Showing papers in "Pakistan Journal of Nutrition in 2009"

Phytochemicals investigation on a tropical plant, Syzygium cumini from Kattuppalayam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, South India.

Abstract: 2 Abstract: The developing countries mostly rely on traditional medicines. This traditional medicine involves the use of different plant extracts or the bioactive constituents. This type of study provides the health application at affordable cost. This study such as ethnomedicine keenly represents one of the best avenues in searching new economic plants for medicine. In keeping this view in mind the present investigation is carried out in Syzygium cumini seed of Kattuppalayam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, South India. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties of the seed for curing various ailments.

Proximate analysis and physico-chemical properties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Abstract: Proximate, physico-chemical and elemental analysis of groundnut were determined. The results showed that the groundnut oil contained 47.00% fat, 38.61% protein, 5.80% moisture, 1.81% carbohydrate, 3.70% crude fibre and 3.08% ash. Minerals (mg/100g) included: Na (42.00±0.71), K (705.11±0.86), Mg (3.98±0.04), Ca (2.28±1.94), Fe (6.97±1.62), Zn (3.20±0.11), P (10.55±0.68). The physico-chemical characteristics showed; saponification value, 193.20mgKOH/g, iodine value 38.71 (g/100g), acid value 5.99 (mgKOH/g), free fatty acid (mgKOH/g) 3.01 peroxide value 1.50 (meq/kg) and refractive index 1.449. The predominant fatty acid was found to be oleic acid (41.11%). The groundnut can thus be considered as a good source of protein with high nutritional value.

Proximate composition and mineral analysis of cinnamon.

Abstract: A study was conducted to know the nutritive value of cinnamon in the Department of Huma n Nutrition, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. The standard procedures of AOAC (2003) were followed to analyze the proximate composition and mineral analysis. The caloric value was calculated from crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrate, moisture and ash content. The iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and magnesium (Mg) were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) by Flame Photometer and phosphorus (P) by Spectrophotometer. The results revealed that cinnamon contained ash (2.4%), crude protein (3.5%), crude fat (4%), crude fiber (33.0%), moisture (5.1%) and carbohydrate (52.0%). While the mineral determination gave the data that cinnamon contained iron (7.0 mg/g), Zinc (2.6 mg/g), Calcium (83.8 mg/g), Chromium (0.4 mg/g), Manganese (20.1 mg/g) and Magnesium (85.5 mg/g), sodium (0.0 mg/g), Potassium (134.7 mg/g) and Phosphorus (42.4 mg/g). This study concluded that the tested cinnamon contained highest amount of carbohydrate and lowest amount of ash. Similarly, among minerals the tested cinnamon contained highest amount of potassium and no sodium at all.

Antidiabetic Activity of Some Herbal Plants in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Abstract: Aqueous extract of leaves of 3 herbs (Murraya koenigii, MK; Psidium guajava, PG and Catharanthus roseus, CR) were used to test their antidiabetic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic albino rats. MK, PG and CR are given to the STZ induced diabetic rats at the concentration of 500 mg/kg body weight in different groups of 6 diabetic rats each orally once a day for 15 days. Glibenclamide (GBC) is also given to another group to support the results at the concentration of 3 mg/kg body weight orally once a day for 15 days. Diabetic control received vehicle. Body weight showed significant increase (MK and PG: p<0.05, CR and GBC: p<0.001) after 15 days of treatment with herbal extract when compared with the control. Blood glucose level on 15th day of treatment become significantly low (p<0.001). At the termination of th e experiment (on 15th day) the urine glucose and ketone were absent in herbal treated group which was present in the diabetic control. Histological study of the pancreas also assesses the results of body weight and blood glucose level. Islets of diabetic control group were damaged, shrunken in size and infiltration of lymphocytes was observed. While islets of herbal extracts treated rats were comparable to normal rats. Many rounds and elongated islets were evenly distributed through out the cytoplasm. No significant histological alteration was found in glomeruli or any other segment of kidney tubule in STZ induced diabetic rats. In herbal extract treated group no difference was found in kidney tubules when compare with their respective diabetic control. Findings of the present study suggest that the aqueous extract of leaves of MK, PG and CR at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight brings about significant beneficial effects in various physiological/ histological parameters altered during diabetic manifestations and these effects are quite comparable with glibenclamide (a standard drug used to treat diabetes mellitus).

Chemical profile of Tridax procumbens Linn.

Abstract: The proximate, mineral and phytochemical composition of T. procumbens was investigated. The proximate profile included moisture (90.05±0.00%), crude protein (3.44±0.00% WW and 34.57±0.00% DW), crude fat (0.60±0.02% WW and 6.03±0.20%), total carbohydrate (5.10±0.02% WW and 51.26±0.20% DW), crude fibre (0.61±0.04% WW and 6.13±0.40% DW), total metabolizable energy value (39.56±0.26kcal/100 g WW and 397.59±2.61kcal/100 g DW) and a total ash content of 0.20±0.02% WW and 2.01±0.20% DW, which is rich in sodium (5.02 mg/100 g WW and 50.44 mg/100 g DW), potassium (3.18 mg/100 g WW and 31.92 mg/100 g DW) and calcium (2.09 mg/100 g WW and 20.96 mg/100 g DW). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids (catechins and flavones), saponins and tannins. It is richly endowed with carotenoids (9.41 mg/100 g WW and 94.57 mg/100 g DW) and saponins (10.30mg/100g WW and 103.52mg/100g DW). This result suggests the likelihood of this plant serving as a potential source of protein supplements and pro vitamin A (carotenoids) to the population. It also indicates that dehydration can improve the nutritional quality of Tridax procumbens.

Studies on Nutritional Values of Some Wild Edible Plants from Iran and India

Abstract: The most important nutrients present in plants are: carbohydrates, such as the starch and free sugars, oils, proteins, minerals, ascorbic acid, and the antioxidant phenols. The Plants Alocacia indica Sch.,Asparagus officinalis DC., Chlorophytum comosum Linn., Cordia myxa Roxb., Eulophia ochreata Lindl., Momordica dioicia Roxb., Portulaca oleracia Linn. and Solanum indicum Linn. are widely wild in many regions of Iran and India. These are consumed as fruits and vegetables. Therefore, to analyze the nutritional values in them, these plants are selected. Association of the Official Analytical Chemists Methods and FolinCiocalteau micro method are used for nutritional analysis of the plants. Results indicated that Portulaca oleracia Linn. and Asparagus officinalis DC have high amounts of proteins, fats and calorie values. Therefore, these plants are recommended for consumers as vegetables in their diet. The most of the Iranian and Indian people are using these plants in their daily diet. Kew words: Nutritional values, edible plants, India, Iran Introduction Fruits are important sources of minerals, fiber and vitamins, which provides essential nutrients for the human health. In addition, it is known that some fruits have the so-called ‘anti-nutritional’ factors (e.g. Phytic acid and Tannins) that can diminish the nutrient bioavailability, especially if they are present at high levels (Spiller, (2001), Nevertheless, it has been reported that these anti-nutritional factors could help to prevent and treat several important diseases; remarkably, the anticarcinogenic activity of Phytic acid has been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo assays. The most important nutrients present in plants are: carbohydrates, such as the starch and free sugars, oils, proteins, minerals, ascorbic acid, and the antioxidant phenols, such as Chlorogenic acid and its polymers. These molecules are involved in pathogen resistance in plants, and the Chlorogenic acid concentration represents about the 90% of the total phenolic compounds in plants (Ekanayake and Nair, 1998). Protein malnutrition is a major public health problem in the developing world. The major food crops being roots and tubers hence the diets in these parts are predominantly starchy. The trace elements, together with other essential nutrients, are necessary for growth, normal physiological functioning, and maintaining of life; they must be supplied by food, since the body cannot synthesis them. The exact classification of trace versus macro minerals is not clear cut, but traces are often considered as minerals required by the body in amounts less than 100mg daily. While some of them are vitally important for health, the roles of others are unclear. Recommended intakes have been set for some trace elements and their deficiency can lead to disease, but a lack of others does not cause any recognized problems. To decide whether a micro-nutrient is “essential” or not, several criteria are used, such as the presence of the nutrient in healthy tissue, if it appears in the fetus and newborns and if the body maintains homeostatic control over its uptake in the bloodstream or tissue and its excretion (Janab and Thompson, 2002; Reddy, 2002). Plants, which are sources of Phytochemicals with strong antioxidant activity, have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Antioxidants, which inhibit the oxidation of organic molecules, are very important, not only for food preservation, but also for the defense of living systems against oxidative stress (Masuda et al., 2003). Phenolic antioxidants interrupt the propagation of the free radical autoxidation chain by contributing a hydrogen atom from a phenolic hydroxyl group, with the formation of a relatively stable free radical that does not initiate or propagate further oxidation processes (Kaur and Kapoor (2001). Dietary fiber (DF) plays an important role in decreasing the risks of many disorders such as constipation, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diverticulosis and obesity (Spiller, 2001). Plant foods are the only sources of DF. All the fractions (cellulose, lignin, hemi cellulose, pectin, gums and mucilage) of DF are the major constituents of plant cell wall (Roberfroid and Selvendran, 1984). Dietary fiber is subdivided into Insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) dietary fiber depending on their solubility in water. However, the DF can be grouped into two major types (a) soluble/viscous/fermentable and (b) insoluble/nonviscous/slowly fermentable. Recently, FAO/WHO Aberoumand and Deokule: Studies on Nutritional Values of Some Wild Edible Plants from Iran and India 27 discussion document on carbohydrates recommended Mineral content: Mineral content was analyzed with a dropping the terms “soluble” and “insoluble” fiber (FAO, 1998). The physiological effects of total dietary fiber (TDF), in the forms of insoluble and soluble fractions of foods, have a significant role in human nutrition. Indian diets predominantly consist of a variety of plant foods such as cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables (GLV), roots, tubers, other vegetables, fruits, oil seeds, spices and condiments. Fruits are consumed in various forms like fresh, dried, frozen or canned. The polysaccharides comprising a major part of DF in fruits and vegetables are beneficial to healthy human volunteers, since the consumption of fiber lowers plasma cholesterol levels (Holland et al., 1998; Gillman et al., 1995). reported protective effect of fruits and vegetables against the development of stroke in men. Addition of fruits and vegetables to the regular diet of infracted survivors resulted in a decreased mortality and subsequent infarctions. Therefore, the dietary fiber may play a major role in determining the health and disease conditions of different population groups. Inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP ), commonly known as 6 phytate, is a major component of plant storage organs such as seeds, roots and tubers, where it serves as a phosphate source for germination and growth (Reddy, 2002). Due to its ability to chelate and precipitate minerals, phytate can decrease the bioavailability of critical nutrients such as zinc, iron, calcium and magnesium in foods such as whole grains, nuts and legumes (Weaver and Kannan, 2002), At the same time, phytate may have beneficial roles as an antioxidant, ant carcinogen and more (Janab and Thompson, 2002). Materials and Methods Sample preparation: Selected wild edible plants were collected from various localities of Maharashtra (India) and Iran. Three wild edible plants were collected from India viz Alocacia indica, Momordica dioica and Eulophia ochreata in September 2006. Five wild edible plants were collected from Iran viz Asparagus officinalis, Chlorophytum comosum, Codia myxa, Portulaca oleracia and Solanum indicum were collected from Iran in October 2006 and April 2007. Efforts made to collect these plants in flowering and fruiting conditions for the correct botanical identification. Healthy and disease free edible plant part/s selected and dried them under shade so as to prevent the decomposition of chemical compounds present in them. All the dried material powdered in blander for further study. Proximate composition: Ash and fat contents were assayed by the Association of the Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1984) Methods 14004, 14009 and 14006, respectively. Nitrogen was determined using the Kjeldahl method (Matissek et al., 1989) The quantity of protein was calculated as 6.25×N (method 7015, AOAC, 1984). Perkin-Elmer (optima) 3000 DV analyzer with induction coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES) (Eknayake and Nair, 1998). The sample (2g) was digested with 20ml concentrated nitric acid (BDHAristar) until a transparent solution was obtained. The instrument was calibrated with known standards and samples analyzed at corresponding wavelengths. Fivepoint standard curves were made for all analyzed minerals using reference materials. Linear regression analysis of the standard curves indicated they were linear with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.997–0.999. Selenium was determined as hydride using a hydride generator (VGA-76). The samples digested in HNO were mixed with concentrated HCl and 3 heated to 70 to90EC for 10min and cooled before injection into hydride generator followed by NaBH4. Determination of phytate content: The phytate content was determined by the method of (Wheeler, and Ferrel (1971), based on the ability of standard ferric chloride to precipitate phytate in dilute HCl extracts of the vegetables. Determination of total phenolic compounds: Total phenols were extracted by heating a weighed portion (50–500mg) of dried sample with 5ml of 1.2M HCl in 50% aqueous methanol for 2h at 90EC and analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteau micro method (Slinkard, and Singleton, 1977), Results were expressed as mg of Gallic acid per 100g of dried plant material. Determination of calorie: The first total sugars content will be calculate, then total calorie value will be calculate. total calorie value is equal with fat calorie + protein calorie + sugars calorie. Each gram fat give 9 kcal, each gram protein give 4kcal and each gram sugar give 4kcal. Results and Discussion Many studies have been done by various research workers all over the world by selecting one or more plants particularly leaves, fruits, roots, stem, food plants and so on but rarely by selecting a particular family. In this investigation works pertaining to seven different families (Araceae, Liliaceae, Boraginaceae, Orchidaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Portulacaceae and Solanaceae) are selected. Sodium values of eight samples in this study in order to mg/g were obtained 4.4, 1.84, 3.95, 1.62, 1.62, 1.51, 7.17 and 1.51 respectively (Fig. 1). Calcium values of eight samples in order to mg/g were obtained 0.88, 0.67, 13.14, 0.46, 7.37, 0.46, 18.17 and 4.48 respectively (Fig.1). Potassium values of eight samples in this research in order to mg/g were obtained 3.4,

Comparative study on the chemical composition of Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits.

Abstract: In this article, two different sumac species, namely Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) were investigated in order to determine and compare the chemical compositions of their fruits. The proximate analysis revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the two sumac species, with Chinese sumac exhibiting higher contents in ash, protein, fat and fiber. Gas Chromatography (GC) revealed that Chinese sumac contains higher percentage of total unsaturated fatty acids than that of Syrian sumac, with oleic and linoleic acids being predominant. The amounts of potassium and calcium were found to be higher in the fruit of Syrian sumac than in that of Chinese sumac. However, both sumac fruits exhibited also appreciable quantities of magnesium, phosphorous, sodium and iron. Syrian sumac contained much more vitamins than that of Chinese sumac, which in contrast exhibited higher amounts of essential and non-essential amino acids than that of Syrian sumac. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) indicated that Syrian sumac contains higher concentrations of organic acids than Chinese sumac and malic acid is the most abundant. Results from this study suggested that both Syrian and Chinese sumac fruits are potential sources of food ingredients and/or additives.

Quality Characteristics of Cookies from Composite Flours of Watermelon Seed, Cassava and Wheat

Abstract: The use of composite flour from watermelon seed, cassava (TMS 99/6012 variety) low in cyanide and wheat in the production of cookies was investigated. The proximate composition and functional properties of the samples were determined. Quality of cookies made with the blends was evaluated by a 20-member sensory panel. The watermelon seed flour was blended with wheat and cassava flour at the ratios of 0:100, 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, 50:50 and 100:0, 90: 10, 85:15, 80:20, 50:50, respectively. The protein and fat content of WC1 (watermelon seed flour/cassava flour, 90:10 ratio) was highest followed by WC2 (watermelon seed flour/ cassava flour, 85:15). WM3 cookies (wheat/watermelon seed flour, 80:20) ranked best in sensory evaluation conducted. All cookies were acceptable, scoring below 4.00 on a 9-point hedonic scale. Up to 20% wheat and 15% cassava flours could be replaced with watermelon seed flour in cookies.

Nutrient Composition of Selected Sweet Potato [Ipomea batatas (L) Lam] Varieties as Influenced by Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

Abstract: Total s-carotene content of four varieties of Sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam] as influenced by different levels of nitrogen fertilizer were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) The proximate composition and mineral contents were also determined. The nitrogen fertilizer treatments were combinations of four levels of 0kgN/ha(control), 40 kgN/ha, 80 kg/Nha, 120 kgN/ha on the four varieties of Sweet potato; white-fleshed TIS87/0087 and TIS8164, orange-fleshed ExIgbariam and CIP Tanzania. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) increased the total s-carotene and crude protein with increase in nitrogen fertilizer application up to 120 kgN/ha. Generally there was a trend in the total s-carotene increase from 0-80 kgN/ha for all the varieties except CIP Tanzania which showed no such trend. On the average, TIS87/0087 and Ex-Igbariam varieties gave the highest total s-carotene content at 40-80 kgN/ha when compared with the control. The highest yield for the crude fiber was observed at the control (0 kgN/ha) for all the varieties except TIS8164 which highest value was observed at 40 kgN/ha. Application of nitrogen above 80 kgN/ha did not increase the yield of most nutrient (namely, s-carotene and protein). Generally, application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the mineral contents of most Sweet potato varieties significantly (p<0.05) from 0-120 kgN/ha with the exception of phosphorus which showed significant decrease. The overall results indicate increased bioavailability of s-carotene (Provitamin A) and crude protein for good nutrition and health particularly at 40-80 kgN/ha.

The effect of moisture content on physical properties of wheat.

Abstract: Physical properties often required for designing the equipments for planting, harvesting and postharvesting operations of seeds. Several physical properties of three popular wheat varieties (Shiraz, Karoun and Shiroudy) were determined and compared for moisture content in 8, 12 and 18% w.b in 2007 in University of Tehran. The average length, width and thickness were 6.75, 3.26 and 2.77 mm at a moisture content of 8% w.b., respectively. studies on rewetted wheat seeds showed that the thousand-kernel weight increased from 18.38 to 22.43g. The geometric and equivalent mean diameter, surface area, sphericity and aspect ratio at a moisture content of 8% w.b were 3.93, 3.94 mm, 48.68 mm , 0.58, 0.48, respectively. The 2 porosity increased from 0.43 to 0.45 %. Whereas the bulk density decreased from 0.72 to 0.66kg m and the -3 true density from 1.25 to 1.19 kg m , with an increasing in the moisture content range of 8B18% w.b. The -3 static and dynamic angle of repose varied from 37.28 to 47.33 and 29.89 to 36.5 . The mean of static friction o coefficient of three wheat varieties increased the linearly against surfaces of three structural materials, namely, compressed plastic (0.43 0.53), galvanized iron (0.33 0.53) and plywood (0.35 0.41) as the moisture content increased from 8 to 18% w.b.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Residues in Broiler Chickens in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

Abstract: Presence of antimicrobial residues in broiler meat was determined in a cross-sectional study conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania between January and February, 2007. Twenty smallholder broiler chicken farmers were interviewed on the types of antimicrobials used and their awareness on withdrawal period. In addition, 70 broiler chicken liver samples were collected for qualitative antimicrobial residues analysis by use of two parallel tests; agar well diffusion and Delvotest SP assay. Ninety percent of the respondents ® frequently used tetracycline, amprolium, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, neomycine and flumequine to their chickens. Ninety percent of the respondents had knowledge on antimicrobial withdrawal period. However, 95% of farmers slaughtered their chicken before withdrawal period because were afraid of losses and were unaware of the effects of antimicrobial residues in humans. Laboratory results indicated that 70% (n = 14) of the farms were positive to antimicrobial residues. This shows a widespread misuse of antimicrobials by poultry farmers and reflecting lack of implementation of withdrawal times. It is stressed that stricter regulation for the use of antimicrobials in chicken and inspection of chicken for residues prior to marketing. However, poultry farmers need to be educated on the possible effects associated with use of food with antimicrobial residues.

Chemical properties of some Cucurbitaceae oils from Cameroon.

Abstract: 4 Abstract: This work presents some chemical properties of Cucurbitaceae seed oils from different areas in Cameroon. These seeds are Cucumeropsis mannii (egusi melon), Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin or squash gourd), Cucurbita moschata (musk melon), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd or calabash) and Cucumis sativus ("Ibo"egusi). The results show that the saponification, iodine and peroxide indices are influenced by the areas while the acid index and percentage of impurity do not depend on the area of cultivation but on the specie, except Lagenaria siceraria. The values for the indices are within recommended levels for edible oils. These oils have 4 main fatty acids: Linoleic acid, C18:2 (49-69%); oleic acid, C18:1 (9-25%); stearic acid, C18:O (7-11%) and palmitic acid, C16:O (10-19%). Their chemical properties are similar to those of corn, cottonseed, sesame and sunflower seed oils, suggesting their potential use as good table and cooking oils which can increase HDL and reduce serum cholesterol and LDL levels, hence could help prevent cardiovascular illnesses. They could also be used for making mayonnaise and soap.

The Effect of Boiling on the Nutrients and Anti-Nutrients in Two non Conventional Vegetables

Abstract: The effect of boiling on the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of two vegetables Solanum nigrum and Solanecio biafrae was investigated. The vegetables were boiled and the boiled and raw samples were analysed for proximate composition and some anti nutritional compounds. The protein, ash, fat and fibre in Solanum nigrum was found to be 4.63, 2.99, 0.96 and 1.13%, respectively while Solanecio biafrae were 4.03, 2.86, 0.92 and 1.05% for protein crude ash, fat and fibre, respectively. All the nutrient contents were reduced after boiling with a percentage of between 28 and 9.78% with the exception of ash where the percentage loss was 59.79 and 58.52% in Solanecio biafrae and Solanum nigrum, respectively. All the antinutritional compounds investigated were found in the vegetable. The Phytate, tannin, nitrate and oxalate in Solanum nigrum was 1.65, 0.83, 0.36 and 0.50%, respectively and 1.88, 0.92, 0.33 and 0.46% was recorded for Solanecio biafrae for phytate, tannin, nitrate and oxalate, respectively. These antinutritional compounds were reduced after boiling by between 39.7% in Tannin and 20% in Oxalate. These vegetables were not rich in nutrients like some other conventional vegetables; they were also low in antinutrition al content. Most of the nutrients are stable after processing except the minerals as indicated by the ash result, yet the antinutrient were easily destroyed by boiling.

Eating behaviors among female adolescents in Kuantan district, Pahang, Malaysia.

Abstract: This study examined eating behaviors among female adolescents. A total of 407 female students aged between 13-19 years were randomly selected from two secondary schools in Kuantan district, Pahang, Malaysia. All participants were required to complete a self-administered Eating Behaviors Questionnaire and their weight and height were measured by the researchers. A majority of the participants were Malays (65.3%), followed by Chinese (28.3%) and Indians (6.4%). There were 5.9% underweight participant, 75.4% were normal-weight and 18.7% were overweight. About one third (35.9%) never skipped any of the daily three meals, but another half (52.6%) skipped at least one meal a day and the remaining (11.5%) had even skipped all three meals in a day. The most frequently missed meals were breakfast (47.4%). Half (51.4%) snacked between meals daily and three in four (76.9%) had their meals with family members. No differences were found between the socio-demographic variables (age, household members, parent's total year of schooling, parental monthly income and living arrangement) and meal skipping behaviors. However, those who usually skipped meals were those who usually eat alone (Chi2= 16.933, p < 0.0001), overweight (Chi2= 15.943, p < 0.05) and were Malays (Chi2= 33.827, p < 0.05). In conclusion, meal skipping, snacking and practicing various weight loss behaviors were some of the unhealthy eating behavior depicted among adolescent girls. Focusing on promotion of healthy eating that stressed on the importance of regular intakes of main meals during adolescence is crucial for their current and future health and well-being.

Chemical composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes under various water regimes.

Abstract: A set of thirteen faba bean genotypes were grown at three water regimes (13200, 7600 and 4800 m /ha) severe, moderate and normal irrigation during the growing season of the crop, to examine the 3 variability of seed chemical composition. The result showed that faba bean genotypes vary greatly in their chemical composition at various water regimes and proximate analysis showed that faba bean genotypes had low moisture contents that ranged from (7.09 7.59%). Carbohydrate contents were fairly high (42.447.3%). The highest protein contents under water stress condition and normal irrigation was recorded for Kamlin (36.8 and 39.1%), while the lowest was observed in Sakh1 (35.2 and 37.5%), respectively. Simultaneously, the crude protein content in the seeds varied from 31.8% to 39.7% and consisted of 18 amino acids. Kamlin had the highest (117g/1000g protein) total essential amino acids while Giza had the 402 lowest (82.2 g/1000g protein). Methionine and cysteine were the limiting amino acids in the faba seeds. The Protein fraction varied among these genotypes, globulin was followed by glutelin, prolamin and albumin respectively. Evidence was found that protein content increased during water stress treatment.

Chemical compositions, phytochemical constituents and in vitro biological activity of various extracts of Cymbopogon citratus.

Abstract: Cymbopogon citratus was analyzed for its chemical constituents. Proximate analysis revealed that the sample contained moisture content: 5.76%; crude protein 4.56%, ash content: 20.00%, crude fat 5.10%, Carbohydrate 55.00% and crude fibre: 9:28. The food energy of the sample was 360.55 cal/100g. The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts of cymbopogon citratus indicates that it has alkaloids, saponins tannins, anthraquinones, steroids, phenols and flavonoids. Test for antibacterial activity using agar diffusion technique shows that antibacterial activity was active on S. typhi with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/ml but inactive on E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus.

Effect of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peels and It’s Extract on Obese Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Abstract: There has been an inverse association between fiber intake and cardiovascular diseases. Dietary supplementation with nutrients rich in antioxidants is associated with inhibition of atherogenic modifications to LDL, macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. Pomegranates are a good source of polyphenols and other antioxidants. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of pomegranate peel powder and it’s extract on lipids metabolism in hypercholesterolemic male rats. pomegranate peel powder were added to hypercholestrolemic diet by 5, 10 or 15% as dietary fiber supplemented. While pomegranate peel extract were added to hypercholestrolemic diet by 1, 2 or 3% supplemented. Forty adult male rats were assigned to eight groups for four weeks feeding period; group (1) control negative, group (2) control positive hypercholesterolemic rats, groups (3, 4 and 5) hypercholesterolemic rats fed 5, 10 or 15% pomegranate peel powder as dietary fiber supplemented and groups (6, 7 and 8) hypercholesterolemic rats fed 1,2 or 3 % pomegranate peel extract supplemented. At the end of the feeding period, animal's blood were collected for serum lipid measurements. Results showed that hypercholesterolemic rats had highly significant changes in all tested lipids parameters comparing with control negative group. all hypercholestrolemic rats administrated with different levels of pomegranate peel powder (5, 10 and 15%) had significant decrease in food consumption and body weight gain ratio comparing with control positive group. Liver, kidney spleen to body weight ratio and all tested lipid parameters except HDL had highly significant decrease for all hypercholestrolemic rats administrated with different levels of pomegranate peel powder (5, 10 and 15%) or administrated with different levels of pomegranate peel extracts (1, 2 and 3%) comparing with control positive group. In conclusion, the potent antioxidative capacity of pomegranate peel powder or it’s extract against lipid peroxidation may be the central link for the antiatherogenic effects of pomegranate peel powder or it’s extract on lipoproteins. Moreover, It suggested that, consumption of pomegranate peel powder or it’s extract my modify the risk of hypercholesterolemia and it have more potential as a health supplement rich in natural antioxidants.

Nutritional and antinutritional components of Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach).

Abstract: The proximate and mineral profiles of the larva of Oryctes rhinoceros were investigated. The fatty acid profile of the larval oil and the amino acid profile of the larval protein were also determined and from the latter, the protein score was evaluated. A high protein content (42.29% wet weight) rich in the essential amino acids (with histidine, methionine and phenylalanine being predominant) with a protein score of 72.97% and valine as the limiting amino acid was observed. The larval oil had a high proportion (60.34%) of unsaturated fatty acids, including the essential fatty acid linoleic acid. A high ash content (12.70% wet weight) containing a high proportion of manganese and iron (3.80 mg 100 gG and 10.70 mg 100 gG , respectively) was 1 1 observed. The other mineral elements, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper and phosphorus were only present in small concentrations (0.20-0.99 mg 100 gG ). The larva could form a base for new 1 food/feed products of considerable nutritive value, especially in view of its high protein content.

Determination of Proximate Composition, Ascorbic Acid and Heavy Metal Content of African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)

Abstract: The proximate composition, ascorbic acid and heavy metal content of (African walnut) Tetracarpidium conophorum were evaluated using chemical analysis. The result of the proximate composition showed the following; moisture (48.70%), carbohydrate (53.20%), crude protein (35.22%), crude fat (6.21%), crude fiber (3.34%) and ash (2.03%).It also contained 53.50mg/100ml of ascorbic acid. The heavy metal concentrations in the fruit is Fe (0.064ppm), Mn (0.012ppm), Cr (0.001ppm), Ni (0.005ppm) while the concentrations of Hg, Pb and Cd were not detected. The results revealed that the T. conophorum is rich in ascorbic acid and carbohydrate with moderate valves of crude protein while the ash content was shown to be very low. This result shows that T. conophorum nut is not polluted with heavy metals since the concentrations of the heavy metals were all below WHO permissible limits. This nut is therefore shown to be safe for public consumption.

Fermentation of Millet (Pennisetum americanum) and Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Seeds for Flour Production: Effects on Composition and Selected Functional Properties

Abstract: The effects of period of fermentation on the chemical composition and selected functional properties of millet (Pennisetum americanum) and Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed flours were examined. The fermentation time ranged from 24-96 h. Flours of the unfermented seeds served as controls . Fermentation for 24 h decreased (p 0.05) occurred in the total ash of both flours with increase in fermentation time except at the 96 h of pigeon pea. Tannin level was lowest in both flours at 72 h. Significant (p<0.05) decreases in cyanide occurred in pigeon pea from the 24 h and was lowest at the 72 h. Phytate was low in both flours. A 10% ( / ) gruel of millet and pigeon pea flour w v exhibited 363 cp and 380 cp apparent viscosity respectively at 72 h fermentation. Significant (p<0.05) reduction in water absorption capacity occurred only at the early stages (24 and 48 h) of fermentation in millet. Water Solubility Index increased in both flours with increase in fermentation period while reconstitution time reduced significantly (p<0.05). Least gelation concentration increased by 100% in pigeon pea at 48 h and 72 h. Fermenting for 72 h seem to offer some advantages over other periods.

Distribution of heavy metals in bones, gills, livers and muscles of (tilapia) Oreochromis niloticus from Henshaw town beach market in Calabar Nigeria.

Abstract: Two sets of samples of commercially important fish species Oreochromis niloticus of size 29 cm and 20 cm respectively were purchased from the Henshaw town beach market in Calabar, Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria in October 2007. The concentrations of five heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, As and Hg) in their bones, gills, livers and muscles were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The result showed the heavy metal concentrations in the 29 cm size samples to be Pb (0.069 ppm) Cd (0.019 ppm) and Zn (0.103 ppm) in the bones. Pb (0.173 ppm) Cd (0.049 ppm) and Zn (0.257 ppm) in the livers. Pb (0.053 ppm) Cd (0.015 ppm) Zn (0.079 ppm) in the muscles Pb (0.133 ppm), Cd (0.038 ppm) and Zn (0.198 ppm) in gills. While the 20 cm size samples had Pb (0.067 ppm) Cd (0.019 ppm) and Zn (0.100 ppm) in bones. Pb (0.067 ppm) Cd (0.019 ppm) and Zn (0.099 ppm) in livers. Pb (0.062 ppm) Cd (0.017 ppm) and Zn (0.095 ppm) in muscles and Pb (0.153 ppm) Cd (0.044 ppm) and Zn (0.227 ppm) in gills. Arsenic and mercury were not detected in any of the samples. The result revealed the distribution of the heavy metal in both 29 cm and 20 cm size samples to follow the order Zn> Pb> Cd while the distribution of the heavy metals in the investigated parts (organs) is shown to follow the order livers > gills > bones > muscles for the 29 cm size samples. And Gills > Livers = bones > muscles in the 20 cm size samples. The result also revealed that the 29 cm size samples had higher concentrations of the heavy metals than the 20 cm size samples. The result also showed that the muscle of Tilapia is safer to consumed than the other parts investigated as it has been shown to contain the least concentrations of the heavy metals determined. This reveals the adverse health effect the people in the study area could be exposed to by the consumption of liver, gills and bones of Tilapia which have high levels of these heavy metals.

The use of tiger-nut (Cyperus esculentus), cow milk and their composite as substrates for yoghurt production.

Abstract: Yoghurt was produced from skimmed cow milk and tiger nut milk. The pH of the yoghurt was found to increase with increasing tiger nut milk in the composite. From the comparison made of the sensory attributes of the three samples of yoghurt composite, the yoghurt produced from the combination of cow milk and tiger nut milk had the highest mean score in all the parameters even though the difference between the means of cow milk-tiger nut composite and that of pure cow milk was insignificant. Thus the result of the sensory evaluation revealed that yoghurt from pure cow milk and the composite (tiger nuts milk and cow milk) were rated alike in almost all the quality attributes indicating the feasibility of adding tiger nut to cow milk in the production of cheaper and nutritious yoghurt.

Effect of naturally contaminated feed with aflatoxins on performance of laying hens and the carryover of aflatoxin B1 residues in table eggs.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of naturally contaminated feed with aflatoxin on performance of laying hens fed for 60 days and the carryover of AFB residues in eggs as well as the stability 1 of AFB in naturally contaminated eggs to boiling process. Forty, 30 weeks old, White Leghorn laying hens 1 were randomly assigned into four experimental groups and after 2 weeks were given naturally contaminated feed containing zero (control), 25, 50 and 100 μg aflatoxin/kg feed. Twenty eggs per treatment were collected on days (1-7); 10; 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 and submitted to aflatoxin B analysis using ELISA. Average egg 1 production and egg weight were not affected by aflatoxin (P>0.05), while a significant decrease in feed intake (p<0.05) was appeared in the 2 groups fed on 50 and 100 aflatoxin ug/kg feed. Residues of aflatoxin B were 1 detected in eggs at levels that ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 with a mean value of 0.04, 0.05 and 0.07 μg/kg respectively. Aflatoxin B was almost stable in naturally contaminated egg for up to 20 minutes of boiling, so 1 avoiding aflatoxin B transmission into egg appears to be the only practical way to ensure their safety for 1 human consumption. Conclusively, the excretion of aflatoxin B residues in hens' eggs might occur at 1 relatively low concentrations under conditions of long term exposure of laying hens to low level of aflatoxin in naturally contaminated feed with reduction in feed intake started at 50 μg/kg.