Showing papers in "Technology in Society in 1993"

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a semantic content, a theoretical basis, and some methodological dimensions for the concept of National Systems of Innovation (NSOI), which is used in the analysis of technology policy and economics of technical change.

TL;DR: A mass departure of intellectuals is going on in countries such as Poland, Russia, the Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania as discussed by the authors, and there is growing concern about the increasing number of intellectuals who have left, or are going to leave, these countries.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors illustrate the value of demonstrations to the deployment of new energy technologies, particularly those being developed by independent inventors and small businesses, and suggest that successful demonstrations focus on fully qualified products.

TL;DR: This paper argued that science-technology-society studies includes two subcultures, one activist and the other academic, and that these have not communicated well with one another; as a result, they have false pictures of one anther.

TL;DR: German engineering is distinguished not only by its technical leadership in such fields as chemicals and automobiles, but also by the special form that social and ethical concerns have taken in the profession as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the historical constraints, in particular those during the Ceausescu regime, as well as the present conditions and initiatives to undertake such transformations in higher education in Romania.

TL;DR: In this paper, a techno-political view on ICT development is presented, where technology is not seen as an autonomous development, but it acknowledges that technology does matter with respect to the environment it creates.

TL;DR: A decade later, Turkey's private and public sectors are contemplating substantial investments to make up for lost time as mentioned in this paper, which will require careful management and major investments if it is to be sustained during the difficult transition to a competitive market economy.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a transition from a centrally planned economy with captive markets to a market-oriented economy, where longterm investments in environmental protection must compete with more obvious and compelling short-term investments needed to counter the painful aspects of liberalization.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the initiation of important technological programs and the adjustments made to the missions of government organizations and agencies in Japan, the United States, and nine countries in Western Europe.

TL;DR: The current critiques of technology transfer from federal laboratories fall into three categories: delays in the administration of cooperative RD uncertainties in the allocation of intellectual property resulting from these agreements; and inherent conflicts between the government mission of many federal laboratories and the skills and technologies required to support private ventures as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In the former Soviet Union, education was carried out on schools and universities, research in government institutes, and production in state-owned enterprises as discussed by the authors, and education was conducted on schools, universities, and government enterprises.

TL;DR: For decades, the field of science and technology in Bulgaria existed as a system based on immorality, avidity, unscrupulousness, and political maneuvering as mentioned in this paper, which made it impossible to optimize the science- production system.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the institutional pursuit of the technological fix in a particular case concerning forestry management in northern Spain and examine the political role of technical expertise in the closure of social controversies.

TL;DR: The U.S. Patriot air defense system, after knocking out Iraqi Scuds in the Gulf War with a near perfect record, appears for now to be the working model for the development of advanced ballistic missile defense systems as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the Challenger case as a study in flawed decision making and conclude that NASA's decision makers completely underestimated the potentially calamitous consequences of the Challenger launch.

TL;DR: The year 1989 marked the 100th anniversary of Antonio Meucci's death as discussed by the authors, and very little is known in the United States about his accomplishments, and what is known is often misrepresented.

TL;DR: The case of Eastern Europe was presented at the Symposium, Science, Technology and Economic Growth: The Case of Eastern European, Washington, DC, November 13-14, 1991 as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: In this article, it is reported that Bell offered all his rights to Western Union for $100,000, but the offer was refused. And the end of that story is well known and often quoted as a classic example of how a well established business can be very shortsighted.

TL;DR: The most interesting, and at the same time most exciting tasks of the ongoing transformation process is exactly how to change this situation as discussed by the authors, and how to transform the complete science and technology system based on the knowledge acquired in basic research, the existing system of international relations, and our cultural traditions going back many centuries.

TL;DR: In the past, the entire field of science and technology in Poland was divided into three sectors: the Academy of Sciences, the universities and other academic institutions, and the research and development institutes as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, the university system has suffered so much due to the lack of attention, incentive, resources, and prestige that the training of young scientists has been greatly jeopardized, and although many of Czechoslovakia's research institutes are oversized, they also contain some excellent scientists.

TL;DR: FINEP, the Brazilian Agency for Financing Studies and Projects (FINanciadora de Estudos e Projetos), achieved remarkable results in mission-oriented research during the 1980s.

TL;DR: The role of government and of the scientific community in science promotion and priority-setting in Germany and in European and international cooperation is discussed in this article, with a brief analysis of the policy of the German Research Ministry on basic research, research oriented to social needs, industrial research, and the transfer of technology.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the current aims of non-technical subjects in the promotion of social responsibility in engineering, especially in light of recent recommendations by a professional group on integrating transdisciplinary work into the academic study of engineering.

TL;DR: The European Community contributes more than 55 million ECUs to the PHARE operation, intended to assist Central and Eastern European countries to renew their economies as discussed by the authors, and the overall objectives of scientific and technological cooperation between the European Community and these countries are to contribute, in their mutual interest, to the rehabilitation of industry; to promote the quality of life in the societies concerned, and in this way to close the cultural, methodological, and structural gaps between professionals in Eastern and Western Europe.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the research and development systems in OECD countries and in Czechoslovakia and presented three-dimensional statistical data concerning Czechoslovak R&D expenditures and personnel.

TL;DR: The research grant system introduced as a new method of financing research in Poland as discussed by the authors was adapted to specific, current Polish circumstances in which the political and social system are undergoing rapid transformation, and the most important task of the grant system is to bring about and accelerate the positive selection of research, with 20% of the R&D budget awarded in open competition.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the types of discussions in which scientific and technical experts participate in the policy-making process and propose a method to achieve consensus in the context of scientific and technological controversy.