Showing papers in "The Philosophical Quarterly in 1963"

The political and social ideas of St. Augustine

Abstract: A Note on Texts and TranslationsIntroduction1. The Theology of Fallen Man2. The Psychology of Fallen Man3. Morality and Justice, Natural and Remedial4. The State: The Return of Order upon Disorder5. War and Relations Among States6. Church, State and HeresyConclusionAbbreciationsNotesBibliographyIndex

Hume's Philosophy of Belief. A Study of his First INQUIRY.

Abstract: Preface 1. The Objects of the Exercise 2. Private Images and Public Language 3. The Great Divide 4. Arguments from Experience 5. The Nature and the Mechanics of Empirical Belief 6. The Idea of Necessary Connection 7. Liberty and Necessity 8. Miracles of Methodology 9. The Religious Hypothesis 10. Scepticism or Science Bibliography Index of Persons

The origins of science : an inquiry into the foundations of Western thought

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Philosophy, Theology and the Reality of God

Abstract: What kind of philosophical and theological account does the concept of divine reality call for? To answer this question one must determine the grammar of the concept to be investigated. All too often in the case of the reality of God this requirement has been overlooked or taken for granted. Because the question of divine reality can be construed as ‘Is God real or not?’ it has often been assumed that the dispute between the believer and the unbeliever is over a matter of fact. The philosophical investigation of the reality of God then becomes the philosophical investigation appropriate to an assertion of a matter of fact. That this is a misrepresentation of the religious concept is made obvious by a brief comparison of talk about facts with talk about God.

Wittgenstein’s Notion of an Object

Abstract: 1. The ultimate constituents of the world. In " The Philosophy of Logical Atomism ",1 which was influenced but not dominated by Wittgenstein's work before the First World War, Russell draws up an " inventory of the world " and offers the following as a complete list of the ultimate constituents of the world: particulars, qualities, relations, and facts (p. 270). One question that might arise concerning Russell's inventory is this: Why is it necessary to list facts in addition to particulars, qualities, and relations ? So that I may contrast Russell's theory with the theory of the Tractatus I want to develop an answer to this question that is implicit in Russell's own theory. First of all, relations as well as particulars are counted as components of facts (PLA, p. 192). Secondly, one component may occur in several different facts (PLA, p. 193). It follows, then, as Russell himself allows (" On Propositions", p. 286), that two different facts might contain exactly the same components. This can be easily illustrated if we are allowed for the moment to think of human beings as particulars. The fact that Caesar loved Cleopatra is different from the fact that Cleopatra loved Caesar, but both contain the same components. This answers our original question, but now another arises: How do these two facts differ ? The only answer that suggests itself is that the relation is related to the two particulars differently in the two cases. It is certain that Russell would object to this interpretation, for he says in a somewhat later essay that " if we mean-as opponents of external relations suppose us to mean-that the relation is a third term which comes between the other two terms and is somehow hooked on to them, that is obviously absurd, for in that case the relation has ceased to be a relation, and all that is truly relational is the hooking of the relation to the terms " (" Logical Atomism", p. 335). Nevertheless, it does seem that Russell's theory contains this absurdity. Wittgenstein's theory in the Tractatus stands in elegant contrast to Russell's. Wittgenstein's inventory of the world lists only two items instead of four: objects and objects in configuration. And the puzzle concerning relations disappears by the simple expedient of not counting relations as objects. For Russell an atomic fact consists of particulars and a relation (or a particular and a quality) in relation. Thus relations occur twice, as a component of a fact and as joining the components of a fact. (They need not occur more than twice, however, if the way in which the components 'Republished in Logic and Knowledge (ed. Marsh), to w-hich all references to Russell refer,