Showing papers in "Open Access Library Journal in 2015"

Preparation and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Chemical Precipitation Method

Abstract: Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were synthesized via chemical precipitation method using copper (II) chloride dihydrate and sodium hydroxide. Then nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The XRD patterns and EDX spectra showed that the prepared CuO-NPs were highly pure, crystalline and nano-sized. The SEM image suggested that nano particles were spherical and there was a tendency of agglomerations. The nanoparticles showed interactions between copper and oxygen atoms supported by FTIR studies.

Reliability of Kinovea Computer Program in Measuring Cervical Range of Motion in Sagittal Plane

Abstract: Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the intrarater and interrater reliability of Kinovea computer program in measuring cervical range of motion in sagittal plane in healthy subjects. Subjects: Sixty-five normal physical therapy intern students participated in this study. Their age ranged from 20 - 24 years with mean (22.42 ± 0.84) and BMI mean (28.60 ± 1.40). Materials and Methods: Digital camera and labtop with installed Kinovea software were used. The cervical ROM of flexion and extension for each participant were measured by Kinovea computer program three times by examiner (B) to detect the intrarater reliability and by three examiners (A, B and C) to detect the interrater reliability. Results: For the intrarater reliability, the ICC between the first and second trials by Rater B for flexion and extension were 0.985 and 0.995. The ICC between the second and third trials were 0.932 and 0.993. The ICC between the first and third trials were 0.920 and 0.986 respectively. For the interrater reliability, the ICC between Rater A & B for flexion and extension were 0.991 and 0.992. The ICC between Rater A & C were 0.988 and 0. 9938. The ICC between Rater B & C were 0.993 and 0.997 respectively. Kinovea computer program had an excellent intrarater and interrater reliability in measuring cervical flexion and extension range of motion at P < 0.05. Conclusion: The Kinovea software program was reliable in both intrarater and interrater reliability in measuring cervical range of motion in sagittal plane.

Watershed Management in Highlands of Ethiopia: A Review

Abstract: Watershed is not only a hydrological unit for hydrologist but also a socio-political-ecological entity for rural community. Ethiopian highlands hailing as the cradle of humanity and home to about 80% of the population helped shelter from foreign conquest and making a strong base of rural community. The area is threatened with erosion and loss of agricultural productivity. The soil and water conservation program initiated in 1970 achieved only limited success due to its failure in addressing to the problems of local people. The prominent reasons assigned were lack of community participation, ignoring indigenous knowledge, adopting top down approach and poor institutional collaboration. The present government taking lessons from the past, started community based integrated watershed management program removing all the shortcomings through the instrument of new policies for improved livelihood and living conditions of rural communities.

Epidemiology of Canine Parvovirus Enteritis among Hospitalized Dogs in Effurun/Warri Metropolitan Region of Delta State, Nigeria

Abstract: Canine parvovirus enteritis has remained a problem in dog population worldwide. In Nigeria, dog owners and researchers have grossly neglected the disease even though it has been a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality of dogs. This retrospective study provides current information on the status of canine parvovirus enteritis by collating and analyzing data from clinical records of hospitalized dogs from 2000 to 2013 in Effurun/Warri metropolitan region. In the study, the endemicity of this disease with an overall prevalence of 13.4% for the past 14 years has been demonstrated. The infection rates were significantly associated with age, sex, breed and vaccination status (P < 0.0001). Puppies from 0 to 5 months of age, male, breeds such as Alsatians, Mongrels, Rottweiler, indigenous dogs and unvaccinated dogs are at a higher risk. Furthermore, a seasonal pattern for the disease has been demonstrated with peak incidence recorded every 4 - 5 years with highest numbers of cases occurring in January (dry season) and July (wet season) of every year. Additionally, the study shows that a recovery rate of 84.3% was achieved following “aggressive’’ therapeutic management. There is therefore a need to enlighten veterinarians and dog owners on the status and importance of vaccination against this disease.

Infant and Young Child Feeding Practice Status and Associated Factors among Mothers of under 24-Month-Old Children in Shashemene Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Abstract: Background: Infant and young child feeding is a cornerstone of care for childhood development. In Ethiopia, very large proportions of women do not practice optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding for their children. Composite variables of infant and young child feeding index based on key indicators identified by WHO are not studied in Ethiopia; also there are no studies which document infant and young child feeding practices patterns and associated factors with inappropriate feeding practices in the study area. Objective: To assess infant and young child feeding practice (IYCFP) status and associated factors in Shashemene Woreda, Oromia Region. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from 01/04/2014 to 30/04/2014. A total of 423 mothers who had child less than two years were included in the study using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested semi structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with infant and young child feeding practices. Statistical significance was determined at p value level less than 0.05. Results: Overall, the prevalence of inappropriate infant and young child feeding practice in study area was 67.9%. Being Government [AOR = 9.81 (1.90, 50.65)] and private [AOR = 7.66 (1.40, 41.94)] employee of husband, poorest socio-economic status [AOR = 1.39 (1.30, 6.48)], not attending ANC (AOR = 4.32 (2.27, 8.21)], child age 0 - 5 months [AOR = 16.01 (5.01, 50.03)], negative attitude of mothers [AOR = 2.50 (1.14, 5.47)] and number of children 3 - 4 [AOR = 5.37 (1.67, 7.42)] were independent predictors of inappropriate IYCFP status. Conclusion: Inappropriate infant and young child feeding practice was prevalent in the study area. Interventional initiatives should focus on improving socio-economic status, and access to information, education and communication (IEC); also increasing ANC coverage for further improvement of IYCF is recommended.

Dielectric Properties of Human Normal and Malignant Liver Tissue: A Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Approach

Abstract: In this paper we will show the possibility of studying physical properties and irreversible phenomena that occur in biological tissues by applying the dielectric Kluitenberg’s non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory. Namely, we shall use some recent extensions of this theory that allows deducing its main characteristic parameters from experimental measurements. We determine frequency spectrum for phenomenological and state coefficients of the non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach. Applying these results to the study of human liver tumor and normal liver we show, for comparison, that it is possible to determine the difference, in some detail, of the amount of single irreversible phenomena occurring inside them.

Assessment of Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Women in Bahir-Dar Town, Northwest Ethiopia

Abstract: Mother to child HIV transmission accounts for over 95 percent of childhood infections. However, many HIV Positive women still become pregnant. Achieving the goal “HIV free generation” would only be a dream, unless a strong emphasis is given to prevention of pregnancy among HIV positive women. Therefore, we aimed to assess family planning utilization and associated factors among HIV positive women enrolled at ART program in Bahirdar town health facilities. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted by interviewing 420 sexually active HIV positive women using systematic random sampling technique. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression methods were used to analyze utilization of contraceptives and the factors associated with it. About 80% of the study participants are using at least one type of contraceptive method at the time of study. Injection (54.7%) and condom (18.6%) are the most commonly used contraceptive methods. HIV positive women with Primary [AOR: 3.06, 95% C.I: 1.42, 6.59] and secondary [AOR: 2.35, 95% C.I: 1.08, 5.57] educational were more likely to use contraceptive. Participants who decide about contraceptive use by themselves were less likely to use contraceptive than who decides jointly with their partner [AOR: 0.29, 95% C.I: 0.14, 0.63]. Women counseled about FP by ART provider [AOR: 2.63, 95% C.I: 1.46, 4.73] and participants who have no fertility desire [AOR: 3.11, 95% C.I: 1.46, 6.64] were more likely to use contraceptive. Those who have undecided opinion about the safety of contraceptive methods [AOR: 0.23, 95% C.I: 0.10, 0.53] and women partners who have no fertility desire are less likely [AOR: 0.39, 95% C.I: 0.17, 0.91] to use contraceptive. The uptake of contraceptive use among HIV positive women is high. However, the use of most long acting contraceptive methods is still very low. Moreover, significant proportions of women have encountered pregnancy after they know their HIV status. The findings of this study highlight, FP counseling inline with effective discussion about child bearing and pregnancy issues is important in order to increase the uptake of contraceptive utilization among HIV positive women.

Association of TCF7L2 Gene Polymorphisms with T2DM in the Population of Juana Koslay, San Luis Province, Argentina

Abstract: Polymorphisms in the gene coding for transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) are recognized as the strongest common genetic risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) across multiple ethnicities. This study was conducted to evaluate an association between TCF7L2 variants and diabetes susceptibility in the population of Juana Koslay, San Luis, Argentina. We genotyped 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs7903146 and rs12255372 in controls and diabetic subjects. Association with T2DM was found for both SNPs rs7903146 and rs12255372 in the whole sample (under a dominant genetic model, the odds ratios (OR) were 3.43, 95% CI [1.879 - 6.255], p < 0.0001 and OR = 4.40, 95% CI [2.318 - 8.351], p < 0.0001, respectively). The risk conferred by homozygotes is much higher than the heterozygote carriers and it is marked in case of rs7903146. The haplotype that consisted of two minor alleles (TT) or the haplotypes carrying at least one of the minor alleles at SNP rs7903146 or rs12255372 (i.e. CT or TG) were more frequent in the group of T2DM. The impact of TCF7L2 variation on T2DM risk in Juana Koslay population is compatible with that demonstrated by a range of studies conducted in various ethnic groups.

Delay in Tuberculosis Diagnosis among Tuberculosis Patients at the Three Hospitals: Asella, Robe and Abomsa of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, March, 2015

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. Delay in tuberculosis diagnosis may worsen the disease and increase transmission within the general population. This study estimated the prevalence of diagnosis delay and its determinants. Objective: To measure the magnitude of patient and health service delay and identify the factors associated with the delay. Methodology: A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted at the three hospitals of Arsi Zone from December 2014-March 2015. All above 15 years old, all forms of TB patient who were on intensive phase and who were diagnosed during the data collection period were included in the study. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire and patient record review. Binary and multivariate logistic regressions were done using SPSS Ver. 20, to investigate determinants of patient, health system and total dely. The P-value of <0.05 was taken as significance. Result: Three hundred sixty two (362) all forms of TB patients enrolled in the study, of which 36.7% experienced patient delay, 49.7% health system delay and 48.9% total delay. The median patient, health system and total delay were 30, 9, 40 days respectively. Poor knowledge of TB (AOR 2.72 95% CI (1.33 - 5.56), P-value: 0.006), self treatment (AOR: 10.82, 95% CI (5.09 - 22.98), p-value: 0.000), alcohol consumption (AOR: 2.23, 95% CI (1.02 - 4.87, p-value: 0.045) and lack of money for health related expense (AOR: 3.15, 95% CI (2.05 - 12.92), p-value 0.000) were the independent predictors of patient delay. Visiting two health care providers (AOR: 2.86, 95% CI (1.20 - 56.76), p-value: 0.032), three and above (AOR: 14.41, 95% CI (1.68 - 123.44), p-value: 0.015) and being HIV negative (AOR: 5.32, 95% CI (1.35 - 20.93), P-value: 0.017) were independent predictors of health system delay. Conclusion: About 64.4% of the total delay was contributed by patient delay. Poor knowledge of TB and self treatment can be prevented by simple community based interventions. The Health Extension Workers (HEWs) should be supported to strengthen the activities of health education. A well-designed information education, communication/behavioral change communication (IEC/BCC) strategy for TB might improve the TB control program.

Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthiases and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic of Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital, Hossana, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract: Background: In the developing world, young women, pregnant women, and their infants and children frequently experience repeated helminthic infection, that lead to anemia, intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. Despite the difference in distribution of helminths infection within a country, the information on prevalence of intestinal Helminthiases and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in the area is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminthic infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinic of Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital Hossana, Southern Ethiopia. Method and Materials: A hospital based cross sectional study design was employed. Two hundred and fifty eight pregnant women attending the hospital ANC clinic from October 1 to 30, 2013 were included in the study. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data using interviewer administered technique. For parasitological examination, formol ether concentration technique was used to detect helminthes from clinical specimen. Data were analyzed using SPSS for windows version 16.0. Statistical tests were performed at the level of significance of 5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify the significant risk factors. Result: The overall prevalence of any helminths infection was 29.5%. A. lumbricoides was the predominant helminths infection, detected in 10.1% of pregnant women. There is positive association between family size and helminths infection [AOR = 4.45; 95% CI; (1.98, 10.02)], presence of water body in the vicinity of residence [AOR = 3.39; 95% CI = 1.20, 9.57], habit of walking bare foot [AOR = 3.23; 95% CI; 1.28, 8.15)], unprotected source [AOR = 8.71, 95% CI; (1.60, 27.39)] and rural residence [AOR = 3.64, 95% CI; (1.33, 9.97)]. Monthly income > 1500 Eth. Birr [AOR = 0.48; 95% CI; (0.23, 0.99)] and living in thatched roof house [AOR = 0.24, 95% CI; (0.06, 0.89)] were found to have negative association with helminths infection. Conclusion: The present study showed high prevalence of intestinal helminthes among pregnant women in the study area. Stool exam should be routinely performed during antenatal care follow-up. Public health measures should continue to emphasize the importance of environmental and personal hygiene as well as provide and monitor the quality of drinking water aiming to obtain a better quality of life.

The Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm Can Be Used for Quantum Key Distribution

Abstract: We review the new type of Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm proposed in [K. Nagata and T. Nakamura, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 49, 162 (2010)]. We suggest that the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm can be used for quantum key distribution. Alice sends input N 1 partite uncorrelated state to a black box. Bob measures output state. Now, Alice and Bob have promised to use a function f which is one of two kinds: either the value of f is constant or balanced. To Eve, it is secret. Alice’s and Bob’s goal is to determine with certainty whether they have chosen a constant or a balanced function. Alice and Bob get one bit if they determine the function f. The speed to get one bit improves by a factor of 2N. This may improve the speed to establish quantum key distribution by a factor of 2N.

Gene Mutations Associated with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Abstract: Background: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial joint between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull. TMJ disorders (TMDs) are a set of complicated and poorly understood clinical conditions, in which TMDs are associated with a number of symptoms including pain and limited jaw movement. The increasing scientific evidence suggests that genetic factors play a significant role in the pathology of TMDs. However, the underlying mechanism of TMDs remains largely unknown. Objective: The study aimed to determine the associated genes to TMDs in humans and animals. Methods: The literature search was conducted through databases including Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and PubMed (NLM) by using scientific terms for TMDs and genetics in March 2015. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of highly relevant articles and Scopus (Elsevier). Results: Our systematic analyses identified 31 articles through literature searches. A total of 112 genes were identified to be significantly and specifically associated with TMDs. Conclusion: Our systematic review provides a list of accurate genes associated with TMDs and suggests a genetic contribution to the pathology of TMDs.

Medicinal Plants in the Ethno Veterinary Practices of Bensa Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract: Ethno botanical study on traditional medicinal plants were conducted between November, 2013 and September, 2014 in Bensa Woreda, Southern Ethiopia and documented different types of traditional medicinal plants used by the indigenous peoples. The study was focused on identifying medicinal plants, plant habit, disease treated, plant parts used, way of knowledge acquired, methods of preparation, route of administration, importance/indication, and ingredients added. This study was aimed to document the ethno veterinary knowledge and practices used to treat and control of livestock and human diseases in Bensa Woreda, SNNPRs, Ethiopia. A purposive sampling technique study was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire, field observational and survey to document indigenous knowledge of 33 traditional healers. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and summarize the ethno-botanical data. Twenty nine plants, which have medicinal value against a total of 16 livestock and animal diseases, were reported and botanically identified as belonging to various 21 plant families. Most of the plant species reported belonged to one of four major families: Asteraceae (13.79%), Lamiaceae (13.79%), Euphorbiaceae (6.9%) and Rosanceae (6.9%). Trees (51.72%) and herbaceous (24.14%) were the major growth plant habit used, whilst leaves (65.52%) and bark (20.69%) were the major plant parts used in the study areas. The informants mostly practice oral drenching (54%) and topical (22%) of plant technique preparations. Out of the total 29 ethno-veterinary medicinal plant species were identified and documented in the study area 62.1% predominantly used to livestock aliments treatment followed by 37.9% for livestock and human (both) aliments treatment. The distribution of healers indicated that the majority were in the range of 26 - 45 years of age (66.7%, younger) and 33.3% between 46 and 70 years old (elders). Majority of informants accounting for 90.9% were males, and the remaining 9.09% were females. This study indicated that traditional medicine is, playing a significant contribution in obtaining the first aid healthcare needs of the Bensa district community. The persistence and recognition of this indigenous knowledge is due to the limited access to modern healthcare facilities. Documentation of the practices and medicinal plants is a critical issue and essential to safeguard from lose the knowledge and medicinal plants, and can be used to support the country’s livestock and human health care system and improve lives and livelihoods.

Malnutrition and Associated Factors among Adult Individuals Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Health Facilities of Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract: Background: In resource limited settings, many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals lack access to sufficient quantities of nutritious foods, which poses additional challenges to the success of anti-retroviral therapy. Morbidity and mortality related to human immune deficiency virus infection in the developing world remain unacceptably high, despite major advances in human immune deficiency virus therapy and increased international funding for care. Objective: To determine magnitude of malnutrition and identify factors associated with it among adult people on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in health facility of Hosanna town. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional survey was conducted from March 20 to April30, 2014 on 340 adult people on anti-retroviral therapy at antiretroviral therapy clinics of Hosanna town. Sample clients were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using structured pretested questionnaire, record review using check list and anthropometric measurements. Bi-variate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were done using SPSS version 16 to identify factors associated with malnutrition. Results: Overall, the prevalence of malnutrition (Body Mass Index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2) in this study was 31.2%. Household food insecurity (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.31 - 4.81), inadequate diversified diet (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.84), low meal frequency (AOR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11 - 0.76), clinical staging four (AOR = 5.23, 95% CI: 1.42 - 19.35), clinical staging three (AOR = 3.91, 95% CI: 1.57, 9.73), presence of opportunistic infections (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.49 - 4.59) and nutritional support (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.89) were independent predictors of malnutrition. Conclusion: Malnutrition (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) was high in adult people on anti-retroviral therapy at anti-retroviral therapy clinics of Hossana town. Only Anti-Retroviral Therapy is not enough to improve the health status of people on HAART. Further, interventional initiatives should focus in improving household food security, diversity of diet, meal frequency, clinical staging and prevention and control of opportunistic infections in adult HIV infected individuals receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy.

Antioxidant, Total Lycopene, Ascorbic Acid and Microbial Load Estimation in Powdered Tomato Varieties Sold in Dutsin-Ma Market

Abstract: Tomato varieties sold in Dutsin-Ma market namely, UTC, Rukuta and Dan-Aka were subjected to drying in a laboratory oven, solar drier and under direct sunlight then, powdered. The antioxidant and total lycopene contents were examined and found to be unaffected by the three drying procedures, with values ranging between 68.46% ± 0.90% to 80.77% ± 1.11% and 123.63 to 161.98 mg/kg, respectively. The ascorbic acid was also tested and values were significantly lower in all the samples subjected to sun-drying with values ranging from 17.78 ± 1.78 μg/ml to 28.44 ± 1.78 μg/ml as against 100.15 ± 1.03 μg/ml to 164.74 ± 2.06 μg/ml for oven and solar dried tomato samples (p < 0.05), respectively. Total microbial load, yeast/mould, and coliform counts were then investigated. They were too numerous to count (TNTC) in the sun-dried samples. Although, also found among samples that were oven and solar dried, counts of the microorganisms were within the acceptable standards of <105 for bacteria and 103 - 104 for fungi. While solar and oven drying presented better preservation of the tomato samples, the former offers most incentive in terms of cost and quality to farmers and the people, considering its free availability and abundance in processing dry tomato powders.

Qualitative Analysis of a Rumor Transmission Model with Incubation Mechanism

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a rumor transmission model with incubation period considering the fact that incubators may move to stifler class and susceptibles may move to spreader class. The model is formulated with constant recruitment and varying total population. The full system of the model is studied qualitatively producing rumor-free and rumor-existence equilibriums. The existence conditions of the equilibriums are investigated. Moreover, the local and global stability analysis of both equilibriums is examined. Furthermore, numerical simulations are used to support the qualitative analysis. Finally, the impact of different management strategies on the dissipation of rumors is analyzed numerically by varying key parameters in the model.

Investigation of the Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on Performance of Neighbouring Crop Productivity in Western Amhara, Ethiopia

Abstract: The study was conducted on investigating effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the performance of adjacent crop productivity for the benefits over adverse effects of it versus different land uses in district Mecha of Western Amhara region, Ethiopia. This research was carried out with the aim to test the performance of neighbouring crops grown near E. camaldulensis on the effects on plant growth performance and grain yield. Eucalypts has many important uses and a reliable source of cash income for farm households. Despite the apparent benefits, there have been public reactions against Eucalypts planting, and of course the growers insist on planting for it is fast growing and biomass production. A simple plot experiment was laid away from tree stand replicated three times to each field for both crops to understand the effect of Eucalypts on adjacent crop productivity at different locations and random samples were taken. SAS (version 9) and descriptive statistics were employed. The study through key informants’ interview assured that most local farmers perceived the effect of Eucalypts on field crop performance nearby it. Crop yield and yield components showed a reduction from tree stand. Plant biomass, height, plant count, and grain yield of Zea mays and Panicum miliaceum decreased with distance to Eucalypts stand. Maize grain yield and biomass reduction was around 6.6 and 15 fold difference from tree stand to 20 m (control) sampling points respectively; whereas, for finger millet, grain yield difference was around 2.9 fold from tree stand. Yield and yield parameters suppression were ended at a distance of 14 to 20 m away from tree stand. This was not significantly (P < 0.05) different in yield and biomass between 20 and 25 m. Therefore, poor performances of adjacent crops, particularly the most important parameter grain yield, were due to competition for growth resources between Eucalypts and adjacent food crops. The scientific research has also confirmed the potential effect of Eucalypts on adjacent crops cultivated side by side. Altogether, it is recommended that field crops should be cultivated as far an average distance greater to about 20 m (center of farm) from Eucalyptus stand. Moreover, when planted on farms, Eucalypts should be restricted to sites where neighbouring crop productivity will not be adversely influenced.

Virological Profile of Patients Infected with HIV Starting Antiretroviral Treatment in Kinshasa

Abstract: Background: Viral Load (VL), CD4 T cells count and clinical signs are significant parameters for the decision of starting ARV Treatment (ART). The aim of this study is to determine the Viral Load profile of eligible patients on treatment in the centers according to the algorithm used in Kinshasa and the DRC. Methodology: Our sample consisted of 153 HIV-positive patients naive of ART. All patients aged over 18 years were included in the study without gender discrimination. The determination of the VL was made at the laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kinshasa using a previously described technique. Results: Of the 153 patients included in the study, 92 (60.1%) were women. The age of the patients was in the range 18 - 65 years with a mean of 37 years. Most patients (91.5%) were clinical stage 3, while the rest (8.5%) were clinical stage 4 for HIV infection. The rates of CD4 T lymphocytes were between 8 and 915 cells/mm3 with a median value of 180 cells/mm3. Seventy nine patients (86.8%) had CD4 count below 500 cells/mm3. The median VL of patients is 5.68 log10 RNA copies/ml. The minimum and maximum values are respectively 0.37 and 7.95 log10 RNA copies/ml. Conclusion: The majority of patients (63.4%) in Kinshasa begin antiretroviral treatment with a poor prognosis. The Viral loads are usually very high in these patients and CD4 quite collapsed. Indeed, the median value of CD4 for the patients is 180 cells/mm3 for the population, while the mean value of Viral Load is 5.48 log10 RNA copies/ml.

Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction of Librarians in Federal and State University Libraries in Southern Nigeria

Abstract: This study investigated the job satisfaction factors influencing the job satisfaction of librarians in Federal and State University libraries in Southern Nigeria. Job satisfaction is an important concept that can affect labor market behavior as it has a great influence on job-related behaviors such as productivity, work effort, absenteeism, turnover rates, and employee relations. The study adopted the survey research design. The population was made up of 500 librarians in thirty seven federal and state university libraries in Southern Nigeria. Sampling was enumeration as all members of the population were given the opportunity to participate. A questionnaire was used for data collection and was analyzed using percentages, standard deviation, and mean. Among other factors indentified, it was shown that job security, satisfactory relationship with my supervisor, satisfactory interaction with colleagues and satisfactory interaction with information user/customer/ clients were significant factors that influenced the librarians’ job satisfaction. However, satisfaction with salary and fringe benefits, working condition, and opportunities to conduct research were rated low which signifies that the librarians are not satisfied with these job satisfaction facets. Based on this, recommendations such as library administrators considering improving the salary levels and the fringe benefits of the librarians, improving their working conditions; and granting the librarians opportunities to conduct research were made.

Evaluation of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Varieties for Bulb Yield and Growth at Dabat, Northwestern Ethiopia

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) during the dry periods under irrigation at Dabat District, Northwestern Ethiopia to select the best adaptable and high yielder varieties. Five garlic varieties (BishoftuNech, Kuriftu, Tseday 92, MM-98 and the local) were planted on randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on days to emergence, days to maturity, pseudo stem height, number of leaves per plant, bulb diameter, number of cloves per bulb, fresh bulb weight, bulb yield, and bulb dry matter content were collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS computer software version 9.0. Mean separation test was done by list significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. The results revealed that varieties were significantly differed in all parameters. BishoftuNech was early maturing variety (135 days) followed by Kuriftu (143 days). MM-98 was matured lately at 176 days after planting. Significantly highest pseudo stem height and number of leaves per plant were recorded from the local variety. Similarly, significantly highest yield of 16.56 t·ha﹣1 was recorded from the local variety. MM-98 and the local variety were with the highest bulb dry matter content of 25.83 and 23.86%, respectively. This research proved that the improved varieties were not compared with the local cultivar before they get released. Therefore, the result of this research can be used as good information for the future garlic variety development program at national level. Considering the most desirable yield and yield component parameters, the local variety is recommended to the producers at Dabat District. Further research on collection, characterization and evaluation of the local cultivars should be conducted for national use.

Synthesis and Characterization of Chromium Doped Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles

Abstract: Nanoparticles of pure and Zn1-xCrxS with concentrations (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.08 and 0.10) were prepared successfully by co-precipitation technique. Crystallographic study was intervened by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. There were no extra peaks observed in the XRD pattern. From XRD peaks it is confirmed that the samples prepared were highly pure and cubic in structure. The particle size calculated from XRD data was around 3 nm. It confirms that the quantum dots were formed. Surface morphology and crystal size were verified by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies. The aggregation of the nanoparticles was observed, which is due to the quantum dots. Chemical species present in the prepared samples were identified by FTIR study. Using UV-Vis spectrometer (Ultra Violet Visible), absorption spectra were obtained for x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.08 and 0.1. It is confirmed from UV-Vis that the detected absorption peaks were shifted towards higher wavelengths. The energy band gap values were estimated using UV-Vis spectrometer and found lying in the range of 3.33 eV - 3.02 eV. The energy band gap decreases with increasing Cr concentrations i.e. the red shift was observed.

Obstetrical Acute Kidney Injury: 25 Years' Experience from Nephrology Care Unit in Pakistan

Abstract: Objective: We aim to report observations from patients who developed acute kidney injury after complicated obstetrics and referred to our institution. Patients and Methods: Observational cohort of patients identified as having acute kidney injury (AKI) in ...

Violation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

Abstract: Recently, violation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation in spin measurements is discussed [J. Erhart et al., Nature Physics 8, 185 (2012)] and [G. Sulyok et al., Phys. Rev. A 88, 022110 (2013)]. We derive the optimal limitation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle in a specific two-level system (e.g., electron spin, photon polarizations, and so on). Some physical situation is that we would measure σx and σy, simultaneously. The optimality is certified by the Bloch sphere. We show that a violation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle means a violation of the Bloch sphere in the specific case. Thus, the above experiments show a violation of the Bloch sphere when we use ±1 as measurement outcome. This conclusion agrees with recent researches [K. Nagata, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 48, 3532 (2009)] and [K. Nagata et al., Int. J. Theor. Phys. 49, 162 (2010)].

Evaluation of the Quality of Antenatal Care (ANC) Service at Higher 2 Health Center in Jimma, South West Ethiopia

Abstract: Background: Antenatal care is the care that women receive during pregnancy to ensure a healthy outcome for women and newborns. In spite of its clear importance, such services continued to be important determinants of maternal mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Methods: A case study was conducted in Higher 2 Town Health Center, using client exit interviews of 265 clients who came to the health institution. In addition, 10 observations of client-provider interac- tions, document reviews of 246 clients' documents selected by systematic random sampling tech- nique, and 5 in-depth interviews of the focal persons were conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS for windows (SPSS 16.0). Qualitative data were categorized into major the- matic areas and presented as narratives in triangulation with the quantitative results. In each evaluation dimension, indicators were used to judge the quality of antenatal care services. Results: Most of the minimum required basic resources recommended by World Health Organization were available in the study site. But there were incomplete sets of laboratory reagents and shortage of some drugs. Comprehensive history was recorded for 93.4% of clients. Only 34.3% of clients re- ceived prescriptions for iron supplementation. Majority (94.6%) of the clients were satisfied with the accommodations of antenatal care service. The compliance of the health care providers to- wards routine laboratory investigations ranged from 25.4% to 50.1%. Conclusions: The overall quality of the service was judged as fair (69.5%). Majority of the clients were satisfied with ac- commodation of ANC services. However, the availability of laboratory reagents and drugs re- mained to be challenges. Providers' compliance towards standard basic investigations was also far below World Health Organization recommendations and judged as critical. Thus it is recom- mended that responsible bodies should strive to improve provision of supplies and compliance of the care providers to step-up the quality of care at president capacity level. * Corresponding author.

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Toughness, Wear Characteristics and Fracture Phenomena of Austenitised and Austempered Low-Alloyed Ductile Iron

Abstract: Conventional ductile iron (DI) and austempered ductile iron (ADI) alloys were successfully produced. The alloying elements—Ni, Mo, Cr and Mn were added to get as-cast low-alloyed ductile iron (LADI) followed by austempering heat treatment. Hardness was measured for all investigated alloys. A hardness conversion table was deduced for irons investigated. Highest values of calculated quality index (QI) were for ADI alloys implying higher material performance. Impact energy values were attributed to microstructure and tensile properties. Wear characteristics of selected ADI alloys showed comparable values with LADI. Micro-hardness values were used to identify the micro-constituents and the work-hardened layers. Fracture modes were revealed and fracture surface observations were done by SEM. Due to higher toughness and QI, and cheap price, it is suggested that rolling mills may be produced from ADI, specially heat-treated instead of LADI.

Sacred Grove—A Nature’s Gift—as a Remedy for Human Ailments, a Biodiversity Reservoir for Restoring Indigenous Traits for Endangered Listed Plants—A Review

Abstract: This review article is an attempt on hypothetical analysis of biodiversity which includes by exploring and implementing the so called protected area by the small communities “Sacred Groves” made declared by a group of people of those community over a century, some were half way made and few, were more than a decayed old. Sacred groves are considered rich in biodiversity, and also the resourceful source of flora and fauna of rare species. Traditional knowledge based sacred groves conservation has a significant contribution in the process of biodiversity conservation and also most of the plants or trees are of medicinal importance and hence the maintenance of the sanctity of that area reflects in the rectification of human ailments. Sacred groves are indicative of positive consequential combination of religion and ecology. The present article is written to draw attention to the readers to have an idea of other country’s traditional systems of offering prayers to the God, and also their belief system for natural sacred sites. This conservation of many plants species has been reported, so in view of the biodiversity conservation with respect to plants, their sacredness and the involved community of different countries, the present review article has incorporated the published work as well as the unpublished views also, for opening an avenue to study the interrelation of community based sacred groves, the ingredients of that area and the functional efficacy towards nature for treating human ailments under natural environment. This review article gives way to many innovative ideas which definitely lead to newer technologies by technocrats.

Semantic Memory Association, Procedural Grammar Syntax and Episodic Modality Coordination as Three Interactive Neural Processes Organizing Language: A Model

Abstract: In the declarative/procedural model of language, it assumes the semantic words as declarative memories while the grammatical syntax as procedural rules, whereas it is herein suggested that different words associate with different cortical modalities, so that it is necessary to consider the modality coordination of words episodic in meanings in sentences. In evidence, stuttering is intact on grammar but impaired on fluency, so that the dopaminergic system, with antagonists alleviating and genes phenotyping stuttering, may involve linguistic modality disorganization. Reversely, the gamma band correlates with word congruency, so that the cholinergic projections may help cortical modality coordination. There are present discourse deficits, so that story narration also requires cortical modality coordination. In these respects, semantic memory association, procedural grammar syntax and episodic modality coordination interact to organize language from word to sentence to story, so that it herein extends the present declarative/procedural model underlying two kinds of neural processes to semantic/syntactic/episodic model of three kinds of neural processes for depiction and simulation of language.

The Role of Puppets in Kindergarten Education in Cyprus

Abstract: This qualitative research aims to investigate that if the puppets can be used as a teaching tool in kindergarten education and how it is effective for children to learn. The question that this research is trying to find out is who the pre-school language learners are. The data are gathered using two different kinds of research methods: observation and interview. It is a case study in which 20 kindergarten children are taught English with a puppet named Pepe and students are observed whether or not they learn the language. In addition, two kindergarten teachers are interviewed about the use of puppets in English language classrooms. The data show that puppets are engaging and motivating for young learners. They are effective tools, which can be used in English language classrooms. However the study is limited to the role of puppets in kindergarten education in English language classrooms. Further studies may focus on the role of puppets in kindergarten education in other fields such as science, art, and so on.

Coexistence of Chronic Complications among Diabetic Patients at Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital, Hossana, South Ethiopia

Abstract: Background: Chronic complications reduce quality of life, increases diabetes related mortality and overburden the public health services. This study aims to assess the prevalence of chronic complications and its associated factors among diabetic patients at Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital, Hossana, South Ethiopia. Method and Materials: We conducted a hospital based cross-sectional study. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 266 participants from the follow up clinic of the hospital. Data were collected using semi structured questionnaire, weight, height, waist and hip circumference measurements and patients chart review. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the study variable. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with chronic diabetic complications. Result: Out of 247 diabetic subjects, 114 (46.2%) were found to have at least one chronic complication that included, hypertension 59 (23.9%), diabetes related eye disease 29 (11.7%), neuropathy 25 (10.1%) and nephropathy 16 (6.5%). Compared to age group 15 - 29 there was higher risk of chronic complications for those who were in age groups 45 - 64, [AOR = 2.50, (95% CI): (1.20, 5.22)] and ≥65 years, [AOR = 7.18, (95% CI): (2.10, 24.87)]. Duration of diabetes > 10 years [AOR = 2.87, (95% CI): (1.20, 6.88)], and not performing self-monitoring of blood glucose, [AOR = 15.22, (95% CI): (3.07, 75.48)] were also strongly associated with chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion and Recommendation: Considerable number of diabetic participants in this study area had at least one chronic complication. Attention should be given to older diabetic patients and longer diabetic duration. Diabetic education should focus on health benefit of self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Participatory Evaluation of Different Multipurpose Grass Species for Graded Soil Bund Stabilization in Gimbo District, South West Ethiopia

Abstract: Soil erosion is one of the biggest threats to agricultural productivity in South West Ethiopia. Steep slopes, high rainfall and fragile ecosystem characterize these production systems. To reverse this trend, integration of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures is very important. This study was conducted to evaluate different multi-purpose grass species as soil bund stabilizers. Graded soil bunds were constructed on selected eight farmers’ farmland and five grass stabilizers were grown on the embankment of the bund. Five soil bund stabilizers are i) vetiver grass, ii) elephant grass, iii) desho grass, iv) rodes grass, and v) guinea grass. Data on the survival, biomass, and frequency of harvest of those stabilizers on the soil bund were collected. Soil samples were also taken before and after the establishment of experiment. Furthermore, performance criteria were established through group discussions with farmers, and stabilizer (grass) performance was later evaluated according to these criteria. The criteria were weighted using pair-wise ranking and scored with a scale of 1 (not good) to 5 (best) based on each criterion. Desho grass was found to survive and establish on the embankment of soil bund earlier (10 - 25 days) than the others and followed by elephant and vetiver grass. Furthermore, desho grass was observed to have higher green biomass and frequency of harvest compared to elephant and vetiver grasses. Results of soil chemical properties (Soil N, soil P, Soil K, % OC, pH and CEC) revealed no significant differences in amount of total N, and available P and K between the soils of “before” and “after” the establishment of integrated soil bund. Based on the overall weighted scores obtained using pairwise ranking approach, desho grass (P. pedicelluatum) was found to be the overall most desirable stabilizers and followed by elephant (Pennisetum purpureum) and vetiver (Vetiverial zizanioides) grasses in the study area. Therefore, there is a need to develop SWC practices with stabilizers such as desho and elephant grasses.