Showing papers in "Tikrit Journal of Pure Science in 2010"

Biochemical changes in patients with hyperthyroidism

Abstract: This study is an attempt to investigate the biochemical changes caused by hyperthyroidism. It has been carried out on the sera of (106) Patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism collected during their attendance to the endocrinology department, Tikrit teaching hospital - Tikrit and Kirkuk general hospital - Kirkuk / Iraq, compared with (50 ) samples of normal individuals used as control. The results indicated that the rate of hyperthyroidism is the highest among the age group (40-50) years old. Calcium, Phosphorus, and Potassium serum levels increase, while the level of Sodium remains within the normal range. Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and HDL levels decrease. Deficiency in the level of total protein and Albumin has been detected in patients with hyperthyroidism.

Using OPNET to teach students computer networking subject

Abstract: Teaching introductory networking poses a challenge ,It is difficult to teach data communications because it require complex, stochastic processes which are not visible to students and hard for them to understands .The traditional way to teaching data communications consists of lectures, where the Queing’s theoretical, mathematical basis is presented, and laboratory sessions where students are taught how to program a communications protocol in the hope that this will enable them to better understand the communication process or connect actual network which is very expensive and time consuming. These ways are not ideal because a verbal or text-based description does not convey the process of data communications adequately. Having students do programming an assignment is very time consuming and hence many students are unable to get beyond the mechanics of programming to a full understanding of the communication process. This paper show laboratory exercises for use with data communication and networking courses. All laboratories are developed in OPNET Modeler 9.1 simulation environment which is a network simulator that offers the tools for model design, simulation, data mining and analysis.

Estimation of Lipid Composition in Fenugreek Seed by GC/MS

Abstract: This study concerns the estimation of the lipid composition and some chemical components using GC-Ms in fenugreek seed. Fenugreek seeds are rich in protein (24.6%), fat (7.9%), total fiber (5.76%), and also contains high concentrations of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Zn ) in addition to other minerals like (Cu, Mn, Na, K and Cr) at low concentrations. The unsaturated acid linoleic and olic acid were found in the seeds oil, also saturated fatty acid palmitic and steric acid were detected and the results showed that the percentage of unsaturated and saturated acids were 83% and 17% respectively.

Regional Asymptotic Approach for Dynamical Free Systems

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to develop an approach based on state asymptotic estimator. More precisely, we extend the notion of regional asymptotic observability as in ref. [1] to the case where the dynamical systems are uncontrolled (Fsystems). For different sensors, we give the characterizations of regional asymptotic free observer in order that asymptotic free observability can be achieved. Furthermore, we show that, there exists a dynamical F-system for distributed diffusion F-system is not asymptotic F-observable in the usual sense, but it may be regional asymptotic Fobservable.

Detection of Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates producing IMP-1 Metallo-ß-Lactamase in some Baghdad hospitals

Abstract: This Study describe the Molecular characterization of a Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in three hospitals in Baghdad ( Central Child hospital , Central Medicine City hospital and Al-Noman hospital). Analysis included antimicrobial susceptibility profile and Plasmid profile Bacterial isolates were tested against (11) antimicrobial agents: Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Aztreonam, Cefuroxime, Amoxicillin, Cefotaxime, Nalidixic acid , Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Mezlocillin and Gentamicin. Results showed that all the isolates were resistant to Cefuroxime , Amoxycillin , and Tetracycline , and all the isolates have showen multiple resistance for antibiotics. The majority of isolates remained susceptible to Imipenem (22%) . Our results showed also that 9 isolates ( 18 %) had the ability to produce Metallo ß -lactamase enzymes (MßLs) . On the other hand, DNA analysis ( Plasmid profile) showed that 80 % of the Bacterial isolates contained plasmid of different molecular weights. Introduction Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes nosocomial infections as a result of its ubiquitous nature, ability to survive in moist environments, and resistance to many antibiotics and antiseptics. A serious problem is the emergence of multidrug -resistant P. aeruginosa strains resistant to ßlactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones (1). Although intrinsically sensitive to ß-lactams (e.g., Ceftazidime [CAZ] and Imipenem [IPM]), aminoglycosides (e.g., Amikacin [AMK] and Tobramycin), and fluoroquinolones (e.g., Ciprofloxacin [CIP] and Ofloxacin [OFX]), P. aeruginosa resistant to these antibiotics has emerged and is widespread (2 ). Carbapenems are the drugs of choice for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant gram-negative bacilli (3). An increasing prevalence of carbapenem resistance mediated by acquired metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs) is being reported, particularly for Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in several countries (4). In Korea, approximately 10 and 50% of imipenem resistance strains in P. aeruginosa (5) and Acinetobacter spp. ( 6), respectively, are due to MBL production. The resistance may spread rapidly to various species of gram-negative bacilli, as the MBL genes reside in mobile gene cassettes inserted in integrons. Since 1988, transferable carbapenem resistance has been found in several P. aeruginosa strains isolated in Toyama Prefecture, Japan (7) . Carbapenemases are members of the molecular class A, B, and D ß-lactamases. Class A and D enzymes have a serine-based hydrolytic mechanism, while class B enzymes are metallo-ß-lactamases that contain zinc in the active site. The class A carbapenemase group includes members of the SME, IMI, NMC, GES, and KPC families. Of these, the KPC carbapenemases are the most prevalent, found mostly on plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The class D carbapenemases consist of OXA-type ß-lactamases frequently detected in Acinetobacter baumannii. The metallo-ß-lactamases belong to the IMP, VIM, SPM, GIM, and SIM families and have been detected primarily in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, there are increasing numbers of reports worldwide of this group of ß-lactamases in the Enterobacteriaceae (8). The rapid detection of MBLpositive gram-negative bacilli is necessary to aid infection control and to prevent their dissemination (9). A Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) method was simple to use in detecting MBLproducing isolates initially (10). The aim of this work was to detection of Multidrug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates producing IMP1Metallo-ß-Lactamase in some Baghdad hospitals, and studying the plasmids of genetic for IMP-1Metallo-ßLactamase production isolates. Materials and Methods 1) Clinical isolates: Fifty Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were collected from different infections sources from three hospitals in Baghdad City (Central Child, Central Medicine City and Al-Noman hospitals). Isolates were identified according to Greenwood etal.(11) by classical microbiological methods and API 20-E system. 2) Antimicrobial susceptibility: A) The disk diffusion test was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates on Mueller-Hinton agar using the following antibiotics : Imipenem (IPM), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Aztreonam (ATM), Cefuroxime (CXM), Amoxicillin(AML), Cefotaxime (CTX), Nalidixic acid (NA), Trimethoprim (W), Tetracycline (TE), Mezlocillin (MEZ) and Gentamicin (G). To determine the antibiotic sensitivity for the selected isolate ,10 ml of nutrient broth was inoculated with 100 μl of isolate and incubated at 37 c to mid log phase ,100 μl of the inoculam was streaked on nutrient agar plates , the selected antibiotic disc were placed on the inoculated plates and inoculated over night at 37c .After inocubation, the zone of inhibition of growth were measured using mm units according to the NCCLS (12) B) Values of MICs for Imipenem and Cefotaxime were determined by the serial-dilution method according to the NCCLS (12) 3) Isolated organisms were streaked onto plates of Mueller-Hinton agar A 0.5M EDTA solution was prepared. Two imipenem disks (10-μg) were placed on the plate, and appropriate amounts(10 μl) of an EDTA Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 15 No.(1) 2010 ISSN: 1813 1662 811 solution were added to one of them to obtain the desired concentration. The inhibition zones of the imipenem and imipenem-EDTA disks were compared after 18 h of incubation at 37°c .(10) 4) plasmid extraction: Plasmid DNA was extracted according to ( 13 ) by Alkaline method . Electrophoresis was conducted at 5 V/cm in TBE buffer. plasmid DNA bands were observed under U.V. light (Transilluminator ) with wave length of 340 n.m. Results and Discussion P. aeruginosa is known to colonize the hospital environment, particularly moist sites , sources such as tap water, sink, antiseptic solutions, respiratory equipment, and bronchoscopes are the most commonly incriminated nosocomial reservoirs of P. aeruginosa. Recent studies also reported health care workers as a transient reservoir and possible vehicle of nosocomial outbreaks (14). The gram-negative bacilli used in this study were 50 isolates of P. aeruginosa. All of the isolates were multiresistant, isolates were highly resistant ( 100 %) to Cefuroxime, Amoxicillin and Tetracycline; The resistance percentages were as follows: for Trimethoprim , 84 %; Gentamicin,80 %; Ciprofloxacine,76%; Nalidixic acid, 72%. The majority of isolates remained susceptible to Imipenem ( 78 %) ( Fig 1) . The high frequency of multiple resistance among P. aeruginosa strains makes its eradication difficult , and mortality associated with P. aeruginosa infection is high compared to other bacteria (15).

Rotavirus infection in children suffering from gastroenteritis in Kirkuk province

Abstract: This study was conducted in kirkuk city on a total of 114 child suffering from acute diarrhea for less than two weeks duration and admitted to Azadi General Hospital in Kirkuk in Pediatric and emergencies wards and who attended to primary health center in Arafa and Al-Wassity .The main aim of this study was to diagnose acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection among infants and children aged between one day to twenty four months, during five months. All fecal specimens were examined for children suffering from acute diarrhea , diagnostic laboratory tests were performed on each sample by macroscopic examination , microscopic examination and latex agglutination test for detecting the presence of rotavirus. The rate of acute Rota viral gastroenteritis in children was found to be 27 cases (23.68%)and infection with this virus increased in children this virus under two years old with slight difference between male 16 cases (14,03%) and female 11 cases (9,64%).At the same time the rate of acute Rota viral gastroenteritis was higher among urban children 12 cases (10.52%)than 5 cases(4,38%).Also, the frequency of the disease was found to be lower in breast feeding educated mother, and river water drinking children with percentage value of 10.63% , 14.28% , and 16.66% respectively than bottle feeding, illiterate mother and municipal water drinking children with values of 34.28% ,30.28%, and 25,55% respectively . The peak of this infection was seen in children age 6-12 month which recorded 30% while a lower value of 15.78% was recorded among children aged 1 day to 6 month. Introduction: Diarrhea is an important cause of infant and child morbidity and mortility.It is a priority problem in developing countries, including Iraq (1) .Human rotavirus (HRV)has been found to be most common cause of infantile and childhood gastroenteritis in developing counties (2) . HRV characteristically cause sever diarrhea in infants and young children under two years of age and commonly results in dehydration and may even lead to fatal consequence. It was the major cause of acute gastroenteritis that should be required hospital admission (3) . Since the HRV cultivation was difficult ,so there by the laboratory diagnosis was based on the demonstration of HRV in the stool by the electron microscopy(EM) and other various immunological methods in which the most sensitive and specific test was the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA, while the latex agglutination (LA)was much simpler and faster that could provide the diagnosis within minutes after collecting the stool specimens (4,5,6) .The diagnosis of HRV gastroenteritis was helpful guide for proper treatment and to prevent any abuse of antibiotics therapy. In viral diarrhea, human rotaviruses(HRV)were by far the most common identified pathogen in addition to adenoviruses,callciviruses, Norwalk and Norwalk like agents,astroviruses, and corona viruses . Rotaviruses are a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in human infants (7) . Aim of study : This study was to diagnose acute gastroenteritis due to rota virus infection among infants and children aged between one day to twenty four months ,during five months Patients and Methods: A total of 114 infant and young children under 2 years of age suffering from diarrhea for less than ten day duration were studied in: 1-Kirkuk Pediatric Hospital. 2Azadi General Hospital. 3patient attended to Following Primary Centers (P.H.C.). A) Alwassity P.H.C. B) ARFA P.H. Stool sample was collected from each patient who had diagnosed primarily as acute gastroenteritis case, three five grams of Faeces were collected in a sterile containers labeled with the number of sample, patients name,sex,age, and the date of collection. Then transported to the laboratory of Azadi Hospital and examined immediately within two hours. The stool specimens were examined macroscopically to identity the color and consistency of the stool in addition to the presence of visible blood and mucus. The specimens were tested with litmus paper for an acid or alkaline pH. The stool for microscopic examination was chosen from an area with blood or mucus if present and a wet amount of each specimen was made by mixing a fleck of stool from the tip of a wooden applicator stick with one drop of lugols iodine on a glass slide and covered with cover slip .The rotavirus antigen in faeces was detected by latex agglutination test ,this technique was performed using slide Rota kit latex agglutination(Biomeriux, France)which is a monoclonal antibody sensitized latex reagent. Results: In this study 114 stool sample were examined the children up to 2 years were examined for the suffering from acute gastroenteritis , 67 were male and 47 were female [Table 1].It is obvious that the of rotavirus gastroenteritis was highest among patient up to one year of age specially in (6-12) months [Table 2].The rate of Rota viral gastroenteritis in rural patients is most common than urban patients[Table 3].The rate of RV gastroenteritis was found to be the highest in patients who were bottle fed when compared with mixed fed and breast feeding [Table 4]. The major water supply is municipal origin(90 home drinking municipal water)when compared to another origin of water supply the RV gastroenteritis occur in 23(25.55%),this reflect that the RV gastroenteritis occur more within the municipal water supply[Table 5].The rate of infection in the illiterate mothers children were 4(30.76%) from total number which is the highest percentage [Table 6].Mother occupation is the most Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 15 No.(1) 2010 ISSN: 1813 1662 471 important role in the infections of children [Table 7].Also, we found that the percentage of rotavirus in patients stool was very low after the first week of diarrhea[Table 8].Different color of stool was passed by patients with acute gastroenteritis and most of the patients in rotavirus infection passed yellowish 15(30%), greenish 7(26.6%) ,yellowish green 4(14.2%) and whitish 1(33.3%) ,all patient with RV gastroenteritis was not showed macroscopic blood in the stool. Also the presence of mucus in the stool was observed in 10 patient with acute gastroenteritis only one patient in the RV positive group showed the presence of mucus in their stool. The pH of stool was determined being either acid or alkaline using litmus paper and it found to be acidic in 23(28.7%) and alkaline in 4 (11.76%)of patient with acute gastroenteritis. Patient with acute gastroenteritis were examined microscopically mainly to determine the presence or absence of RBC and pus cell, regarding to the presence of RBC in stool of those patient with acute gastroenteritis 25(25%)of them had no RBC compared to only 2 (14%) had RBC in stool sample while regarding the presence of pus cell of those patient 25(26.3%) of them had no pus compared to only 2 (10.5%)of them had pus cell in stool sample [ Table 9]. Table (1) : Rota viral gastroenteritis according to the sex. Rota Viral Gastroenteritis No . Examined Sex

Stability of Lorenz Differential System By parameters

Abstract: In this paper, we conclude the stability conditions of Lorenz differential system at it is critical points by depending on the parameters where this system has three critical points:

Prevalence of Enterobiasis in Ninevah Governorate for (2004-2006) Years

Abstract: In this study (20789 ) cases of Enterobiasis are collected from patients included (9514 ) male and (11275 ) female there ages ranged between (1-45) years , the cases of infection were record from hospitals for the period January (2004) to December (2006) . The results showed that the highest proportion of infection appeared in (2006) year which attained (44%) , whenever less proportion of infection noticed in (2004) year which attained (27%) , the results also showed that the rate of infection is high among female than male (54.2%) and (45.8%) respectively. Introduction Enterobius vermicularis commonly referred to as the pin worm or seat worm, belonged to nematode worm, with the largest geographic range of any helminth [1]. Humans are considerd to be the only host, about one billion people world-wide are infected, also 20-42 million people from all socioeconomic or culture circumstance are infected with this worm [2].The highest cases of infection prevalence among school-age children ,institutional, population, international adoptee and family contacts [3]. Pin worm infection is commonly spread in day care centers and elementary schools[4].The principle mode of transmission of worm is direct contact between infected and uninfected persons [5], and it infection usually occurs via ingestion of infectious egg by anus to mouth transfer by finger [6]. However the transfer can also occur by touching contaminated surfaces such as clothing, bed linen and bathroom fixtures followed by ingestion or even through inhalation or aerosolized eggs from the aforementioned surface[3]. as such pin worm infections are spread among young children with the habits of nail biting or poor hygiene and infected children can easily spread the infection to other family members through the mechanisms which mention above [7]. Adult pin worm that live in the intestines feed off of nutrients ingested by the human, they reproduce sexually and after they mate, the male dies, then females proceeds to crawl down the intestinal tract and out the anus where the sky lays her eggs in the perianal skin , this may cause itching around the anus disturbed sleep irritability impetigo of scratched skin [8]. Loss of weight sometimes nausea and vomiting rarely ectopic infections in the pelvic area or appendix and urinary tract occur [9,2]. Adoctor or other health care worker can diagnose pin worm infection by finding the eggs, the most common way to collect the eggs is cellophane tape test or scotch tap test [10]. pin worm disease is treated with antiparasitic medication such as pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole or albendazole and the prescription is usually taken by every one in the house hold also treated is often times repeated two weeks to make sure the disease remains gone, nitrozoxanide was very well for treatment of parasite infection [11]. We conducted this study to evaluate the epidemiology of enterobius vermicularis among the people who live in ninevah governorate. Materials and Methods (20789) cases of enterobiasis recorded in this study from (2004-2006) year at general hospitals of ninevah governorate in the north of iraq . data compiled for each patient included demographic information (age and sex) . the samples of stool examined by direct examination , and specimens of anus swab are collected by used modified scotch adhesive tape method [12] . Result and Discussion Pin worm is highly contagious and parasitizing in human intestinal tract, the majority of human infectious have bee shown to occur in preschool children and grade school children particularly those who engage in group activity [13]. Table(1) shows the cases of enterobiasis in relation to years , the highest proportion of infection appeared in (2006) year which attained (44%), when ever less proportion of infection noticed in(2004) year which attained (27%) .increasing of infection in (2006) belong to failed reduce the reservoir of infection because we did not treat or undignosable reservoir infected, they kept reinfecting other person including those Who had recently been cured [10]. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 15 No.(1) 2010 ISSN: 1813 1662

Speech Recognition and Retrieving using Fuzzy Logic System

Abstract: Speech Analysis is one of the most interesting fields in Digital Signal Processing in which many researches have been done on it based on different materials tools and scientific programs to produce an analysis that start from speech production, processing, coding and recognition, Chester, F.J .Taylor and M.Doyle were the first to apply the analysis of speech signal [1]. In this research, females and males speech samples of the word, 'Close', were used to build a system in Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic to recognize the male from female speech voice and compared between the results of the two systems, then the system of the fuzzy logic was developed based on three features of the speaker voice which are energy value of the signal ,power spectrum of the signal and vowel sound “O” in the word close in the speech samples to increase its ability in recognizing an individual speaker and to increase system security against intruders by making the system recognizes the speech of a one person giving a voice acceptance authority to that person and make an access denied to others to prevent accessing the system. The system shows good results during testing operation using samples of one person against others female's and male's samples.

Synthesis of a New Series of Schiff Bases Using Both Traditional and the Ultrasonic Techniques

Abstract: A series of Schiff bases have been synthesized by the reaction of the prepared aldehyde (4-benzyloxy 3-methoxybenzaldehyde) with substituted anilines in the presence of glacial acidic acid by both traditional and ultrasonic irradiation techniques. The synthesized products were tested for antimicrobial activity against a variety of test organisms. Structures of the synthesized products were confirmed by using chemical and spectroscopic methods such as IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR & element analysis. Introduction Schiff base are class of important compounds in the pharmaceutical field [1] . They show biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer [2] . Furthermore, Schiff bases are utilized as a starting material in the industrial synthesis,Schiff bases are a class of important compounds in the pharmaceutical fields and have gained prominence for their antituberculostatic activity [3] . Certain Schiff bases are known to be liquid crystals [4] , and are used in medicinal [7] and polymer chemistry [6] . The condensation of αmethylbenzylamine or α,α-dimethyl benzylamine with glyoxal has apparently been described previously , the product contains di-imine groups [7 ,8] . Mohan [9] has shown that the reaction of 4-amino-3-hydroxy phenyl benzoate with RC6H4CHO (R= H, Me, MeO, Cl, NO2) gave 69-85% of Schiff bases. In 1998 Aleksander and his co-workers [10] synthesized Schiff bases from the condensation of salicyaldehyde and methyl amine, that can form intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. Experimental section 1. Synthesis of 4-Benzyloxy-3-methoxy bezaldehyde The above aldehyde was prepared according literature procedure. [11] 2. Synthesis of N-(4-Benzyloxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde) (4-substituted-phenyl) imines by Traditional method: The following procedure describes the synthesis of some imines by the reaction of aromatic aldehyde with some aromatic amines, in a 100ml two necked round-bottom flask, a mixture of 3-methoxy-4-benzyloxy benzaldehyde (2.42g, 0.01mol), different anilines (1a-j) (0.01mol) and absolute ethanol (10ml) were added. To this mixture, glacial acetic acid (1drop) was added. The overall reaction mixture was refluxed for (1-4.5) hours ,the reaction was monitored by TLC until the disappearance of starting materials. Reaction times, solvents used for recrystalization, percentage of yield, mp. Rƒ and color of the synthesized Schiff bases (2a-j) are shown in table (1) 3. Synthesis of N-(4-benzyloxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde)-(4-substituted-phenyl) imines (2a-j) by ultrasonic wave: In a 100ml of round-bottom flask, a mixture of 3methoxy-4-benzyloxy benzaldeyde (2.42g, 0.01mol), difference amines (1a-j) (0.01mol) and absolute ethanol (10ml) were added. To this mixture, glacial acetic acid (1drop) was added. The mixture was partially submerged in the sonic bath at room temperature at 25-30 ° C, reaction time, solvents used for recrystalization, percentage of yield, mp., and color of the synthesized Schiff bases (2a-j) were showed in table (2). Results and discussion The following reaction describes the synthesis of some imines by the reaction of aromatic aldehyde (4benzyloxy 3-methoxy-benzaldehyde) with substituted anilines and the reaction occurred by traditional method and ultrasonic wave. The reaction was monitored by TLC until disappearance of starting materials. Reaction times, solvents used for recrystalization, percentage of yield, mp., Rƒ and color of the synthesized Schiff bases (2a-j) have been shown in Table (1) and (2).the reaction under the ultrasonic technique has significant effects by giving high yield and very short reaction times comparing with traditional methods, which corresponds to the finding of many researchers [14, 15] . Comparison results are summarized in Table (3).

Eosinophils count correlating with cystitis in Nineveh Governorate

Abstract: The study dealt with studying the effect of cystitis on eosinophils count in infected people of both sexes. Urine and blood specimens were collected from infected (106) females and (74) males with cystitis, their ages ranged between few months to (80) years. Blood and urine specimens were also collected from (111) healthy persons (67) females and (44) males within the same age range mentioned above, were collected as control. The results showed that the percentage of infection with cystitis was more among females of the age group (11 – 20) years (14.5) % while (12.7) % in males of the age group (51 – 60) years old preceded usually by prostatitis. Comparing the numbers of eosinophils in the blood of infected and non infected people with cystitis showed no significant difference which shows that cystitis had no effect on the eosinophils count. The results revealed that Escherichia coli dominated all other bacterial species causing cystitis (47.2) % , while other Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteus mirabilis , Enterobacter aerogenes) were isolated at rates (16.1) %, (10.5) % and (5.6) % respectively . While Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staph. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated at rates (7.8) %, (7.2) % and (5.6) % respectively . Introduction: Cystitis is defined as an inflammation of the urinary bladder due to infection or irritation [1, 2], which is mostly preceeded by Urithitis, so they are referred to collectively as the lower Urinary Tract Infection or UTI [3, 4]. Typically cystitis doesn’t pose serious health threats, although it is generally need to be treated with antibiotics, if left untreated, the infection may spread to the kidneys and may cause pyelonephritis [2]. Normal urine is sterile inside the bladder, it contains fluid, salts, and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi. The largest intrinsic defense mechanism against bacterial infection and adherence to the bladder lining is urine. Invading bacteria stimulate micturation, voiding washes out bacteria from the bladder [5, 6, 7]. Urine dilutes bacterial concentrations, preventing adherence. Bacterial growth is impeded by low pH of urine (urine pH can range from 4.5 to 8.0). The high urea and organic acid concentrations and the extremes of high and low osmolality deter and inhibit bacterial colonization. The bladder also has its own defense mechanisms; these are uroepithelial cells which are coated with a urinary mucus called glycosaminoglycan, or uromucoid. This thin, hydrophilic and negatively charged surface layer of mucopolysaccharide attracts water molecules to form a barrier between the bladder and urine, discouraging bacteria from attaching and growing on the bladder wall [5, 8] .But in spite of all of the above mechanisms of the bladder defense, bacteria from the digestive tract, cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply and cause the most common type of cystitis which is so called ascending infection [9]. This infection (cystitis) causes pain when passing urine, frequency , urgency, haematuria and suprapubic pain not associated with passing urine [10]. The frequency of bladder infections in humans varies significantly according to age and sex. Infection occurs when the following three things combine: an alteration that weakens the host's resistance of defense, pathogen virulence factors and sufficient quantity of the pathogen. For example, bacteria originating in the gastrointestinal tract must invade, adhere, colonize and multiply within the vagina, urethra or bladder to be uropathogenic [11]. This study aimed to investigate cystitis with its infecting bacteria and correlation with the blood eosinophils count in both sexes in Nineveh Governorate. Materials and Method: Samples of urine and blood were collected from (180) patients which they were divided in to (106) females and (74) males , suffering from symptoms of cystitis which include dysuria, frequent, and / or urgent urination even if they pass very little or no urine [12, 13], a stinging or burning sensation when urine is passed , urine that is cloudy or dark colored, and may have a strong smell, blood in urine, pain or tenderness in their lower back or lower abdomen and general feeling of being unwell [1], patients were also diagnosed by ultrasound as having cystitis. Urine and blood samples were also collected from (111) healthy persons (67) females and (44) males, to be used as control. The samples of urine were marked with the relevant information then inoculated on Blood and MacConkey agar media and incubated at (37) C ̊ for (24) hours and stored for diagnosis. Then the samples of urine were centrifuged and direct examination of the sediment was carried out [14]. Blood smears were prepared from the samples of blood which were collected in an anticlotting tubes, then the blood smears were stained with Leishman's stain inorder to find the percent of eosinophils [15]. Bacterial isolates were diagnosed by using some physiological and biochemical tests and determining its sensitivity against selective antibiotics. Results & Discussion: The frequency of cystitis in humans varies significantly according to age and sex, any one can get cystitis but it is most common in females, the shorter urethra allows the bacteria to reach the bladder quicker, in addition the urethral, vaginal and anal opening which are closely located, making it easy for bacteria to be transferred from one to another [16]. So the poor personal hygiene following urination and defecation can be considered to be the most important reason for cystitis in females under study in the age group (1 – 10) years as shown in Table (1), in which the vagina and urethra are exposed to bacteria originating Tikrit Journal of Pure Science Vol. 15 No.(1) 2010 ISSN: 1813 1662 761 from gastrointestinal tract while wiping back to front after urination [17, 18, 19]. Table (1) shows the percentages of infected and non infected females with cystitis according to age group.

Synthesis of Some New 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives and studying their Biological Activities

Abstract: amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thiol have been prepared by heating thiosemicarbazide with carbon disulphide and anhydrous sodium carbonate in absolute ethanol. This product was treated with substituted benzyl halides, then treated with chloro acetyl chloride in dry benzene to yield 5-substituted benzyl thio-2-chloroacetamido-1,3,4- thiadiazole. Several new (5-substituted benzyl thio(2-thiadiazolyl)-carbamoyl) methyl dithio carbanilates have been prepared by condensing the ammonium salt of aryl dithiocarbamic acid with 5- substituted benzyl thio-2-chloroacetamido-1,3,4- thiadiazoles in dry acetone. 2-amino-5-substituted benzyl thio-1,3,4-thiodiazole was prepared by heating 2-amino-5- substituted benzyl thio-1,3,4-thiadiazole with substituted benzyl halide. Treatment with p-hydroxybenzaldehyd gave the corresponding Shiff bases. The synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of IR spectral analysis and the results were compatible with their assigned structures. The synthesized compounds (b2,b3,c4,d1,d3) were tested against five types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusBacillussubtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris,

Effect Of Toxin Fractions Isolated From Protoscoleces And Hydatid Cyst Fluid Of Sheep Origin On Phagocytosis In Mice

Abstract: Effect of toxin fractions of protoscoleces (P) and hydatid cyst fluid (HCF), isolated from hydatid cysts of sheep origin on phagocytosis was investigated. Mice of the species Mus musculus were injected with these TFs, at different concentrations (2.5&5µg), prior to infection with secondary hydatid disease. Results show that neutrophils express a different affinity towards TFs of different concentrations and different sources (P and HCF). Phagocytosis was higher in +ve control compared to –ve control, and was higher at concentration 2.5µg compared to 5µg in P and was the other way around in HCF at 5µg, indicating that there is a correlation between concentration of TFs, their source and their effect.

The Role of Ultrasonography (US) in localization of Non Palpable Undescended testis (NPT)

Abstract: During a 3-years period ( from October 2005 to October 2008) we saw 65 boys from 80 (NPT) on either or both sides. All were examined by the referring physician, underwent (US) examination, and were then re-examined afterwards by urologist. Finally, all boys were surgically explored for testicular position and treatment. Ultrasonography located 64 NPT (80%), 20 (25%) within the abdomen and 44 (55%) in the inguinal canal. we found 90% sensitivity of US for inguinal testes and 66% sensitivity for abdominal testes. When US located a testis it was also found at that site during surgery in 96% of NPT (PPV 95.6%). In our study, only two viable testes were not located correctly, being in the inguinal canal at US and within the abdomen at surgery. This can be explained by the fact that there was a patent internal inguinal ring with a mobile testis. Ultrasonography is useful to determine localization of( NPT), which facilitates planning the surgical procedure. An inguinal exploration is called for when US identifies the testis in the inguinal canal. Because the sensitivity of US for viable abdominal testes is only 66%, we recommend to perform laparoscopic exploration when US is negative.

Solvent- Free Synthesis and Spectroscopic Identification of Some Chalcones and Imines Derived From p-Amino acetophenone

Abstract: Two series of Chalcones (3a-j) and Imines (4a-j) have been synthesized in high yield via simple and convenient solventfree process from the same starting material p-amino acetophenone with different substituted benzaldehydes(2a-j) by using the catalysts sodium hydroxide and acetic acid respectively. The structure of the synthesized compounds were elucidated spectroscopically using FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and 13 C-Dept 135 spectra.