Showing papers in "Waterlines in 1991"
TL;DR: The appropriate hygiene practices for this study were identified in the last issue of Waterlines and the provision of a simple plastic container with a tap for hand washing is reinforced.
Abstract: Hygiene education is reinforced by the provision of a simple plastic container with a tap for hand washing. The appropriate hygiene practices for this study were identified in the last issue of Waterlines.
21 citations
TL;DR: For the first time in the history of the water sector, experts from developing countries were invited to join "as equal partners" in a previously Donor-dominated Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: For the first time in the history of the water sector, experts from developing countries were invited to join 'as equal partners' in a previously Donor-dominated Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the breakdown history of 480 pumps in the 12 months preceding the study was studied in order to determine the scale of the maintenance task in rural water supply in Zimbabwe, and a roving pump minder, usually equipped with a bicycle and some tools, who provides more technical inputs to up to 50 waterpoints.
Abstract: The Zimbabwean system for organizing the maintenance of rural water supplies is a three-tiered one, corresponding to village, ward and district levels. The first tier involves the users in Waterpoint Committees at the local level, usually consisting of four members of whom one or two are designated "caretakers'. The function of the committee is to ensure the general cleanliness and good use of the pump, to undertake minor preventive maintenance, and to report breakdowns when they occur. The second tier consists of a roving Pump Minder, usually equipped with a bicycle and some tools, who provides more technical inputs to up to 50 waterpoints. He is backed up by the District Maintenance Team who have specialist skills, transport and heavy equipment. The breakdown history of 480 pumps in the 12 months preceding the study was studied in order to determine the scale of the maintenance task. -from Author
13 citations
TL;DR: The logros de la Decada, senalando la introduccion de tecnologias de bajo costo, sobre todo in areas rurales, are discussed in this paper.
Abstract: Senala los logros de la Decada, senalando la introduccion de tecnologias de bajo costo, sobre todo en areas rurales. Muestra los alcances logrados en cobertura de servicios basicos, las acciones prioritarias y los costos e inversiones en las poblaciones servidas
9 citations
TL;DR: A simple iron removal plant can make water taste, smell and look better as mentioned in this paper, which will satisfy local desires for clean and safe water, but it will not solve the water scarcity problem.
Abstract: A simple iron removal plant can make water taste, smell and look better. This system will satisfy local desires for clean and safe water.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the ideal conditions for achieving maximum efficiency from a spiral pump were determined, based on experiments on an old idea, which was used to determine the optimal conditions for an old spiral pump.
Abstract: New experiments on an old idea have determined the ideal conditions for achieving maximum efficiency from a spiral pump.
7 citations
TL;DR: The bucket and windlass as discussed by the authors have been widely used in traditional practice for drinking water supply and sanitation, many of them with long histories of success, and the survival of such techniques surely reflects their strength, and their worthiness for increased attention. But they are often overlooked by governments and development agencies because they are regarded as primitive, and therefore unworthy of attention.
Abstract: AS THE YEARS of the International Decade for Drinking Water Supply and-Sanitation passed by, it has become increasingly apparent that the long-term success of all development work in this sector depends on at least one important factor — sustainability. Sustainable programmes grow and multiply because they use techniques which are understandable, affordable and maintainable, and thus harmonize well with the world in which they are placed. Many of the sustainable techniques which have wide application in this sector already exist in traditional practice, many of them with long histories of success. The survival of such techniques surely reflects their strength, and their worthiness for increased attention. Sadly, however, such techniques have often been overlooked by governments and development agencies because they are regarded as primitive, and therefore unworthy of attention. The bucket and windlass is an example.
7 citations
TL;DR: The operation and maintenance of water supplies and sanitation systems has been so badly neglected that many schemes no longer provide the service for which they were constructed as discussed by the authors, which is a serious concern.
Abstract: The operation and maintenance of water supplies and sanitation systems has been so badly neglected that many schemes no longer provide the service for which they were constructed.
3 citations
TL;DR: In the Saguling case, the people adapted and developed fisheries and were able to benefit significantly from the project as mentioned in this paper, but the people were not able to adapt and develop fisheries.
Abstract: Dams often have serious ecological and social impacts: in the Saguling case they were indeed very large. But the people adapted and developed fisheries and were able to benefit significantly from the project.
3 citations
TL;DR: Water supply and sanitation schemes, hygiene education programmes, and operation and maintenance strategies will never work unless they have been developed with the community.
Abstract: Water supply and sanitation schemes, hygiene education programmes, and operation and maintenance strategies will never work unless they have been developed with the community.
TL;DR: The turbine was first developed in the UK and South Sudan in the late 1970s and used a Darrieus vertical-axis rotor as the prime mover as discussed by the authors, which has an advantage in that the bearings, transmission, and pump can all be positioned above the waterline on a floating pontoon.
Abstract: The turbine was first developed in the UK and South Sudan in the late 1970s. The prototype design used a Darrieus vertical-axis rotor as the prime mover. (A detailed account of this machine and its performance is given in 'The development of a turbine for tapping river current energy' by Peter Garman, Appropriate Technology, Sept. 1981.) Using a vertical-axis rotor has an advantage in that the bearings, transmission, and pump can all be positioned above the water-line on a floating pontoon. Only the rotor needs to be in the water. The disadvantage is that the blade and crossarm assembly proved difficult to manufacture and were relatively expensive. A horizontal-axis rotor would have meant placing two bearings and part of the transmission system under the water. The problems of wear because of the ingress of dirt into the bearings made this design impractical, and eventually a compromise was achieved by using an inclined-axis rotor a horizontal-axis rotor was inclined so that the end of the shaft was above the waterline and only a (25m3/hr) to a height of 8.5m, in a river speed of 1.3m/s. The river depth at this site is at least 3m. The turbine is capable of delivering this volume of water for as long as is required, up to 24 hours per day if the farmer is prepared to work that long. In a similar location, a diesel pump of the type widely used in Sudan would deliver about 10 litres/s ~36m3/hr). The quantity of water delivered by the turbine is dependent on the river's speed and depth, and the height of the bank. As river levels can vary considerably throughout a year, it is necessary to ascertain the minimum likely flow in the river to be able to choose the correct pump and transmission system to suit the particular site. As with another renewable energy technology, microhydro, this technology is sitespecific and certain features of the design have to be adjusted to fit each site. jointly by GTZ and the Energy Research Council of Sudan. It was manufactured at the Mechanical Engineering College, Atbara, and was instigated under part of an aDA-funded link scheme.
TL;DR: A community water supply and sanitation program in northern Honduras developed an internal monitoring and evaluation system requiring no external support at no extra cost as mentioned in this paper, which was used to improve the quality of water supply.
Abstract: A community water supply and sanitation programme in northern Honduras developed an internal monitoring and evaluation system requiring no external support at no extra cost.
TL;DR: As part of an urban renewal study, control measures are to be proposed for the Hunhe-Taizi river basin of Liaoning Province in China as mentioned in this paper, which is the most densely populated region in China.
Abstract: As part of an urban renewal study, control measures are to be proposed for the Hunhe-Taizi river basin of Liaoning Province in China
TL;DR: Pinfold et al. as mentioned in this paper conducted a case study in rural north-east Thailand and found that although water consumption tends to increase as the journey time to a source decreases, a plateau is reached when the return journey takes less than half an hour.
Abstract: Providing more convenient water sources has an obvious benefit to householders by saving the time and effort required in water collection. But if planners also want to achieve a substantial increase in water consumption, then this woul.d normally require expensive household supplies. A case study conducted in rural north-east Thailand selected ten households from one typical Thai village named Ban Sahart ('Clean village'), and these provided the basis for an intensive investigation lasting six months.3 During this period, information on socio-economic status, water users' practices, water sources, and other pertinent factors was obtained by questionnaire and observation. Water samples and the fingertip rinses of householders were examined for faecal bacteria. The north-east is the poorest region of Thailand and for the most part it relies on subsistence agricultural production of glutinous rice. Most of the rural population live in compact settlements of forty to most householders carry water from discrete sources to their homes. If a health benefit is desired, then the problem facing planners and organizations involved in water supply is how to make the most effective use of their limited resources. Many studies suggest that increasing the quantity of water available for domestic use has a greater impact on diarrhoeal disease than just improving its quality. But it has been shown that although water consumption tends to increase as the journey time to a source decreases, a plateau is reached when the return journey takes less than half an hour.2 Only when the water is supplied in the house or yard does consumption increase further, but then it rises RECENT ISSUES OF Waterlines have focused on the need to improve the quality of drinking water for rural communities in developing countries. WHOl provides guidelines for the bacteriological quality of drinking-water to help eliminate water-borne disease, especially the diarrhoeal diseases. Faecal coliforms in drinking water do not demonstrate disease transmission per se, however, but indicate that there is a risk of pollution by excreted pathogens which may cause disease. Piped water supplies are generally treated to prevent the transmission of pathogenic organisms to peoples' homes. Rural water treatment schemes are more expensive in terms of unit cost, however, and difficult to implement because Water use and patterns of contamination in rural north-east Thailand by John Pinfold and Nigel Horan
TL;DR: A survey comparing the service delivered and the cost of water between two areas, one with new water kiosks, the other still relying on the traditional wells is presented in this article.
Abstract: A survey compares the service delivered and the cost of water between two areas, one with new water kiosks, the other still relying on the traditional wells.
TL;DR: The many potential benefits of micro-hydro can only be realized if all aspects of access, ownership and use are investigated beforehand.
Abstract: The many potential benefits of micro-hydro can only be realized if all aspects of access, ownership and use are investigated beforehand