Showing papers in "Wsq: Women's Studies Quarterly in 1952"
TL;DR: A fanning-out of the opercula was shown to be directly correlated with the onset of death from a low temperature and mixed lethal effects at low temperatures were demonstrated and found to be influenced by the size of the fish and by the salinity of the water.
Abstract: Lethal limits of high and low temperatures were determined for the young of five species of Pacific salmon, the spring (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the pink (O. gorbuscha), the sockeye (O. nerka), t...
445 citations
TL;DR: Analyses of several species of marine invertebrates confirm earlier work showing that certain molluscs, echinoderms and other organisms contain trimethylamine oxide, often in quantities similar to those in the higher teleosts.
Abstract: Original determinations of the trimethylamine oxide content of 60 species of fish are recorded, and 21 additional species have been studied by others. Elasmobranchs have the highest content of oxide, two to five per cent based on dry weight. Among teleost fishes, the amount increases from the lower to the higher orders, freshwater fish containing no oxide. Analyses of several species of marine invertebrates confirm earlier work showing that certain molluscs, echinoderms and other organisms contain trimethylamine oxide, often in quantities similar to those in the higher teleosts.
76 citations
TL;DR: Study of the denaturation of cod muscle proteins by sodium chloride shows that the myosin fraction is denatured when a critical salt concentration, about 8 to 10 per cent in the muscle, is reached.
Abstract: Study of the denaturation of cod muscle proteins by sodium chloride shows that the myosin fraction is denatured when a critical salt concentration, about 8 to 10 per cent in the muscle, is reached....
71 citations
TL;DR: The marine piscine fauna is shown to be in the main subarctic, containing such arctic-subarctic forms as Salvelinus alpinus and Reinhardtius hippoglossoides.
Abstract: The aquatic environment of the Ungava Bay area and watershed is described. Forty-four species of fishes are recorded, belonging to twenty-one families. Twenty-nine are marine forms, two are anadrom...
52 citations
TL;DR: Differential development of the secondary sexual characteristics accounts for most of the differences in body form between sea and freshwater trout.
Abstract: Anadromous and freshwater populations of Salvelinus fontinalis have been compared to determine the taxonomic relationship of the sea trout and brook trout. Sea trout and freshwater trout differ seasonally in coloration and flesh colour but these differences appear to be environmental in origin rather than hereditary. Freshwater trout reared to hatching at 5.5 °C. had larger head parts, deeper and wider bodies, longer fins, more pectoral rays, dorsal rays, and branchiostegals but fewer scale rows and anal rays than those of common parentage reared at 0.9 °C. Sea trout and freshwater trout from the same river differ less in body form than trout of common parentage reared at different temperatures and less than four populations of freshwater trout. Differential development of the secondary sexual characteristics accounts for most of the differences in body form between sea and freshwater trout. Sea trout and freshwater trout from different rivers reared under the same conditions differed less in body form th...
49 citations
TL;DR: A preliminary survey of the Arctic char in the vicinity of Term Point, N.W.T. on the west coast of Hudson Bay, was carried out from August 12 to September 13, 1948, to augment the biological data pertaining to this species and assess its importance.
Abstract: A preliminary survey of the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in the vicinity of Term Point, N.W.T. on the west coast of Hudson Bay, was carried out from August 12 to September 13, 1948, to augment ...
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface zone waters of the central Labrador Sea at International Ocean Station "B" (56° − 30′N, 51° ǫ 0.00′W) at weekly intervals throughout one calendar year for the purpose of determining the composition of the zooplankton, seasonal progression, fluctuations and pertinent physical factors.
Abstract: Zooplankton samples were taken from the surface zone waters of the central Labrador Sea at International Ocean Station "B" (56° − 30′N., 51° − 00′W.) at weekly intervals throughout one calendar year for the purpose of determining the composition of the zooplankton, the seasonal progression, fluctuations and pertinent physical factors. An attempt was made to correlate the physical and biological factors.Ships of the United States Coast Guard and the Royal Canadian Navy were used as collecting units, and these were provided with nets, samplers and other equipment with which to carry out the shipboard phase of the investigation. Mid-day, 20 minute oblique hauls from 150-0 metres were made with the Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler using No. 2 and No. 12 mesh silk nets, along with bathythermograph and Secchi disc lowerings. Later in the day, but at least one hour after dark, an open half-metre net 20 minute surface tow was made for additional qualitative data. Bioluminescence records also were obtained at this t...
38 citations
TL;DR: Under commercial conditions they are not as important in the development of spoilage as the more active achromogenic rods which rapidly outgrow the Flavobacterium on stored fish.
Abstract: Two hundred and forty-five cultures of Flavobacterium were isolated from fish; 16 per cent reduced trimethylamine oxide; 25 per cent reduced sodium nitrate; 50 per cent were proteolytic; 70 per cen...
33 citations
TL;DR: Thermographs were installed on the condenser intakes of several steamships on the Great Lakes, with which the water temperature was recorded for five to ten years, and averages are presented in tables, maps, and diagrams.
Abstract: Thermographs were installed on the condenser intakes of several steamships on the Great Lakes, with which the water temperature was recorded for five to ten years. Averages are presented in tables, maps, and diagrams. The temperature varies considerably over a lake surface in a manner determined by the depths and currents. Standard deviations and serial correlations are found for some of the data.
24 citations
TL;DR: A modified Norris and Benoit procedure, which is much simpler to use, was developed and gave about 96 per cent recovery down to about 0.4 mg.
Abstract: The Lintzel method of trimethylamine oxide determination was found to give low results when less than 2 to 5 mg. oxide nitrogen was present. By suitable modification this could be reduced to 2 mg. above which a constant 96 per cent recovery was obtained. However, many fish extracts contain only 0.5 to 2 mg. nitrogen in the aliquot which can be used for the reduction.A modified Norris and Benoit procedure, which is much simpler to use, was developed. This gave about 96 per cent recovery down to about 0.4 mg. nitrogen. Extraction of the fish muscle with either trichloracetic acid or formaldehyde was satisfactory.
21 citations
TL;DR: The bottom fauna of the deep water of Cultus Lake averages about 530 grams per square meter, dry weight, during the period January-May, and 720 in June-September, and this is divided almost equally between Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, other organisms being negligible.
Abstract: The bottom fauna of the deep water of Cultus Lake averages about 530 grams per square meter, dry weight, during the period January-May, and 720 in June-September. This is divided almost equally between Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, other organisms being negligible. The midges are extensively used as food by trout and other fishes during their season of emergence in winter and spring. The spatial distribution of the organisms is usually close to random as between samples 500 square centimeters in area, the only exception being that the oligochaetes were strongly bunched in winter.
TL;DR: Maskinonge from three regions were studied: the Lake of the Woods district in Ontario (called Western); the Kawartha Lakes and Georgian Bay district inOntario (Central) and the St. Lawrence River ...
Abstract: Maskinonge from three regions were studied: the Lake of the Woods district in Ontario (called Western); the Kawartha Lakes and Georgian Bay district in Ontario (Central) and the St. Lawrence River ...
TL;DR: Ten new species are described: Philomedes carcharodonta, Pontocypris clemensi, Cythere alveolivalva,Cythereis serridentata, Loxoconcha dentarticula, L. tenuiungula, Paradoxostoma fraseri, P. striungulum.
Abstract: New distribution is given for Conchoecia elegans G. O. Sars and C. spinirostris C. Claus. Ten new species are described: Philomedes carcharodonta, Pontocypris clemensi, Cythere alveolivalva, C. uncifalcata, Hemicythere bicarina, Cythereis serridentata, Loxoconcha dentarticula, L. tenuiungula, Paradoxostoma fraseri, P. striungulum. Cythereis obesa Lucas is placed in Hemicythere.
TL;DR: Lochhead's skim milk-salt agar medium has been modified and definite stimulation of growth has been obtained; the incubation time being cut in half and the volume of growth several times increased.
Abstract: The relatively slow development of red halophilic bacteria on laboratory culture media has long been noticed to cause distinct disadvantages in the cultural studies of the types responsible for the reddening of salt fish. Thus, routine analyses of salt and salt fish samples for the presence of red bacteria and also disinfectant studies leading to the elimination of the resulting contamination are seriously delayed. Lochhead's skim milk-salt agar medium has been modified by the addition of MgSO4∙7H2O, 5 g.; Mg(NO3)2∙6H2O, 1 g.; FeCl3∙7H2O, 0.025 g.; Proteose Peptone No. 3, 5 g.; and glycerol C.P., 10 g. to 1000 ml. of medium. In addition/to technical improvements, definite stimulation of growth has been obtained; the incubation time being cut in half and the volume of growth several times increased.
TL;DR: Limnological conditions were studied in eight lakes ranging in area from 20 to 73'ha and in mean depth from 2.4 to 7.0'm. The lakes lie in a wooded area of poor soils, underlaid with granite rocks.
Abstract: Limnological conditions were studied in eight lakes ranging in area from 20 to 73 ha. and in mean depth from 2.4 to 7.0 m. Summer thermal stratification occurred in five, while three were subject to mixing throughout by winds. August mean water temperatures varied from 14.9° to 22.0 °C. Lowest mean dissolved-oxygen content was 71 per cent saturation although pronounced summer hypolimnal deficits developed in the stratified lakes. The lakes lie in a wooded area of poor soils, underlaid with granite rocks. Bicarbonate content ranged from 5.1 to 11.1 mg./l. Phosphate P was usually < 10 mg./cu. m., even in hypolimnia. Total P averaged about 15 mg./cu. m. with extremes of 5 and 34 mg. Allochthonous humic extractives coloured the waters in varying degree (5 to 59 p.p.m.). Adverse edaphic factors conditioned a low level of productivity. Desmids were qualitatively prominent in the plankton. Rooted aquatic vegetation was generally a minor feature. Dominant bottom organisms were Hyalella, Amnicola and sphaeriids in...
TL;DR: Codfish muscle will imbibe water as long as the average concentration of the brine within the tissue does not exceed approximately 10% and beyond this concentration it loses water.
Abstract: Codfish muscle will imbibe water as long as the average concentration of the brine within the tissue does not exceed approximately 10 per cent. Beyond this concentration it loses water.
TL;DR: In this paper, the amounts of vitamin B12-active substances in some marine invertebrates were estimated using a microbiological assay technique using a number of species from the phylum Mollusca.
Abstract: Quantitative estimation of the amounts of vitamin B12-active substances in some marine invertebrates was made using a microbiological assay technique. In general, species from phylum Mollusca were found to be richer in these substances than were species from phyla Echinodermata and Annelida and class Crustacea. No definite relationship was found to exist between the content of vitamin B12-active substances in an animal and its phylogeny.
TL;DR: Population estimates made from observations on the number of sockeye salmon in the various spawning streams of the Skeena River, B.C., during the period 1944–48 are presented, supplemented by stream counting in the other areas and sample tagging at Lakelse.
Abstract: Population estimates made from observations on the number of sockeye salmon in the various spawning streams of the Skeena River, B.C., during the period 1944–48 are presented. The methods used incl...
TL;DR: The survival time of red halophiles in solutions of sodium chloride is greatest in saturated solutions and decreases with reductions in the concentration of salt, and various protein materials had a protective action against the destructive action of decreased salt concentrations.
Abstract: The survival time of red halophiles in solutions of sodium chloride is greatest in saturated solutions and decreases with reductions in the concentration of salt. At 25 °C. heavy inoculations may survive for months in saturated brines, rarely over 24 hours in 10 per cent solutions, and for 2 to 6 hours in tap water free from salt. Increased temperature and decreased pH reduced the survival time in all of the salt concentrations tested. Various protein materials, but not sugar, had a protective action against the destructive action of decreased salt concentrations.
TL;DR: Evidence was found that a significant change in the pattern of flow occurred between the earlier and later parts of the month which appeared to be associated with a sudden increase in the rate of discharge of the Somas River in nearby Alberni Inlet.
Abstract: An investigation of the Loudoun Channel area of Barkley Sound was carried out in April 1950 to determine the currents, net transports, and oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of the herring spawning grounds. Currents were measured at anchor stations by means of captive floats. Serial observations of salinity and temperature were made both at the anchor stations and in synoptic surveys of the region. Evidence was found that a significant change in the pattern of flow occurred between the earlier and later parts of the month which appeared to be associated with a sudden increase in the rate of discharge of the Somas River in nearby Alberni Inlet.
TL;DR: A list is given of 89 stations where biological or oceanographic observations or collections were made by the Calanus in Hudson Bay, western Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, during the 1953 and 1954 seasons.
Abstract: A list is given of 167 stations where biological or oceanographic observations or collections were made, in Ungava Bay and adjacent waters.
TL;DR: Four species of Lake Winnipeg ciscoes were found to differ in several biological characteristics thus supporting their validity as species, and nipigon had a higher incidence of infection by the pseudophyllidean tapewom, Triaenophorus crassus, than did the other three species.
Abstract: Four species of Lake Winnipeg ciscoes (Leucichthys, Coregonidae) were found to differ in several biological characteristics thus supporting their validity as species. L. nigripinnis and tullibee attained a larger size than either nipigon or zenithicus. The curves of growth differed for the four species. L. nipigon had a higher incidence of infection by the pseudophyllidean tapewom, Triaenophorus crassus, than did the other three species. There was no evidence of common relationship among three species between infection and age of host.
TL;DR: Lobsters held in wooden tanks floored with sheets of copper, monel metal, zinc and lead died within 1, 6, 9 and 20 days respectively.
Abstract: Lobsters held in wooden tanks floored with sheets of copper, monel metal, zinc and lead died within 1, 6, 9 and 20 days respectively. Iron, aluminum and stainless steel were non-toxic.
TL;DR: Investigations concerning the stability of a group of factors contained in cod liver residue and displaying vitamin B12 activity have led to the conclusion that under the conditions prevailing during the rendering process, as developed at the Atlantic Fisheries Experimental Station, little or no deactivation occurs.
Abstract: Investigations concerning the stability of a group of factors contained in cod liver residue and displaying vitamin B12 activity have led to the conclusion that under the conditions prevailing duri
TL;DR: From the dark muscle of British Columbia herring a highly active enzyme capable of peroxidizing non-conjugated unsaturated fatty acids was isolated, which was shown to be a nitrogenous complex possessing no heavy metals or sulphydryl group as the active centre and can act only in presence of activators such as certain iron-containing organic nitrogenous compounds.
Abstract: From the dark muscle of British Columbia herring a highly active enzyme capable of peroxidizing non-conjugated unsaturated fatty acids was isolated. This "lipoxidase", which was shown to be a nitro...
TL;DR: On the basis of temperature observations made in the Great Lakes in the summer months it has been shown that the maximum depth of the thermocline does not exceed 50 feet, and the temperature of the deeper waters approximates to that of the maximum density of fresh water.
Abstract: On the basis of temperature observations made in the Great Lakes in the summer months it has been shown that: (a) the maximum depth of the thermocline does not exceed 50 feet, (b) the temperature g...
TL;DR: Extreme variations in temperature and salinity have been observed at depth, during the summer months, off North Rustico, P.E.I., and Cheticamp, N.S.I, correlated with wind force and direction, controlling factors of internal adjustment of water layers according to Ekman's theory of wind-driven currents.
Abstract: Extreme variations in temperature and salinity have been observed at depth, during the summer months, off North Rustico, P.E.I., and Cheticamp, N.S. These were correlated with wind force and direct...
TL;DR: The discovery of Trypanosyllis ingens Johnson off the west coast of Vancouver island is described, notable for its large size and the possession of a unique form of prostomium.
Abstract: Discovery of Trypanosyllis ingens Johnson off the west coast of Vancouver island is described. The species has hitherto been known from a single specimen collected at Pacific Grove, California, and described some fifty years ago. It is notable for its large size and the possession of a unique form of prostomium.
TL;DR: In controlled experiments carried out over a three month period on lemon sole, it was shown that the loosest attachment, and application below the dorsal fin, caused least injury to the fish, as well as the least number of deaths.
Abstract: Controlled experiments carried out over a three month period on lemon sole (Parophrys vetulus) show that tagging, using the Petersen type of tag, causes significantly more deaths among females than...