Showing papers in "Sarsia in 1984"
TL;DR: The dynamics of the phytoplankton spring bloom were highly governed by incident radiation, and the spring bloom probably ended because of lowered sub-surface irradiance, due to increased cell densities and a high degree of mixing of the water column.
Abstract: Measurements of incident and sub-surface radiation, plant nutrients, particulate carbon and nitrogen, and ‘in situ’ carbon assimilation were performed from February 1976 to November 1978. The onset, culmination, and magnitude of the spring bloom is described. The dynamics of the phytoplankton spring bloom were highly governed by incident radiation. The spring bloom probably ended because of lowered sub-surface irradiance, due to increased cell densities, and a high degree of mixing of the water column. The spring bloom ended with higher nutrient values than in more southerly areas. The summer situation was comparable with other areas with a ‘chemostat’-growth system. Grazing was probably also an important factor in regulating phytoplankton biomass during summer. Primary production estimates were comparable to other fjords and coastal areas (100 gC/m3 per year) along the Norwegian coast and were probably underestimated due to the methods applied.
95 citations
TL;DR: Data from several bathyal core samples indicate that a few (about 4 %) of the meiofaunal organisms were living in small foraminiferal tests, usually those of globigerinaceans.
Abstract: The tests of more than 16000 large, benthic foraminifers (mainly the straight, tubular ammodiscaceans Bathysiphon folini and B. rusticus but also hormosinids and calcareous species) and xenophyophores from epibenthic sledge samples obtained between 996 and 4 416 m were examined for metazoan inhabitants. The 1 011 organisms recorded were dominated by sipunculans but also included nematodes, polychaetes, harpacticoid copepods, isopods, amphipods, tanaids, and hydroids. Eggs were observed, either alone or associated with sipunculans, nematodes, amphipods, and a tanaid. Sipunculan and other worms occupied 11 % of Bathysiphon tubes and = 20 % of Hyperammina tubes in some samples. In contrast, calcareous tests were rarely inhabited by metazoans. Data from several bathyal core samples indicate that a few (about 4 %) of the meiofaunal organisms were living in small foraminiferal tests, usually those of globigerinaceans. Most of the metazoans were found inside empty tests which apparently served as refuge...
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, under-ice fauna (sea-ice organisms) from the Barents Sea between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land and froin Brennevinsfjorden on Nordaustlandet were collected in August 1982 from 40 sampling stations using sampling techniques based on SCUBA-diving.
Abstract: Under-ice fauna (‘sea-ice organisms’) from the Barents Sea between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land and froin Brennevinsfjorden on Nordaustlandet were collected in August 1982 from 40 sampling stations using sampling techniques based on SCUBA-diving. The mean biomass exceeded 1 g per m2 at three stations and mainly consisted of Apherusa glacialis and Gammarus wilkitzkii. Samples from transects (75–110 km long) running into the pack-ice perpendicular to the ice edge between Kongsoya and Franz Josef Land showed that the greatest biomass occurred near the ice edge while the lowest values were recorded 11–13 km from the ice edge. The abundance of calanoid cope pods decreased more rapidly than for Apherusa glacialis and Gammarus wilkitzkii with increasing distance from the ice edge. The composition of the under-ice fauna showed day/night variations in landfast winter-ice near Wilhelmsoya, mainly due to ‘swarms’ of Parathemisto libellula appearing under the ice at night. Such day/night variations were not...
61 citations
TL;DR: Observations in the field and on 200 sacculinized crabs kept under surveillance in cages in the sea showed that the externae normally break through the host’s abdomen in June –July, and the main breading season extends from mid –July to September/October during which up to 6 batches each containi...
Abstract: A study of major events in the life cycle of Sacculina carcini parasitizing shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (L.), was undertaken at a northern boreal locality (c. 56° N). During 1979 –82, 28 388 crabs were collected fairly regularly from May to September, supplemented with smaller samples from October to April. Infestation ranged between 1.85 and 2.90 %, female crabs being less often infected than males. The internal phase of the life cycle is calculated to last at least 33 –34 months. Observations in the field and on 200 sacculinized crabs kept under surveillance in cages in the sea showed that the externae normally break through the host’s abdomen in June –July. Growth of the externae does not occur until c. 1 July and only if cells from pelagic male cyprids are transferred to the externa’s receptacles. At 15 –18° C the externae grow to maturity and a width of 14 –17.5 mm in 17 –24 days. The main breading season extends from mid –July to September/October during which up to 6 batches each containi...
57 citations
TL;DR: The test organisms were exposed for four days to 1, 3, 6, and 10 ppm concentrations of 2-methylnaphthalene, an aromatic hydrocarbon, and there was less difference in the sensitivity of the fish larvae.
Abstract: The test organisms were exposed for four days to 1, 3, 6, and 10 ppm concentrations of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN), an aromatic hydrocarbon. The fish eggs can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to 2-MN as follows: Lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus), capelin (Mallosus villosus), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), flounder (Platichthys flesus), long rough dab (Hippoglossoides platessoides), and cod (Gadus morhua). There was less difference in the sensitivity of the fish larvae. The results are discussed in relation to differences in morphology and ecology between the species.
24 citations
TL;DR: A population of black gobies was sampled from a small bay in the inner Oslofjord from August 1981–September 1982 and von Bertalanffy growth curves for males and females indicated that males grow more slowly but reach a greater maximum theoretical length than females.
Abstract: A population of black gobies was sampled from a small bay in the inner Oslofjord from August 1981–September 1982. In the beach area, water temperature ranged from 19.8° C to ice cover, salinity between 26.6 and 20.4 ‰, and dissolved oxygen between 1 1.2 and 3.3 ml O2/1. The spawning season was from May to July. Maximum abundance of G. niger was in June–July just prior to maximum water temperatures. Recruitment of the new year class to the beach area occurred around September. The 1981 year class was relatively poor whereas the 1980 year class was strong. The maximum age observed was 5 + years. Von Bertalanffy growth curves for males and females indicated that males grow more slowly (k = 0.398) but reach a greater maximum theoretical length (L∞= 9.774) than females (k = 0.479, L∞ = 9.123). When compared to length at capture data, the back-calculated lengths gave von Bertalanffy equations with the greater growth rates and lower maximum theoretical lengths for both males and females (k = 0.698, Lx =...
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the hydrography (T °C, S %o, O2/H2S), the nutrient concentration (NO3 -, SiO2, PO4 3-), suspended organic biomass (chlorophyll a, phaeophytin, particulate organic carbon, and nitrogen), and in situ 14C-assimilation were measured at fixed depths.
Abstract: The investigation was carried out at three stations in a coastal area, characteristic for the west Norwegian coast. 21 cruises cover the period February to October 1982. The hydrography (T °C, S %o, O2/H2S), the nutrient concentration (NO3 -, SiO2, PO4 3-), suspended organic biomass (chlorophyll a, phaeophytin, particulate organic carbon, and nitrogen), and in situ 14C-assimilation were measured at fixed depths. The predominant northerly and southerly winds and the resulting on-shore and off-shore transport of water had a significant influence on the hydrography at the outer station in Raunefjorden, somewhat less at the intermediate station in Kviturdvikpollen, but were of minor influence at the permanently stratified inner station in Vagsbopollen. Hydrogen sulphide occurred in the bottom water of both Vagsbopollen and Kviturdvikpollen from June to October. Maximum concentrations were up to 6 times higher than reported in a study 18 years ago in the same localities. The concentrations of nutrient...
22 citations
TL;DR: An outbreak of paralytic shellfish poisoning PSP occurred earlier in the year than in previous cases reported in Norway, and represents a very early detection of PSP in mussels from the geographical area considered.
Abstract: On 18 April 1981, 8 out of 10 persons who consumed mussels became affected by paralytic shellfish poisoning PSP (mytilotoxicosis). The shellfish were gathered in a non-polluted area, from which the local community had safely harvested mussels for consumption for many generations. The outbreak occurred earlier in the year than in previous cases reported in Norway, and represents a very early detection of PSP in mussels from the geographical area considered. The shellfish consumed contained 7900 MU (mouse units) of PSP/100 g of shellfish meat (wet weight). It was estimated that the 8 people who became ill, had ingested between 800 and 8300 MU. Food-poisoning bacteria could not be detected in the remains of the meals. The gills and digestive tract of shellfish collected from the locality 3 days later contained planktonic algae, including small numbers of the potentially toxin-producing dinoflagellates Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech and Prorocentrum minimum Schiller. The present outbreak does no...
21 citations
TL;DR: The copulatory male of Pseudomesus brevicornis differs from the female in body form, shape of pleotelson, structure of second antenna, and in having pereiopods 5–7 with long, slender setae, modified for swimming.
Abstract: The copulatory male of Pseudomesus brevicornis differs from the female in body form, shape of pleotelson, structure of second antenna, and in having pereiopods 5–7 with long, slender setae, modified for swimming. The immature male is similar to the female. Pseudomesus sp. recorded from 80–90 m depths off N. Greenland by JUST is considered to belong to the present species. The species was found in the Norwegian Sea at depths of 1260–2105 m and in the North Polar Sea at depths of 970–1020 m. The known depth range is 80 to 2105 m. The family Pseudomesidae is discussed and it is concluded that its two genera, Pseudomesus and Micromesus, belong to Desmosomatidae and Nannoniscidae respectively, and thus the family Pseudomesidae is not considered valid.
21 citations
TL;DR: Histological examination reveals the development of a cleft in the central part of the gut in the prepygidial segment which serves to deliver the mature gametes to the anus for spawning in Nephtys caeca.
Abstract: The natural spawning of a population of Nephtys caeca in a beach in the estuary of the River Tyne has been observed. The animals spawned via the anus during periods of low tide on two consecutive days after which the population was spent. Histological examination reveals the development of a cleft in the central part of the gut in the prepygidial segment which serves to deliver the mature gametes to the anus for spawning. This system is developed only in mature worms of both sexes and has also been discovered in Nephtys hombergi; it is suggested that this represents the normal pathway for the discharge of gametes in the Nephtyidae, which lack functional coelomoducts.
18 citations
TL;DR: Ischnomesids are widespread in the deep seas of the world, but they have been little studied in the Arctic, and only four species were found, namely Ischnomesus norvegicus sp.n.
Abstract: Ischnomesids are widespread in the deep seas of the world, but they have been little studied in the Arctic. Specimens were collected from the Norwegian Sea during the Norbi expedition in July–August 1975, and during cruises with R.Y. Hokon Mosby in March, June, and August 1981, and in January and November 1982. Material from the North Polar Sea was obtained during an expedition with the icebreaker Ymer in July 1980. Only four species were found, namely Ischnomesus norvegicus sp.n., Haplomesus quadrispinosus (G.O. Sars), H. ?gorbunovi Gurjanova, and Heteromesus frigidus Hansen. I. norvegicus sp.n. is similar to I. bispinosus (G.O. Sars), but differs in the shape of the male pleotelson, in males having dorsal processes on pereionites 2 and 3, and in setation of pereiopod 1. I. norvegicus was only found at depths between 794 and 860 m on the Norwegian continental slope. H. quadrispinosus was the most common species, found at depths between 794 and 3672 m in the Norwegian Sea, and between 970 and 327...
TL;DR: It is considered that competitive dominance and disturbance by other tough fucoids, grazing by snails, and heavy growth of epiphytes in addition to salinity stress may confine F. ceranoides to estuaries in Norway.
Abstract: Available herbarium material and 138 localities have been investigated in order to map the distribution of Fucus ceranoides L. in Norway. The species is common from Troms (68°52’ N, 17°52’ E) to Rogaland (59°10’ N, 6°4’ E), but was absent in a few large fjords. It was not possible to verify earlier records from the Baltic or the Skagerrak. The species’ main period of fertility in southern Norway is from April to August. F. ceranoides and F. vesiculosus L. were transplanted from estuaries to more marine areas; all F. ceranoides plants died or disappeared within 4 months while F. vesiculosus showed definite growth. After adaptation to increased salinity, small F. ceranoides plants cultured in an aquarium with running sea water, grew and developed viable reproductive cells under full salinity (31 ‰–34 ‰). It is considered that competitive dominance and disturbance by other tough fucoids, grazing by snails, and heavy growth of epiphytes in addition to salinity stress may confine F. ceranoides to estu...
TL;DR: The reproductive biology of Sphaerodorum gracilis was studied between August 1978 and July 1979 andGametogenesis in both sexes involves the production of unusual gonads consisting of small clusters of cells floating in the coelomic fluid.
Abstract: The reproductive biology of Sphaerodorum gracilis was studied between August 1978 and July 1979. Gametogenesis in both sexes involves the production of unusual gonads consisting of small clusters of cells floating in the coelomic fluid. Oogenesis begins in October with a prolonged period of oocyte proliferation lasting at least five months followed by a period of rapid vitellogenic growth leading to a restricted spawning season in the following October. Mature oocytes measure 200–250 μm in diameter and contain large quantities of lipid droplets and yolk granules. Spermatozoa were only observed in abundance in October; they possess a simple, small, round head measuring 2 μm in diameter, and a long filamentous flagellum. Fertilization is assumed to be external and the larvae have a direct, lecithotrophic development in keeping with other sphaerodorids.
TL;DR: Nereimyra punctata spawns in spring, and the pelagic larvae develop transitory setae on the second and third segments before they settle on the bottom between April and August, and a further 11/2 years of growth elapse before spawning takes place.
Abstract: Nereimyra punctata, which occurs in two colour varieties in the polluted Oslofjord, is an important component of the fauna, but its life history has been incompletely known. The adult stage is briefly illustrated and described to define the diagnostic characters of larvae and juveniles. A series of developmental stages is figured and described based on wild-caught planktonic and benthic larvae. N. punctata spawns in spring, and the pelagic larvae develop transitory setae on the second and third segments (tentacular segments in adults) before they settle on the bottom between April and August. A median prostomial antenna develops early in the bottom stage but is lost in adults. The benthic larvae grow fast and increase from c. 0.5 mm to 2–3 mm (juveniles) in 4–6 months. A further 11/2 years of growth elapse before spawning takes place. The pelagic larvae can be distinguished from other hesionids by their poorly developed head appendages, red eyes, long dorsal cirri on segment 2, lack of ventral ci...
TL;DR: Twelve species of Polydora were present in collections from the east coast of North America, including P. blakei, new species, described herein, and capillary setae in the notopodia of setiger 1 were not reported earlier.
Abstract: Twelve species of Polydora were present in collections from the east coast of North America: Polydora commensalis Andrews, P. colonia Moore, P. giardi Mesnil, P. concharum Verril, P. socialis (Schmarda), P. aggregata Blake, P. websteri Hartman, P. ligni Webster, P. caulleryl Mesnil, P. quadrilobata Jacobi, P. barbilla Blake, and P. blakei, new species, described herein. P. blakei was present in collections obtained at 145–198 m off New England. P. barbilla, originally described from off western Mexico, was present in collections from several locations along the east coast of North America, extending as far north as Georges Bank. P. anoculata Moore is synonymised with P. giardi Mesnil. Another spionid species, Carazziella hobsonae Blake, was originally described from the Gulf of Mexico, and is newly reported from off North Carolina. Although capillary setae in the notopodia of setiger 1 were not reported earlier, very fine setae are present in both the type material and the specimens of C. hobsona...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the presence of a frontal zone at the mouth of Jervis Inlet (49°40' N, 124° W), a fjord on the coast of British Columbia, using chlorophyll, primary productivity, and 15N-nitrate uptake data.
Abstract: The entrance to Jervis Inlet (49°40' N, 124° W), a fjord on the coast of British Columbia, was investigated for the possible presence of a frontal zone. From the data collected on chlorophyll, primary productivity, and 15N-nitrate uptake it appears that a, frontal zone existed at one location in the inlet, but that this was not directly associated with the sill at the mouth of the inlet. The mechanism regarding the formation of this front is discussed with respect to tidal velocities.
TL;DR: The grazing activity of Littorina littorea was highest from April to September, and significantly less during October–March in the inner Oslofjord, Norway.
Abstract: A new method for the exclusion of Littorina littorea L. and methods for the establishment and growing of fucoids on experimental granite plates and on the rocky shore are described. The equipment used requires regular attention, but provides more natural conditions of light, wave exposure, and recruitment of flora and fauna, compared with the use of wire cages. The grazing activity of Littorina littorea was highest from April to September, and significantly less during October–March in the inner Oslofjord, Norway.
TL;DR: D. exoleta was most abundant in clean and coarse shell sand between 2 and 3 m depth, and relatively few specimens were found deeper than 4–5 Tn, and there was a negative correlation between length of the shell and waterdepth, and a positive one to grain size.
Abstract: A total of 428 specimens of Dosinia exoleta was obtained from 99 quantitative (02 m2 ) substrate samples (stratified random sampling) collected between Nov 1975 and Oct 1976 in the archipelago of Eggholmane near Bergen The depth range of the 20 550 m2 area was 03–133 m, and the sediment (fine to very coarse sand) was rich in CaC03 D exoleta was most abundant in clean and coarse shell sand between 2 and 3 m depth, and relatively few specimens were found deeper than 4–5 Tn There was a negative correlation between length of the shell and water depth, and a positive one to grain size The overall density was 171 (C1±64) ind/m2 , and the biomass (AFDW) 14,0 (C1±61) g/m2 Maturation occurred at a length of 18–21 mm (i,e, at an age of c 2 years), and 356 adult specimens consisted of 573 % males and 427 % females, The amount of organic matter of the soft parts varied during the year, with an average value of 788 (C1±05) % Spawning took place during the warmest part of the year, i
TL;DR: This is the first record for the genus of a simultaneous hermaphrodite with viviparous development and its reproductive biology is markedly different from that known for any other member of the genus.
Abstract: A new species, Tharyx vivipara is described, together with details of its viviparous early development. This is the first record for the genus of a simultaneous hermaphrodite with viviparous development. The species inhabits silty sand and soft silt in estuaries at densities over 400 per m2.The gross morphology of this species superficially resembles that of Chaetozone setosa Malmgren, 1867 but the diagnostic features of the latter species, namely acicular setae, are lacking. T. vivipara differs from other members of the genus in the presence of a small, acutely pointed prostomium without eyes, short capillary setae of equal length in both notopodia and neuropodia, branchial scars present on every setiger, and its small body size (maximum length 15 mm). In addition, its reproductive biology is markedly different from that known for any other member of the genus. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis occur simultaneously and fertilized eggs undergo development within the parent’s coelom until the embryos ...
TL;DR: The mysids occurring in the stomachs of cod caught during March, September, October, and November 1981 and 1982 on feeding grounds in the subarctic shelf area north and east of Iceland have been examined.
Abstract: The mysids occurring in the stomachs of cod (Cadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758) caught during March, September, October, and November 1981 and 1982 on feeding grounds in the subarctic shelf area north and east of Iceland have been examined. A total of 2163 individuals belonging to eleven species occurred in the 6637 stomachs which were analysed and found to contain food. Mysis mixta Lilljeborg, 1852 and Erythrops abyssorum G.O. Sars, 1869 were most numerous in the stomachs, constituting 57.1 and 27.7 % respectively of the mysids. The other mysids were, in declining numbers of abundance, Meterythrops robusta S.I. Smith, 1879; Stilomysis grandis (Goes, 1863); Boreomysis nobilis G.O. Sars, 1885; Pseudomma truncatum S.I. Smith, 1879; Erythrops erythrophthalma (Goes, 1864); Mysis polaris Holmquist, 1959; Erythrops microps (G.O. Sars, 1864); Parerythrops spectabilis G.O. Sars, 1885, and Pseudomma frigidum Hansen, 1908. Of all these species only M. mixta and P. truncatum have previously been recorded from the...
TL;DR: For the first time in Norway the occurrence of chironomid larvae and pupae of Halocladius (Haloc Gladius) variabilis has been recorded from timber test panels exposed for varying periods in Trondheimsfjorden during 1977–78.
Abstract: For the first time in Norway the occurrence of chironomid larvae and pupae of Halocladius (Halocladius) variabilis has been recorded from timber test panels exposed for varying periods in Trondheimsfjorden (western Norway) during 1977–78, at depths ranging from 1.5 to 10 m at low tide. Settlement was observed throughout the year. The larvae were present among a variety of fouling communities ranging from a thin film of algae and silt to extremely heavy settlement of coelenterates, serpulids, barnacles, bivalves, bryozoans, ascidians, or algae together with a thick layer of silt and faeces of polychaetes, ascidians, and wood-borers. The larvae made their tubes either in shallow grooves on the timber surface or in the angle between the upturned edges of bryozoan colonies and the wood surface. Larvae and pupae even settled on panels pressure-treated with creosote and Boliden salt. The larvae were unaffected when placed in distilled water and could withstand salinities as high as 70.5‰ when transferr...
TL;DR: The marine littoral tubificid Bacescuella parvithecata Erseus was reported from Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico at the inner end of Golfo de California as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The marine littoral tubificid Bacescuella parvithecata Erseus, 1978 is reported from Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico, at the inner end of Golfo de California. The new material is compared with the original, Atlantic specimens of the species, and the identity of the Pacific form, previously known from the Galapagos Islands, confirmed
TL;DR: Binoculus salmoneus Muller, 1785, although previously discovered to be the earliest name applied to ‘lakselus’ (the salmon louse), was judged to be an unavailable name under Article 11 (d) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, because it was originally used as a synonym of Caligus (now Dinemoura) productus Muller.
Abstract: Binoculus salmoneus Muller, 1785, although previously discovered to be the earliest name applied to ‘lakselus’ (the salmon louse), was judged to be an unavailable name under Article 11 (d) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, because it was originally used as a synonym of Caligus (now Dinemoura) productus Muller, 1785. No action by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature is necessary to suppress the Binoculus salmoneus Muller, 1785, and Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer, 1837) Kroyer, 1863, therefore remains the valid name for ‘lakselusen’.
TL;DR: Material collected from the waters around the Biological Station at Herdla, Norway, in the years 1938–1940 mainly comprises specimens of the shrimp Pandalina profunda parasitized by the rhizocephalan Sylon hippolytes and a probably new cryptoniscid of the genus Danalia.
Abstract: The material had been collected from the waters around the Biological Station at Herdla, Norway, in the years 1938–1940. It mainly comprises specimens of the shrimp Pandalina profunda parasitized by the rhizocephalan Sylon hippolytes and a probably new cryptoniscid of the genus Danalia.
TL;DR: Altenaeum dawsoni (Jeffreys, 1864) (syn. A. nortoni Spaink, 1972) is reported from three scattered localities in northern Norway to denote a monotypic genus in, probably, the Condylocardiidae.
Abstract: Altenaeum dawsoni (Jeffreys, 1864) (syn. A. nortoni Spaink, 1972) is reported from three scattered localities in northern Norway viz. Bleik, Finnvik, and Store Ekkeroy. The species is compared with Epilepton clarkiae (Clark, 1852) and Mysella maltzani (Verkruzen, 1876), its systematic position is discussed, and it is concluded to retain the generic name Altenaeum Spaink, 1972 to denote a monotypic genus in, probably, the Condylocardiidae. A brief account on the species' distribution is also presented.
TL;DR: The results indicated an increase in growth rate associated with the development of the inhalant siphon, but no corresponding change in shell proportions.
Abstract: The growth rate of Abra alba from Oresund, Denmark, was studied from time of settling to a shell length of approximately 1.5 mm. The results indicated an increase in growth rate associated with the development of the inhalant siphon, but no corresponding change in shell proportions.
TL;DR: Halosacciocolax kjellmanii Lund has been observed at 5 localities in Troms (North Norway), growing on Devaleraea ramentacea (L.) Guiry collected in the intertidal zone.
Abstract: Halosacciocolax kjellmanii Lund has been observed at 5 localities in Troms (North Norway), growing on Devaleraea ramentacea (L.) Guiry collected in the intertidal zone. Nearly all the examined plants had cruciate tetrasporangia. A few plants had antheridial sori.