibility. Weigh 50-100mg sample containing 1-3mg chromic oxide, wrap in a piece of filter paper and transfer to a dry 100ml Kjeldahl flask. Add 5ml of concentrated nitric acid in such a manner that it will wash down the particles adhered on the inside of the flask and allow to stand for a short period. Heat flask over a micro-electric heater which has the holes in the asbestos board covered so as to allow more heat to come in contact with the flasks. Allow the sample to digest until white precipitate is obtained (for about 20 minutes). When black particles adhere to the neck or side of the flask, wash them down by turning the flask 180°. Turn off the heater, cool the flask and 3ml perchloric acid to the digestion mixture and then reheat until green colour changes to yellow, orange or red. The reversal change in colour frequently occurs if the flasks are cooled just after the change in colour from green to yellow, because of the insufficient oxidation of the content. Therefore, the extension of digestion for 10 minutes is necessary after the colour change. Cool slightly and add about 50ml distilled water. Cool to room temperature and make up to 100ml in a volumetric flask with distilled water. Allow to stand for a few minutes to precipitate inor-ganic material. Transfer solution gently from the volumetric flask to a colorimetric tube, and read optical density at 350mμ against distilled water. The standard curve obtained by the wet acid digestion technique is expressed by the following equation;, Y=0.2089X+0.0032, where Y is the optical density at 350mμ, and X is the chromic oxide content of the sample (mg/100ml).
879 citations
TL;DR: Weight, glycogen and fat of eel liver undergo more rapid and pronounced changes than those of carcass particularly in the early stages of starvation, and glycogen shows the most rapid decrease in the course of starvation.
Abstract: Eels taken from eel-culturing ponds in August and November were starved for three months at temperatures of 28 and 12°C, respectively. Oxygen consumption rate did not changed in relation to the duration of starvation. Nitrogen excretion, however, lowered remarkably during the initial 15 days, followed by a constant level, in three month starvation either at the high or low temperature. Relative liver weight of starved eels decreased rapidly during the initial 15 days followed by a nearly constant level at the high temperature, while at the low temperature it decreased at a rather constant rate throughout the experimental period of three months. The same tendency was also observed with the liver glycogen and the liver fat. It was found that weight, glycogen and fat of eel liver undergo more rapid and pronounced changes than those of carcass particularly in the early stages of starvation. Among three reserved substances, glycogen, fat and protein, glycogen shows the most rapid decrease in the course of starvation.
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TL;DR: An attempt to induce artificial spawning of goldfish at any season of the year was tried during the period ranging from April, 1965 to March, 1966 and the results obtained are as follows.
Abstract: An attempt to induce artificial spawning of goldfish at any season of the year was tried during the period ranging from April, 1965 to March, 1966. The results obtained are as follows: 1) At the end of April the two-year-old fish were collected from an outdoor pond and removed to indoor aquaria regulated at 13-14°C. They were kept in the aquaria separately by sex under the natural daylight until the end of December. In spawning experiments several females showing the ponderal index more than 0.05 were selected from the stock fish, and each fish was transferred to a spawning aquarium at about 20°C, which was supplied with some water plants for spawning nests, together with a male fish which could release a small amount of milt under a slight pressure on his belly. By this method successful spawning was observed in these fish every month from April to December. Of 47 experimental fish, 44 females spawned within ten days after they had been transferred to the experimental aquaria, two fish showed no spawning and one died. Among the spawned females 33 individuals laid eggs on the second day of the experiment. 2) From December to February, immature females were first maintained in a high temperature at about 20°C to accelerate the growth of oocytes, By this treatment maturing of the ovaries was hurried up and the fish showed a ponderal index of above 0.05 after being kept in this condition for some 30 days in December, 14 days in January, and for 8 days in February. In March some fish had already arrived at the same maturing conditions as above without any treatment. About 66 per cent of the experimental females spawned by only being removed to the similarly conditioned aquaria as above or after the treatment with HCG. 3) The injection of HCG, 30 units per lOg body weight, just before the transfer of fish to the spawning aquaria, always makes spawning reaction prompt, and 74.2 per cent of the injected fish laid eggs on the next day after the injection. 4) The amount of eggs spawned was calculated from the difference between body weight just before spawning and that just after spawning. Average weights of spawned eggs were about the same in a month, and the weight of spawned eggs as compared to body weight was 12.6 per cent in average in the treatment with high temperature alone and 10.9% in the treatment with both HCG and high temperature. 5) Average fertilization rates all through the experimental period were 78.7 per cent in the high temperature experiments and 77.5 per cent in both HCG and high temperature treatments, and hatching rates were 68.4 and 66.2 per cent on the average respectively. 6) The male fish maintained their full maturity all through the year by being kept in an aquarium at 13-14°C and they could release plenty of sperm within a day due to their removal to the spawning aquaria at about 20°C.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the flesh of Lepidocybium flavobrunneum and Ruvettus pretiosus has been analyzed, and was found to contain approximately 20% of oil consisting primarily of wax.
Abstract: 1. The flesh of Lepidocybium flavobrunneum and Ruvettus Pretiosus has been analyzed, and were both found to contain approximately 20% of oil consisting primarily of wax. 2. The flesh and acetone-soluble oil of both species produce seborrhea besides diarrhea in rats, and are judged not suitable for food. 3. The acetone-soluble oil has been fractionated into the hydrocarbon, wax, glyceride and polar substance fractions by column and thin-layer chromatography, and alcohol and fatty acid constituents of wax and glyceride fractions analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. 4. The main constituents present are: cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and oleic acid in wax and oleic and eicosenoic acids in glyceride. 5. Hydroxy oleic acid is not recognized, differing from the observation of Cox and REID on the oil of R. pretiosus.
33 citations
TL;DR: This paper deals with the vitamin B12 synthesizing ability of intestinal bacteria, which belongs mostly to Gram-negative rods, and they show a pretty high level of B12-production, though not so remarkable as is to be seen in Actinomyces.
Abstract: In preceding papers, the authors studied on the production of B-vitamins by intestinal bacteria of carp. This paper deals with the vitamin B12 synthesizing ability of intestinal bacteria. Of the 198 strains of bacteria isolated from the intestinal canal of carp, the vitamin B12 synthesizing capacity was researched. Concerning the 5 strains having a comparatively high synthesizing capacity, the vitamin B12 content of intra- and extra bacterial cells were studied. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Of all the strains isolated from the intestinal canal of carp, the number of rods ex-ceeded that of coccus, and the ratio of both type of bacteria was shown to be nearly equal. (Table 1) 2. About half of intestinal bacteria produced some vitamin B12, while no vitamin B12 decomposing bacteria could be found in this study. (Table 2) 3. Intestinal bacteria of high productive ability of vitamin B12 belongs mostly to Gram-negative rods, and they show a pretty high level of B12-production, though not so remarkable as is to be seen in Actinomyces. 4. Vitamin B12 content in the bacterial cells increased gradually during growth, while the vitamin B12 in the culture medium reached to a highest level after 6 hours of incubation, and after that time almost no increase was to be observable. (Table 4 and Fig. 1)
32 citations
TL;DR: Skin homogenates of eighteen species, including both red and common green or dark color fishes, showed a rapid discoloration of astaxanthin and β-carotene, and a possible existence of certain oxidative enzyme was suggested in the skin tissues to enhance the carotenoid discolization.
Abstract: Aqueous extract of the skins, liver, and muscle tissues from various kinds of fish were examined of their activities to discolor three different carotenoids; astaxanthin, tunaxanthin, and β-carotene.1. Skin homogenates of eighteen species, including both red and common green or dark color fishes, showed a rapid discoloration of astaxanthin. And, a similar effect on tunaxanthin and β-carotene was also observed in some species.2. The muscle homogenates did not affect either astaxanthin or tunaxanthin, but those from two species of guarnard indicated a discoloring effect on β-carotene.3. Liver homogenates were likely potent of the activity, though they were less remarkable in the action than skin preparations.4. Most pronounced activities of the skins were noted in the species such as rockfish, guarnard, grouper, tilefish, queen snapper and mackerel.5. As to the temperature effect on the activity of grouper skins, a quick discoloration was demonstrated at temperatures above 15°C, but even at 5°C, a major quantity of astaxanthin was also lost after two days' storage.6. Addition of KCN or a heat treatment was able enough to inhibit the activity and a possible existence of certain oxidative enzyme was suggested in the skin tissues to enhance the carotenoid discoloration.
30 citations
TL;DR: The present study has been carried out to obtain some useful information about the hormone secretion in the corpuscle of STANNIUS, from the viewpoint of structure.
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TL;DR: The pathological examination revealed that the symptoms of carp disease are quite identical with those observed on the fish in carp farms, and the disease was effectively prevented by the addition of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (50mg/100g diet).
Abstract: The disease of carp, which is characterized by a marked loss of flesh in the back (Fig. 1) and called “Sekoke” disease, has been a serious problem for carp culturists in Japan. Besides muscle dystrophy, loss of appetite, poor growth and high mortality have been observed as symptoms. As the disease was suspected to be a dietary one due to oxidized oil in dried silk-worm pupae used as a main ingredient of feedstuff, the relation between the disease and oxidized oil was examined. Carp fingerlings were kept for about 120 days on the diet containing 10% of the oxidized saury oil (peroxide value 120-150), with or without DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (Table 1). In 60 days, typical signs of the disease appeared in the group receiving the oxidized oil without DL-α-tocopheryl acetate and the rate of ill fish amounted to 56% at the end of the experiment. The pathological examination revealed that the symptoms are quite identical with those observed on the fish in carp farms. The disease was effectively prevented by the addition of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (50mg/100g diet). Some results of chemical analyses on the test animals are summerized in Tables 2-4. In connection with the feeding test, the turnover of vitamin E in carp was also examined. As seen in Fig. 2, it is very rapid and marked in hepatopancreas, while far less distinct in the muscle.
TL;DR: Both the seasonal occurrence of an additional prealbumin fraction and the seasonal increase of the protein concentration in the Otolith fluid may favor the formation of the organic matrix of the opaque zone in the otolith.
Abstract: The protein concentration and distribution of the protein fractions of the otolith fluid (endolymph of the sacculus) were determined seasonally by the micro-Kjeldahl method and by paper and cellulose acetate electrophoresis, using three types of fish, flatfish, goldfish and rainbow trout, which have differing otolith characteristics. (1) The otolith fluid was successfully collected from the sacculus by use of a fine glass capillary. The average amount of this fluid collected from one medium-sized individual was about 15 μl in flatfish, 1 μl in goldfish, and 7 μl in rainbow trout. (2) An additional fraction of prealbumin was found to occur seasonally in the otolith fluid of both flatfish and goldfish at a certain time corresponding to the period of opaque zone formation in their otoliths, while such a seasonal occurrence of a prealbumin fraction was not detected electrophoretically throughout the year in the otolith fluid of rainbow trout whose otolith is homogeneously glassy, nor in all the sera of the species examined. (3) In the otolith fluid of flatfish, the protein concentration was found to increase seasonally corresponding to the period of opaque zone formation in the otolith, while such a seasonal change of the protein concentration was not found in the otolith fluid of rainbow trout, nor in the sera of both flatfish and rainbow trout. (4) Accordingly, both the seasonal occurrence of an additional prealbumin fraction and the seasonal increase of the protein concentration in the otolith fluid may favor the formation of the organic matrix of the opaque zone in the otolith.
TL;DR: If the biliverdin-lipoprotein takes part in lipid transport in living eel, the mechanism might be different from that of the lipoprotein in higher animals.
Abstract: Lipid of biliverdin-lipoprotein in eel serum was fractionated into four fractions: Acetone-soluble, ether-soluble conjugated, ether-insoluble conjugated, and firmly combined lipid fractions. The acetone-soluble lipid fraction consisted of glycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol esters, free cholesterol, with small amounts of alcohols and the other unsaponifiable matters. The main fatty acids in this fraction were 16:0 and 18:1 acids amounting to about 1/3 each of the total. Conjugated lipid fractions were composed of phosphatidylserine and a sort of phospholipid the nature of which remains to be clarified. The proportions of lipid fractions in the biliverdin-lipoprotein fluctuated considerably, while the composition of each fraction was relatively fixed and characteristic. Therefore, if the biliverdin-lipoprotein takes part in lipid transport in living eel, the mechanism might be different from that of the lipoprotein in higher animals.
TL;DR: Electrical stimulation of the excised eye of 11 marine teleosts leads us to conclude that the lens movement in accommodation is directed temporad in 9 species or dorso-temporad in 2 bottom feeders, though the movement sometimes tends to have the component toward the bottom.
Abstract: Electrical stimulation of the excised eye of 11 marine teleosts leads us to conclude that the lens movement in accommodation is directed temporad in 9 species or dorso-temporad in 2 bottom feeders, though the movement sometimes tends to have the component toward the bottom. This component was concluded, however, to be an artifact brought about by strong contraction of the muscles in the iris, ciliary body, etc. due to a strong stimulation. The temporal movement of the lens means that the visual axis is directed forward, and dorso-temporad means lower-forward. These directions of the visual axis are consistent with the habits of the fishes. Musculus retractor lentis of carp and goldfish is very feeble, and no movement of the lens was elicited by the electrical stimulation.
TL;DR: A Chondrococcus-like bacterium of high virulence was isolated from diseased loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) using TY agar media suitable for the isolation and the maintenance of the bacterium, respectively.
Abstract: A Chondrococcus-like bacterium of high virulence was isolated from diseased loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). The basal medium used in this study as the standard for various purposes contains 0.3 per cent Bacto-tryptone and 0.2 per cent yeast extract, adjusted to pH 7.5 (TY broth). TY agar media containing 1.5 per cent agar and 0.4 per cent agar were suitable for the isolation and the maintenance of the bacterium, respectively. Stock cultures were stored in a refrigerator and subculture was made every two or three weeks. Colonies on TY agar plates were usually yellow and flat and have irregular, rhizoidar edges, though showing a wide variation in form in older cultures. (Fig. 2). Vegetative cells from lesions or young cultures were Gram-negative, slender, flexible rods and have 3 to 8 microns in length and about 0.5 microns in width. Under cultural conditions the cells usually went through degenerative processes similar to those described by GARNJOBST3) and by BORG4). A swinging motion and column formation were observed in materials scraped directly from lesions and placed in a wet mount. (Fig. 3). A sliding movement was also observed on solid media. The formation of fruiting bodies and microcysts was clearly demonstrated by using BORG's method. (Fig. 5). Tests for biochemical characteristics of the bacterium yielded the results shown in Table 2. On the basis of the information obtained, the organism was identified with Chondrococcus columnaris (DAVIS) ORDAL and RUCKER (1944).
TL;DR: Water holding capacity (WHC) of myosin-fraction gel was determined under varied pH conditions by centrifugal method by assumption that firmness of structure sufficient to hold water against pressure applied in measurement of WHC has a decisive influence on WHC in the case of gels with relatively weak structure as “M” gel.
Abstract: Water holding capacity (WHC) of myosin-fraction (“M”) gel was determined under varied pH conditions by centrifugal method (8, 000rpm, 20 min.). 1. WHC of “M” gel is greater than that of muscle homogenate, being maximum in isoelectric zone in contrast with the latter which is minimum in this region. 2. WHC of isoelectric “M” gel decreases if pH is shifted to ?? 4.5 or ?? 8. Similarly decreases WHC of “M” gel formed in the alkaline side on readjustment of pH to ?? 4.5. 3. If pH of “M” gel formed in acid or alkaline side is brought to isoelectric zone, WHC is not only less than that of isoelectric gel, but also of the original gel. 4. If pH of isoelectric or alkaline gel is brought to ?? 4.5, WHC of the reformed gel is smaller than that of gel formed at pH ?? 4.5. Results 1 and 2 might be interpreted by an assumption that firmness of structure sufficient to hold water against pressure applied in measurement of WHC has a decisive influence on WHC in the case of gels with relatively weak structure as “M” gel. In Result 3 WHC decreases, though the structure of reformed gel is supposed to be thickened by pH adjustment. This might be probably due to that syneresis has more pronounced effect than firmness of structure. Result 4 can not be explained either by loosening of structure nor syneresis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the mullet and stockfish roe were shown to contain oil rich in wax, and the main constituents present in these roe oils were cetyl alcohol, hexadecenol and hexadecinol and oleic acids in wax.
Abstract: 1. The mullet and stockfish roes were shown to contain oil rich in wax. 2. The acetone-soluble oil was fractionated into hydrocarbon, wax, glyceride and polar substance fractions by column and thin-layer chromatography, and alcohol and fatty acid constituents of wax and glyceride fractions analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. 3. The main constituents present in the mullet roe oil were cetyl alcohol, hexadecenol and hexadecenoic and oleic acids in wax and palmitic, hexadecenoic and oleic acids in glyceride. In the stockfish roe they were cetyl and stearyl alcohols and oleic acid in wax and oleic and palmitic acids in glyceride, respectively. 4. Both alcohols and fatty acids with odd-numbered carbon atoms were found to be richer in these roe oils than in marine oils so far analyzed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors observed histologically the respective pearl-sac tissues forming nacreous, prismatic and periostracal pearls, and they found that the epithelial cells of the pearls are extremely tall and cylindrical, and contain acidophilic small granules in the cytoplasm.
Abstract: 1) The present author observed histologically the respective pearl-sac tissues forming nacreous, prismatic and periostracal pearls. 2) The epithelial cells of the pearl-sac tissues forming nacreous and prismatic pearls seem to be essentially similar to each other, except that the latter vary greatly in cell height and are slightly taller in average height in comparison with the former. 3) The epithelial cells of the pearl-sac tissue forming periostracal pearl are structurally quite different from those producing nacreous or prismatic pearl. These epithelial cells are extremely tall and cylindrical, and contain numerous acidophilic small granules in the cytoplasm. On the free end of these epithelial cells, cilia are visible under optical microscope. 4) Some of the pearl-sac epithelia forming periostracal pearls have a great number of ridges caused by the crowding of numerous wandering cells in some subepithelial regions. On the surface of the epithelium, periostracum and many necrosed cells are generally observed. These features seem to indicate that the epithelium is slightly inflamed. In the case where the inflammation worsened not only the epithelium but also its surrounding tissue may have partially fallen off due to necrosis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the results obtained from 36 recovered fish up to January 1964 to show that the recovered fish were all fished from beneath the bamboo rafts or clusters of floating algae.
Abstract: The dolphin, Coryphaena hippurus, is one of the important warm water fish that migrate into the adjacent seas of Japan. This species shows the peculiar behaviour and is attracted by clusters of floating algae or bamboo rafts that are prepared for the purpose of artificial shelters. Out of the catch from bamboo raft shelters (“shiira-zuke” fishery), 132 fishes (40-75cm in fork length) were tagged and released during the periods from August to October in 1962 and the same in 1963. The present paper deals with the result obtained from 36 recovered fish up to January 1964. The following are the results summarized: (1) The recovered fish were all fished from beneath the bamboo rafts or clusters of floating algae. (2) The recovery rate was 27.2% in average. The rate for the fish that had been tagged in the thriving month of September was as high as 44% (Table 1). (3) The fish were recovered within an area extending from the East China Sea to the neighbourhood of Noto Peninsula, Japan Sea. Some 67% of the recovered fish were caught within 30 nautical miles inshore; 72% of them were fished within 10 days after released (Table 2, Fig. 1). (4) The dolphin seems to made a northward migration until September and start to move down the south in the later part of that month. A part of population likely tends to the East China Sea through the Tsushima Straits. It is interesting to note that such a high recovery rate in short distance and days-out may be related to the ecological significance and effects of the bamboo rafts to the dolphin.
TL;DR: The pond-cultured annual salmonid fish, the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis T. & S., was maintained under the artificial controlled photoperiodicity, and the survival time of the fish was prolonged considerably beyond the natural life span of this species.
Abstract: The pond-cultured annual salmonid fish, the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis T. & S., was maintained under the artificial controlled photoperiodicity, and the survival time of the fish was prolonged considerably beyond the natural life span of this species. In the present paper, merely histological description was given of the endocrine glands of the fish. The shape of the pituitary gland shows a remarkable deformity, and many lacunae were occurred in the adenohypophysis, particularly in the rostral zone of pars distalis. The glandular cells, including many of dilated cells, located in the dorsal region of the proximal zone of pars distalis, were in the process of marked degeneration. The figure of the thyroid gland appears to be hypofunction and degeneration. Marked expansion of the head kidney was encountered, and the adrenal cortical tissue is composed of hyperplastic masses of acidophiles and of basophiles. The superficial layer of the head kidney indicates the state of severe necrosis. Inside the cardinal vein, there appears a strange structure which might be the hemangio-endothelioma. Whole ovarian eggs were remained in a state of preovulation, and underwent the process of degeneration. Various stages in the course of formation of corpora lutea were seen. Notable lymphosarcomatous nodules, varying in size, were detected in the ovary. The atretic eggs under the process of formation of corpora lutea were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue and reticulum which maintain many lymphocytes. Sometimes, partial necrosis was developed in the central region of a large tumorous growth. Possible relation between the light rhythm and the endocrine unbalance was discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to identify and determine the sialic acids occurring in the external mucous substance from a sting ray, Dasyatis akajei, and an eel, Anguilla japonica, and in the cartilage of a shark, Carcharhinus gangeticus, a hammerhead, Sphyrna zygaena, and a stinger ray.
Abstract: Five kinds of sialic acid have so far been described1)2). In the present paper, the authors tried to identify and determine the sialic acids occurring in the external mucous substance from a sting ray, Dasyatis akajei, and an eel, Anguilla japonica, and in the cartilage of a shark, Carcharhinus gangeticus, a hammerhead, Sphyrna zygaena, and a sting ray. The isolation procedure of sialic acids was the same as that described in the previous paper3)4). Each material was hydrolyzed with 0.03N H2S04 at 80°C for 1 hr. The sialic acid liberated was retained on Dowex-1 (HCOO-), and then eluted with 0.3N HCOOH. The eluate was evaporated to dryness in vacuo at a temperature not exceeding 30°C. The residue was dissolved in water-methanol, and sialic acid was crystallized from the solution by adding ethyl ether. The identification of sialic acids was performed by paper chromatography developed with three kinds of solvent (Table 1). The content of sialic acid in each material was determined by SVENNERHOLM's resorcinol reaction8). Among the sialic acids only N-acetylneuraminic acid was identified in all the samples tested, and the unidentified substances positive to the “direct EHRLICH's reaction” were found, besides N-acetylneuraminic acid, in both the external mucous substance of an eel and the cartilage of a hammerhead. The content of sialic acid in each material tested was shown in Table 2.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relation between the lowering of freshness and bio-chemical changes in the fish muscle during ice storage using plaice and skipjack, and found that in the early stage of the storage, autolysis rather than bacterial action was responsible for the deterioration of fish freshness.
Abstract: Studies have been made on the relation between the lowering of freshness and the bio-chemical changes in the fish muscle during ice storage using plaice and skipjack. The changes in total amounts of free amino acids, salt-soluble proteins, volatile bases and trimethylamine, together with bacterial count, pH and “K” value (absorption ratio in percentage at 250mμ of inosine plus hypoxanthine fraction to the perchloric-acid extract of muscle) which had been proposed for an index for fresheness of fish by SAITO et al were pursued periodically. The results were shown in Figs. 1, 2 and Table 1. Psychlophylic bacteria were little increased during the first 10 days for plaice and throughout the storage time (9 days) for skipjack. The solubility of 0.6M KCI-soluble proteins was not changed significantly in both cases. The amount of volatile bases was fairly increased at the earlier stage and thereafter kept constant. However, trimethylamine was not increased until 14 days and 9 days for plaice and skipjack respectively. The amount of free amino acids was observed to be fairly increased during the storage for plaice, and on the other hand, the tendency of increase was rather slight unexpectedly for skipjack. The freshness was organoleptically observed to be markedly lowered at the 14th days for plaice, and at the 4th days for skipjack, earlier than bacterial count and substances such as volatile bases and trimethylamine were not so much increased. Based on these results, it may be said that in the early stage of the storage the deterioration of freshness of fish is effected by autolysis rather than bacterial action. Also in the present study, “K” value was confirmed to be useful index for freshness of fish, i.e. it amounting to 40-50% when freshness was recognized to be markedly lowered in both cases.
TL;DR: It seems reasonable to conclude that changes in NAD are related indirectly to the development of rigor mortis through changes in the ratios of other redox pairs, as studied by Burt and Stroud in the laboratory and (as NAD+/NADH ratios) to ATP concentrations.
Abstract: These adenine nucleotides are of key significance in energy relations in many tissues. Little is known about the concentrations and turnover of the compounds in fish muscle operating under varying physiological conditions, or about any changes consequent upon lysis and anaerobiosis in dying muscle. In this paper, we describe the bases of previously reported long-term changes1) 2) 3) in terms of an enzymic cleavage of the nucleotide. We discuss, also, the effects of exercise on both the concentrations of dinucleotide at death and on short-term changes thereafter. These are shown to relate to changes in the ratios of other redox pairs, as studied by Burt and Stroud4) in our laboratory, and (as NAD+/NADH ratios) to ATP concentrations. From earlier investigations on the concentrations of ATP and lactate in cod muscle at the point of rigor5) it seems reasonable to conclude that changes in NAD are related indirectly to the development of rigor mortis.
TL;DR: As a preliminary study for identifying the attractant for prawns and fish, the aqueous ethanolic extracts of a marine worm were analyzed for free and combined amino acids, nucleotides, organic bases, guanidino compounds, organic acids and sugars.
Abstract: As a preliminary study for identifying the attractant for prawns and fish, the aqueous ethanolic extracts of a marine worm, Perinereis brevicirrus, were analyzed for free and combined amino acids, nucleotides, organic bases, guanidino compounds, organic acids and sugars, and so far as nitrogenous constituents are concerned, their distribution in the extracts was made clear almost completely.
TL;DR: The waters around Shikano-se in the Harima-nada and Bisanseto seem to be the centers of distribution of the larval sand-lance found in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea.
Abstract: Many factors have been considered on the variation of larval abundance of the sand-lance Ammodytes personatus, in the Harima-nada and Osaka Bay. In the author's previous paper (I) the relationship between larval abundance and the age-composition of the parent was dis-cussed. In the present paper the distribution and its seasonal change of larval fish in the investigated area, between 1960 and 1965, is discussed. The results of the observation are as follows, 1) In the Harima-nada and Osaka-Bay, the larvae of the sand-lance appear at the end of December when the season is early, or at the middle of January when the season is late. At this time, distribution of the larvae is restricted to the spawning grounds. 2) The material was obtained using a 45cm. ring net with silk netting GG 50. The net was towed horizontally at the surface (0-5m.). The body length of the larvae varied from 3.1mm. to 24.2mm.. Specimens having body lengths of over 20mm. were few in number. 3) The pattern of larval distribution varied according to time and duration of spawning season and diffusion of eggs and larvae. The pattern observed from the beginning to the middle of February, every year, is generally thought to indicate the distribution after comple-tion of the diffusion. 4) The waters around Shikano-se in the Harima-nada and Bisanseto seem to be the centers of distribution of the larval sand-lance found in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea.