Showing papers in "Regional Studies in 1972"
TL;DR: In this paper, Curry et al. investigated the association between the spatial distribution of jobs and homes using a spatial regression operator which is interpreted as the impulse response function of a second order difference equation.
Abstract: Curry L. (1972) A spatial analysis of gravity flows, Reg. Studies 6, 131–147. Since Wilson gave theoretical substance to the gravity model, it is possible to treat it analytically. His derivation is discussed and calibration problems examined. In particular, the general constraints on the maximum entropy solution he obtains can be particularized. Here the association between the spatial distribution of jobs and homes is investigated using a spatial regression operator which is interpreted as the impulse response function of a second order difference equation. By using Z transforms, the regression and gravity operators are applied in paralle. Feedback from the resulting trip pattern allows the job-home relation to be changed sequentially. Measures of spatial entropy and joint information are introduced and related to travel entropy.
206 citations
TL;DR: Behaviour patterns in the location decisions of a sample of 59 migrant manufacturing companies are related to the characteristics of the companies and of the moves.
Abstract: Townroe P. M. (1972) Some behavioural considerations in the industrial location decision, Reg. Studies 6, 261–272. Behaviour patterns in the location decisions of a sample of 59 migrant manufacturing companies are related to the characteristics of the companies and of the moves. Chi-square tests are used to test for inter-relationships and a principal component analysis is applied to yield characteristic groups of companies. The results show great heterogeneity of behaviour and a wide divergence from an a priori pattern of “good management”.
63 citations
TL;DR: Bishop et al. as discussed by the authors examined some of the problems of interpreting the results of the components of change technique as applied to analysis of regional employment growth and proposed a synthesis of the methods normally used to enable more meaningful interregional and intertemporal comparisons of the effects of industrial structure.
Abstract: Bishop K. C. and Simpson C. E. (1972) Components of change analysis: Problems of alternative approaches to industrial structure, Reg. Studies 6, 59–68. The article examines some of the problems of interpreting the results of the components of change technique as applied to analysis of regional employment growth. Even if used pragmatically in conjunction with other techniques of regional analysis, alternative definitions of individual industry structural components produce problems of interpretation. A synthesis of the methods normally used is proposed, enabling more meaningful interregional and intertemporal comparisons of the effects of industrial structure to be made. Numerical examples from the West Midlands are used in illustration.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the degree of spatial association between pairs of industries and input-output tables was measured to measure the importance of functional linkages between pair of industries, and it was concluded that there is an important distinction to be drawn for regional employment policies between the expanding and non-expanding industries.
Abstract: Lever W. F. (1972) Industrial movement, spatial association and functional linkage. Reg. Studies 6, 371–384. Much of the Government's distribution of industry policy depends upon the availability of mobile industry which can be diverted from the congested South East and Midlands to the regions of high unemployment. Recent work has suggested that external economies, particularly those associated with access to suppliers of inputs and customers, may be more important than regional planners assume. The paper uses correlation coefficients to measure the degree of spatial association between pairs of industries and input-output tables to measure the importance of functional linkages between pairs of industries. Functional linkages are found to have a strong locational effect even upon such modern expanding industries as engineering, metal goods industries and motor vehicle manufacture. The paper concludes that there is an important distinction to be drawn for regional employment policies between the expanding ...
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method is presented for estimating commuting distances from census figures which also alleviates the distortions until now associated with their method of presentation by administrative units, and results from North West England show that the mean distance increased from 2·35 to 3·54 kilometres from 1921 to 1966 at an average annual rate of 0·9 per cent.
Abstract: Warnes A. M. (1972) Estimates of journey-to-work distances from census statistics, Reg. Studies 6, 315–326. Journey-to-work statistics in Britain are available from the 1921, 1951, 1961 and 1966 Censuses. They form an unparalleled source for studies of the long-term development of commuting, but have not yet been extensively used. Few techniques have been developed to exploit this source. A method is presented for estimating commuting distances from census figures which also alleviates the distortions until now associated with their method of presentation by administrative units. Results from North West England show that the mean distance increased from 2·35 to 3·54 kilometres from 1921 to 1966 at an average annual rate of 0·9 per cent. These figures are compared with other regions.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the movement of manufacturing firms to locations in Devon and Cornwall between 1939 and 1967, and conclude the region's main disadvantages and advantages in attracting mobile industry are considered, together with implications for regional policy towards South West England.
Abstract: Spooner D. J. (1972) Industrial movement and the rural periphery: The case of Devon and Cornwall, Reg. Studies 197–215. This paper describes the movement of manufacturing firms to locations in Devon and Cornwall between 1939 and 1967. This area is one of Britain's rural peripheral problem regions. Industrial movement has transformed the area's manufacturing sector and provided a nucleus of growth activity in a few centres. The characteristics of the new factories are described in terms of their origins, size, organization, distribution, time of move, and market orientation. Decisions to move to this region have been influenced particularly by considerations of labour availability and quality of environment. In conclusion the region's main disadvantages and advantages in attracting mobile industry are considered, together with implications of these findings for regional policy towards South West England.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of decentralized offices from throughout the United Kingdom is used to examine the role of transport factors and potential staff travel problems in office location, and an examination of the spatial attributes of the changes in travel mode for the present compared with the previous journey-to-work of employees and these are related to socioeconomic factors such as occupation, car ownership and previous workplace.
Abstract: Daniels P. W. (1972) Transport changes generated by decentralized offices, Reg. Studies 6, 273–289. Changes in the journey-to-work represent one of the most tangible consequences of office relocation from Central London. A sample of decentralized offices from throughout the United Kingdom is used to examine, in the first instance, the role of transport factors and potential staff travel problems in office location. This is followed by an examination of the spatial attributes of the changes in travel mode for the present compared with the previous journey-to-work of employees and these are related to socio-economic factors such as occupation, car ownership and previous workplace. The relationship between the distance moved by offices and the ratio of private to public transport trips at individual offices is also considered along with the influence of trip length and a measure of trip-making efficiency, the friction coefficient, on modal choice. The need to evaluate the findings in terms of community costs...
30 citations
TL;DR: The model produced for Wales, set alongside and shown to be similar in type to the non-survey techniques employed by Nevin, Roe and Round, is shown to have decided advantages.
Abstract: Round J. I. (1972) Regional input-output models in the U.K.: A re-appraisal of some techniques, Reg. Studies 6, 1–9. Three aspects of regional input-output models are examined. First, the use of the Leontief system unadjusted for the particular needs of regional planning is examined. In particular, the difficulty of deriving meaningful final output projections for the region is discussed. Secondly, the results obtained in a recent paper by Hewings (Reg. Studies 5, 11–22), using badly derived estimates of final output are shown to yield serious errors in his results. Some tractable improvements to his techniques are offered. Thirdly, the model produced for Wales (Nevin, Roe and Round, The Structure of the Welsh Economy, University of Wales Press, 1966), is set alongside and shown to be similar in type to the non-survey techniques employed by him and, also, it is shown to have decided advantages.
28 citations
TL;DR: A mathematical model for the spatial allocation of activities within an urban region is discussed, based on the idea of mutual contacts between activities, which are located simultaneously, which leads to a quadratic programming model, non-convex in general.
Abstract: Karlqvist A. and Lundqvist L. (1972) A contact model for spatial allocation, Reg. Studies 6, 401–419. A mathematical model for the spatial allocation of activities within an urban region is discussed. It is based on the idea of mutual contacts between activities, which are located simultaneously. This formulation leads to a quadratic programming model, non-convex in general. Some simple optimality properties are derived, and a case-study based on the regional planning in Stockholm is presented. Different plan alternatives are evaluated with respect to accessibility and optimal location patterns are derived. The optimal solutions are especially sensitive to changes in the transportation network and the modal split.
22 citations
TL;DR: Gibson M and Pullen M as mentioned in this paper used the 1961 Census of Distribution to forecast shopping turnover in local authority areas for 1981 and found that a strong pattern emerges of rapid growth in suburbs and often sluggish growth in large urban centres.
Abstract: Gibson M and Pullen M (1972) Retail turnover in the East Midlands: A regional application of a gravity model, Reg Studies 6, 183–196 A gravity model of the type developed by Black is constructed on a regional scale covering the East Midlands Economic Planning Region The model is calibrated on the 1961 Census of Distribution, and is used to forecast shopping turnover in local authority areas for 1981 A strong pattern emerges of rapid growth in suburbs and often sluggish growth in large urban centres Allowance for the effects of increasing congestion and increasing car ownership generally reinforce these conclusions Some of the problems arising from the operation and the use for forecasting of the gravity model are discussed
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for simulating urban and vacation home development patterns is presented and evaluated in Lake Norman, North Carolina and Lake Sidney Lanier, Georgia, reservoir areas.
Abstract: Burby R. J. III, Donnelly T. G. and Weiss S. F. (1972) Vacation home location: A model for simulating the residential development of rural recreation areas, Reg. Studies 6, 421–439. Vacation home communities are becoming increasingly common on the periphery of large metropolitan areas. While these developments pose a number of serious environmental and service problems for affected local governments, existing planning methodologies have ignored the spatial structure of vacation housing. Analysis of the vacation home development process highlights factors leading to environmental deterioration and indicates the extent to which urban and vacation home location decisions are based on different locational criteria. Utilizing this information and data describing the Lake Norman, North Carolina, and Lake Sidney Lanier, Georgia, reservoir areas, a computer model for simulating urban and vacation home development patterns is presented and evaluated. The model provides planners and policy makers with a useful tool...
TL;DR: Hall R K (1972) The movement of offices from Central London, Reg Studies 6, 385-392 An analysis of the policy of moving offices from central London shows that the policy is oriented towards the solution of planning problems in London, and that it was developed on dubious statistical grounds as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Hall R K (1972) The movement of offices from Central London, Reg Studies 6, 385–392 An analysis of the policy of moving offices from Central London shows that the policy is oriented towards the solution of planning problems in London, and that it was developed on dubious statistical grounds Because of the lack of comprehensive data on the volume of decentralization, the paper reports research carried out to quantify the volume of movement from Central London, and shows that between 1963 and 1969 it was about 24,000 jobs per year While it is difficult to evaluate the policy in terms of its original aims, decentralization has brought other benefits The main cause of the movement lies in the spatial structure of office costs While it is likely that office movement from London will continue, and that decentralization will remain a planning policy for the South East, greatly improved statistics on office location and movement are needed
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the relationship between the urban structure of the Greater Swansea area and the recent series of local government boundary proposals and argued that this is a consequence of an ineffective political tradition as well as the ineffectiveness of recent government re-organization proposals.
Abstract: Davies W K D (1972) Conurbation and city-region in an administrative borderland: A case study of the Greater Swansea area, Reg Studies 6, 217–236 The paper explores the relationship between the urban structure of the Greater Swansea area and the recent series of local government boundary proposals Although a coastal conurbation can be recognized in land use terms, a factor analysis of the economic structure and interaction patterns makes it more appropriate to regard it as the core of a city-region in which the interior coalfield communities act as a periphery Despite this spatial integration, the area can still be characterized as an administrative borderland in regional terms and it is argued that this is a consequence of an ineffective political tradition as well as the ineffectiveness of recent government re-organization proposals
TL;DR: O'Farrell et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the variation within Northern Ireland in the price of one group of goods, groceries, and found that there was a contrast between the east and the west of the province.
Abstract: O'Farrell P. N. and Poole M. A. (1972) Retail grocery price variation in Northern Ireland. Reg. Studies 6, 83–92. There has been a marked dearth of empirical research on spatial price variation, despite the important practical and theoretical implications of such knowledge. The present paper is an attempt to help fill this gap by analysing the variation within Northern Ireland in the price of one group of goods, groceries. It tests hypothesized relationships between, on the one hand, price and, on the other, store-size, store-ownership, central place, size and location. Of these postulated relationships, only that between price and location proved to be highly significant: specifically, there was found to be both a contrast between the east and the west of the province and also a tendency for pairs of neighbouring central places to exhibit similar price-levels.
TL;DR: A classification of cities and city regions in England and Wales, 1966, Reg. Studies 6, 149-182 as mentioned in this paper, is based on 130 characteristics relating to people, place and activity.
Abstract: Armen G. (1972) A classification of cities and city regions in England and Wales, 1966, Reg. Studies 6, 149–182. An outline of the development of the concepts of the city and the city region is followed by the physical delimitation and classification of 100 examples of each, on the basis of some 130 characteristics relating to people, place and activity as in 1966. In contrast to factor analysis, the illustrated method of classification—elementary cluster analysis—lays equal emphasis on all selected characteristics and accepts the occurrence of overlap between classes relating to complex entities like cities and city regions. Each classification results in a hierarchy of three nesting groups: “divisions” (e.g. service and manufacturing cities and city regions) which comprise “classes” (e.g. ports, holiday resorts etc.) which are made up of “sub-classes” (e.g. large ports, medium ports etc.). The broad similarity of results for cities and city regions suggests that the character of a city region is at pres...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of different types of investment on the return of regional multipliers and found that more attention needs to be devoted to classes of investment endogenous to the model (undistributed profits and consumer induced investment).
Abstract: Steele D. B. (1972) A numbers game (or The return of regional multipliers), Reg. Studies 6, 115–130. The calculation of regional multipliers is a prior stage in the development of a generalized regional interaction model suitable for policy formulation. The problem must be tackled from both sides simultaneously, hypothesizing the important variables and testing them for their size and sensitivity. This exercise, with its greater number of “leakage” variables illustrates the importance of the “feedback” variables, which are still insufficiently developed. The feedback variables used here, and found to be important, are imports and distributed profits. This suggests that more attention needs to be devoted to classes of investment endogenous to the model (undistributed profits and consumer induced investment). The hypothesized inverse relationship of regional income and unemployment benefit is more complex and uncertain than at first thought. The size of region and the balance of trade are still the most sen...
TL;DR: Schiller et al. as mentioned in this paper measured the attractiveness of shopping centres to high income consumers and found that these consumers show marked relative preference for certain shopping centres and suggested that centres attractive to middle class consumers are those also attractive to tourists.
Abstract: Schiller R. K. (1972) The measurement of the attractiveness of shopping centres to middle class luxury consumers, Reg. Studies 6, 291–297. An attempt is made to measure the attractiveness of shopping centres to high income consumers. There is evidence that these consumers show marked relative preference for certain centres. Various ideas which could explain this are tested. It is suggested that centres attractive to middle class consumers are those also attractive to tourists, having a pleasant or historical appearance and lacking the bustle of a modern commercial centre. An index based on numbers of quality hotels and restaurants is found to give a good explanation of preference. When adapted as a weight in a gravity model application the result is an improved fit.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of spatial structure and socio-economic factors on migration rates was examined in Tyneside, and it was shown that spatial structure has negligible influence on composite migration rates, economic and social factors accounting for most of the variance.
Abstract: Willis K. G. (1972) The influence of spatial structure and socio-economic factors on migration rates. A case study: Tyneside 1961–1966, Reg. Studies 6, 69–82. The 1961 and 1966 Census indicate wide variations in migration rates per 1000 population, though precise analysis is hampered by census tabulation by local authority areas. Numerous theoretical studies have emphasized the importance of the structure of space in which migration occurs, but these have lacked practical application in Britain. From examination of rates on Tyneside, it is shown that spatial structure has a negligible influence on composite migration rates, economic and social factors accounting for most of the variance. A method of analysing a matrix of inter-local authority migration is proposed by which the relative importance of space over localized areas is indicated. Non-linear models are suggested as more applicable in analysing the size and composition of migration streams.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the indicators and distribution of local prosperity in the South West region and found that the most widely accepted single indicator of welfare is the average income per head, but there are other important dimensions of prosperity which should not be ignored.
Abstract: Gordon I. R. and Whittaker R. M. (1972) Indicators of local prosperity in the South West region, Reg. Studies 6, 299–313. This paper examines the indicators and distribution of local prosperity in the South West region. The investigation is based on two assumptions; firstly, that average income per head represents the most widely accepted single indicator of welfare (it is for instance the measure to which the Commission of the European Communities gives particular attention) and secondly, that there are other important dimensions of prosperity which ought not to be ignored. Average income per head at local authority level is calculated by multiple regression analysis based on county data for England and Wales and is compared with similarly derived estimates of average male earnings. The more plural aspects of prosperity are examined by principal components analysis of a wide range of social and economic variables. The results obtained, in addition to providing new information basic to the formulation of ...
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that the over-forecasting is a symptom of a planning structure which is inappropriate not only for forecasting but also for investment appraisal and control, and that unless investment programmes are revised, considerable excess capacity will have been installed by 1985.
Abstract: Rees J. A. and Rees R. (1972) Water demand forecasts and planning margins in South-East England, Reg. Studies 6, 37–48. On the basis of its demand forecasts, the Water Resources Board has derived a set of projections of required expenditure on new supply capacity. In view of the scale and irreversibility of the commitments of land and capital, it is important that an attempt be made to examine the demand forecasts. This study suggests that these forecasts are well above the demand levels which would be expected from the best estimate of past trends. It is clear that unless investment programmes are revised, considerable excess capacity will have been installed by 1985. The cost of this excess capacity could amount to over 30 per cent of the total projected expenditure. It is suggested that the overforecasting is a symptom of a planning structure which is inappropriate not only for forecasting but also for investment appraisal and control.
TL;DR: A detailed analysis of three particular industrial development policies that have been used in the past in Mexico can be found in this paper, with the aim of demonstrating the inadequacy of past policy for encouraging regional industrialization and indicating the need for more coordinated and carefully conceived policies in the future.
Abstract: Lavell A. M. (1972) Regional industrialization in Mexico: Some policy considerations, Reg. Studies 6, 343–362. The rapid industrialization of Mexico over the last 40 years has been associated with considerable centralization of industrial investment in the city of Mexico. This centralization has led to new and ever more vigorous demands for the implementation of controls on the growth of the city and for policies to aid regional industrialization. This article briefly considers recent regional development legislation and the extent of and problems associated with socio-economic concentration in Mexico City. This forms the background for a detailed analysis of three particular industrial development policies that have been used in the past in Mexico. The analysis has the aim of demonstrating the inadequacy of past policy for encouraging regional industrialization and indicates the need for more coordinated and more carefully conceived policies in the future.
TL;DR: In this paper, Greytak et al. evaluated the direct input and multiplier coefficients calculated for a firm integrated into a regional input-output table in the manner originally suggested by the late Professor Tiebout and found that divergence between the coefficients calculated by the suggested technique and those calculated from the direct requirements table can be attributed to the conventions applied in the definition of industries and to the distinction between sales on current and capital account.
Abstract: Greytak D. (1972) The firm in regional input-output analysis, Reg. Studies 6, 327–329. This paper evaluates the direct input and multiplier coefficients calculated for a firm integrated into a regional input-output table in the manner originally suggested by the late Professor Tiebout. Divergence between the coefficients calculated by the suggested technique and those calculated from the direct requirements table can be attributed to the conventions applied in the definition of industries and to the distinction between sales on current and capital account. Moreover, use of the technique as a means of assessing the impact of a new firm locating in a region is considered and found to be in conflict with the assumption underlying the calculation of inter-industry multiplier coefficients.
TL;DR: Hillyard et al. as mentioned in this paper described one possible method of measuring provision and applied principal component analysis to selected variables for various administrative divisions, and an index compiled from the eigenvalues.
Abstract: Hillyard P. A. R., Roche D. J. D., Murie A. S. and Birrell W. D. (1972) Variations in the standards of housing provision in Northern Ireland, Reg. Studies 6, 393–399. Housing has been identified in a number of studies as an important factor in the Northern Ireland problem. Little analysis exists, however, of the nature and extent of differences in housing provision throughout the Province. This paper describes one possible method of measuring provision. Principal component analysis has been applied to selected variables for various administrative divisions, and an index compiled from the eigenvalues. Units within administrative divisions are rank ordered. In conclusion, it is emphasized that this technique could be used more extensively by central and local government to measure provision.
TL;DR: Robertson et al. as mentioned in this paper presented an isopleth map of the population surface of Central Scotland by computer-plotter, which revealed the relationship between population and distance of value both to planners and to population geographers.
Abstract: Robertson I. M. L. (1972) Population distribution and location problems: An approach by grid squares in Central Scotland, Reg. Studies 6, 237–245. Several techniques which can be operated on a matrix of population data set out on the squares of the National Grid are discussed. An isopleth map of the population surface of Central Scotland was produced by computer-plotter. With a “moving circle” program, maps of population catchments were compiled. These maps revealed aspects of the relationship between population and distance of value both to planners and to population geographers. A model of library provision was considered in which areas of sufficiency and deficiency could be charted in relation to population, travelling time, and present and future location of the facility.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of minor roads is reviewed, and the significance of the cognition and attitudes of visitors in scenic areas is introduced, in which visitors were given unstructured interviews, using photographs as focus material.
Abstract: Brancher D. M. (1972) The minor road in Devon—A study of visitors' attitudes, Reg. Studies 6, 49–58. The problem of minor roads is reviewed, and the significance introduced of the cognition and attitudes of visitors in scenic areas. A survey is described, in which visitors were given unstructured interviews, using photographs as focus material. Sampling problems are discussed, the interview content is appraised, and qualitative themes extracted, including some relating to the behaviour of drivers, and to the desirability of road improvements. The results of this analysis are then clustered, together with the respondents' personal data, to generate tentative hypotheses for future, more structured, investigations.
TL;DR: An adaptive programming technique for sequencing highway improvements to affect land use growth is presented in which the EMPIRIC land use model, developed for utilization in the Eastern Massachusetts region, is employed adaptively over several time periods.
Abstract: Dickey J. W. and Azola M. P. (1972) An adaptive programming technique for sequencing highway improvements to affect land use growth, Reg. Studies 6, 331–342. A technique is presented in which the EMPIRIC land use model, developed for utilization in the Eastern Massachusetts region, is employed adaptively over several time periods. In each period a linear programme is formulated in conjunction with EMPIRIC and with a set of pre-specified desirable goals (i.e. directions and relative weights of importance) for all zonal land use variables. The solution to the programme indicates the interzonal highway travel time changes needed to produce the most desirable land use changes. However, realistically, by the end of the time period not all highway changes can be made and thus land use will not develop as specified by the linear programme. For the succeeding period, then, the linear programme is employed starting with actual developments. This adaptive process continues for three time periods. Results from the a...
TL;DR: Although the analysis is seen to have certain disabilities, the apparent validity of the results lead to the conclusion that the technique has important potential as a tool for analysis of urban land use patterns.
Abstract: Alexander I. C. (1972). Multivariate techniques in land use studies: The case of information analysis, Reg. Studies 6, 93–103. This paper discusses an application of a statistical classificatory technique, known as Information Analysis, to land use data from a city's central area. The discussion is preceded by a brief review of the classification process in general, in which the advantages and disadvantages of various statistical procedures are presented. The origin and operation of Information Analysis is then outlined, following which it is shown how the technique can be utilized to gain an objective regionalization of land use data and to identify significant spatial groupings of activities. Although the analysis is seen to have certain disabilities, the apparent validity of the results lead to the conclusion that the technique has important potential as a tool for analysis of urban land use patterns.