Showing papers in "Wsq: Women's Studies Quarterly in 1957"
TL;DR: The concept of land as one of the factors of production in classical economic science is apparently based on the idealization of the type of resource as mentioned in this paper, which is not a rational basis for considering the social problem of fisheries management.
Abstract: Fishing is one of man’s oldest occupations; some of the sea fisheries pre-date recorded history. Two of the possible benefits from fishery management are increased total production of food and other marine products, and increased net economic return to the fishermen. It seems worthwhile to consider together some significant aspects both of the population dynamics of commercial fish stocks and of the economics of commercial fishing in order to arrive at a rational basis of considering the social problem of fisheries management. The concept of “land” as one of the factors of production in classical economic science is apparently based on the idealization of the type of resource. An outstanding common characteristic of populations of fishes, and other natural populations of organisms, is that they tend to remain in dynamic balance, neither falling to zero nor increasing without limit. One of the important social considerations is the increasing requirement of protein food to feed the world’s rapidly growing human population.
585 citations
TL;DR: A descriptive and quantitative analysis of the physical oceanography of the Strait of Georgia has been made, based on a hypothetical model of a deep, rectangular basin connected to the sea by mixing baffles and a long channel.
Abstract: A descriptive and quantitative analysis of the physical oceanography of the Strait of Georgia has been made.The area has been characterized by extreme seasonal and regional variability of the surfa...
137 citations
TL;DR: The compounds listed below have been isolated from, or identified in, the sources under review and the name of the compound is followed by a question mark.
Abstract: The compounds listed below have been isolated from, or identified in, the sources under review Where there is still some question as to the exact identity, the name of the compound is followed by a question mark Compounds identified on the basis of inadequate data are not listed hereSeston (freshwater and marine)Free: aphanicin, aphanin (=myxoxanthin), arginine, biotin (?), β-carotene, choline, cystine, flavacin, fructose, glucose, hentriacontane (?), histidine, lysine, maltose, monomethylamine, niacin, sucrose, thiamin, trimethylamine, tryptophan, tyrosine, vitamin A, vitamins D, vitamins B12In hydrolysates:Sugars: galactose, glucose, rhamnose, xyloseAmino acids: α-alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, valineOther compounds: aphanizophyll (=myxoxanthophyll?), astacene, cetyl alcohol, cholesterol (?), glucuronic acid, glycerol, lutein, peridininDissolved organic matter (freshwater and marine)Free:
125 citations
TL;DR: In studying the age of sturgeons of the Danube (Romania), and of Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque in the province of Quebec, a certain periodicity in their growth is observed.
Abstract: In studying the age of sturgeons of the Danube (Romania), and of Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque in the province of Quebec, I have observed a certain periodicity in their growth. This is seen not o...
93 citations
TL;DR: The general conclusion is that each cutthroat trout of Gorge Creek has a home territory not over twenty yards long and that the whole life is spent in it.
Abstract: Gorge Creek is a small cutthroat trout stream in Alberta on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains In the summer of 1954, 98 trout were tagged with Petersen tags, weighed and returned to the po
79 citations
TL;DR: During the summers of 1953, 1954 and 1955, experiments were carried out on the effects of muscular exercise on hatchery-raised yearling and two-year-old Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, at the Summerland Trout Hatchery.
Abstract: During the summers of 1953, 1954 and 1955, experiments were carried out on the effects of muscular exercise on hatchery-raised yearling and two-year-old Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri, at the Summerland Trout Hatchery, Summerland, B.C. Following 15 minutes of vigorous exercise at 11.5 °C. the blood level of lactic acid in yearlings increased from the unexercised level of 16 mg.% to 100 mg.% and then continued to increase still further during the first 2 hours of recovery to 170 mg.%, to subside in 4 to 6 hours toward the pre-exercise level. Similar changes occurred in two-year-olds, but the levels were lower in all cases, and the time course was slower. Studies were also made on hemoglobin levels, on blood glucose changes in two-year-olds, and on the relation of oxygen levels and temperature to the blood levels of lactic acid in yearlings. Cardiac rates were also measured. Observations were made on the blood level of lactic acid in moderate exercise in yearlings. The results indicate that most of the fea...
79 citations
TL;DR: An account is given of the known records, distribution and migrations of the smaller Odontocete whales occurring in eastern Canadian waters, with measurements of specimens obtained of the rarer species.
Abstract: An account is given of the known records, distribution and migrations of the smaller Odontocete whales occurring in eastern Canadian waters, with measurements of specimens obtained of the rarer species. The distribution of the abundant pilot whale Globicephala melaena (Traill) has been studied in most detail. The species' summer range includes both the offshore waters of the Labrador Sea and the coastal waters around Newfoundland. The coastal population feeds only on the squid Illex illecebrosus (LeSueur) and its movements inshore in spring and offshore in autumn follow those of the squid over the southwest Grand Bank. In some years a failure of the squid to move shorewards results in a failure of the fisheries for both squid and pilot whales in Newfoundland. The species is known to winter in an oceanic area southeast of the Grand Bank.The white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus Gray associates with the pilot whale and apparently inhabits the same climatic zone in these waters, while the white-beaked do...
74 citations
TL;DR: The Slope Water south of Nova Scotia lies as a distinct water mass between Coastal Water and the Gulf Stream, and a characteristic temperature–salinity correlation exists.
Abstract: The Slope Water south of Nova Scotia lies as a distinct water mass between Coastal Water and the Gulf Stream. A characteristic temperature–salinity correlation exists. Although the T–S curve lies close to that for Central Atlantic Water, if a reasonable system of mixing is assumed, the composition is shown to be Atlantic Water diluted by the addition of approximately 20% of Coastal Water. The rate of production of Slope Water is estimated to be of the order of 2 × 107 m.8/sec. and the observed eastward flow carries this mixing product from the area of formation. A secondary current in the Gulf Stream system is thus generated by means other than simple bifurcation of the main stream. Such a current has been consistently observed.
70 citations
TL;DR: The infection level per 100 lb.
Abstract: Inspection of the fillets of cod and other fish species for nematodes was carried out mainly in the years 1947 to 1953. Fillets were examined on a candling table. Two varieties of nematodes were found: one, 94% in cod and 86% of the total in American plaice, witch flounder, haddock and redfish, was Porrocaecum, ranging between 15–16 and 57–58 mm. in length; the other, 6% in cod and 14% of the total for the other 4 fish species mentioned above, did not possess a caecum and had a longer pharynx than Porrocaecum relative to the total length and to the ventriculus length. The latter nematode was 17–18 to 33–34 mm. in length and resembled Anisakis but may possibly have been Eustoma.The infection level per 100 lb. (45 kg.) of cod fillets was lowest, 1 to 6 nematodes in ascending order, on Flemish Cap, the Grand Bank, the east coast of Newfoundland, off Labrador and southern St. Pierre Bank. It was highest, 223 nematodes, in the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Intermediate values, 10 to 65 nematodes, ...
60 citations
TL;DR: This paper is a review of some of the literature dealing with changes in freshwater fish populations following exploitation or after introduction of exotic species to look for changes that could be attributed to alterations in the gene pools of the affected populations.
Abstract: This paper is a review of some of the literature dealing with changes in freshwater fish populations following exploitation or after introduction of exotic species. The object of the review was to ...
57 citations
TL;DR: The productivity index is found to be inversely proportional to mean depth on a log—log plot, and by correction of the PI it is po...
Abstract: The relation of area to depth was studied for 500 lakes. Up to 0.3 km.2 the mean depth is constant at 3 to 4 m. This is probably an artifact due to omission of shallow lakes from study. From 0.3 to 300 km.2 the relation of depth to area is linear on a log—log plot. In the largest lakes the depths increase less proportionally.Of the three ways to study fish productivity in lakes, one, the estimate of standing crops, is usually attempted at mean depths around 1 m. Another, angling returns, centers on lakes of 3.5 m., while commercial reports come from lakes of 6.5 m. average depth, and extend to the deepest lakes.Fish records can be conveniently divided into three trophic levels, short food chain, e.g. carp, intermediate, e.g. bluegills and long, e.g. trout, bass. Records are interconvertible by use of factors. By factoring, a productivity index is calculated for some 150 lakes.The productivity index is found to be inversely proportional to mean depth on a log—log plot. Thus by correction of the PI it is po...
TL;DR: When given a choice between light and dark areas, schools of chum or pink salmon fry remain in the light, sockeye fry prefer the dark and coho fry show no marked preference for either.
Abstract: When given a choice between light and dark areas, schools of chum or pink salmon fry remain in the light, sockeye fry prefer the dark and coho fry show no marked preference for either. Newly emerge...
TL;DR: Oceanographic data collected during the first cruise of H.M.C.S. Labrador to the Canadian Arctic in August and September 1954 permit comparisons of the vertical temperature and salinity structures in Baffin Bay, the Canadian Archipelago and the Arctic Ocean.
Abstract: Oceanographic data collected during the first cruise of H.M.C.S. Labrador to the Canadian Arctic in August and September 1954 permit comparisons of the vertical temperature and salinity structures ...
TL;DR: Kokanee straying to spawn in areas not of their natal origin were identified by age, size, vertebral count, scale character, and stability of differences between races over a period of four years.
Abstract: Samples of kokanee (land-locked sockeye salmon) drawn from the spawning runs to seven streams tributary to Kootenay Lake, British Columbia, were compared statistically for morphological variation b...
TL;DR: Many of the odours characteristic of the earlier stages of spoilage of chilled fish muscle have been reproduced by inoculating sterile fish and fish media with pure cultures of bacteria isolated from fish belonging to the Pseudomonas.
Abstract: Many of the odours characteristic of the earlier stages of spoilage of chilled fish muscle have been reproduced by inoculating sterile fish and fish media with pure cultures of bacteria isolated fr
TL;DR: Data from incidental trawl catches of squid by the research vessel, Investigator II, showed that distribution of Illex in the Newfoundland area was marked by a seasonal migration over the Grand Banks in early May, and northward and westward as far as Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, and inshore Newfoundland by August.
Abstract: Data from incidental trawl catches of squid by the research vessel, Investigator II, showed that distribution of Illex in the Newfoundland area was marked by a seasonal migration over the Grand Ban...
TL;DR: The temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrates, nitrites, inorganic phosphates, and silicates are shown and discussed.
Abstract: The temperature, salinity, pH, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrates, nitrites, inorganic phosphates, and silicates are shown and discussed. The occurrence of these properties ...
TL;DR: Geographic variation in the percentage of fillets infected was found in all size-groups of cod and the main geographic differences in incidence were related to the distribution of the harbour seal, the harp seal and the gray seal.
Abstract: The incidence of larval nematodes, Porrocaecum decipiens, in fillets from three size-groups (scrod, market and steak) of Atlantic cod, Gadus callarias, has been analyzed. The analysis was based on about 73,000 fillets from cod caught between 1946 and 1956 in about 20 areas off the southern Canadian mainland.Geographic variation in the percentage of fillets infected was found in all size-groups of cod. For market cod the incidence ranged from a low of 6% on the offshore Nova Scotian Banks to a high of 35 to 91% in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Intermediate values of 14% and 22% were observed respectively in the inshore fisheries of western Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island. Similar patterns of geographic variation were present in scrod and steak cod. The main geographic differences in incidence were related to the distribution of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus).Incidences of infection and the number of nematodes per fill...
TL;DR: Bacteria producing musty and potato-like odours have been isolated from fillets of cod and haddock and identified as Pseudomonas perolens Turner.
Abstract: Bacteria producing musty and potato-like odours have been isolated from fillets of cod and haddock and identified as Pseudomonas perolens Turner. They are psychrophilic and are able to produce thei...
TL;DR: The interaction of toxicity of the effluent and lowered oxygen availability suggests that the limiting concentration of effluent in this particular case be lowered from 4.8 to 2.5% effluent.
Abstract: Sockeye salmon underyearlings (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to various concentrations of full-bleach kraft mill effluent under experimental conditions simulating those anticipated in the estuar...
TL;DR: The blood level of lactic acid in hatchery-raised sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, was studied following 15 minutes of vigorous muscular activity, and two-year-old salmon that had been acclimated a year and a half in sea water showed the same change in lactic Acid following exercise as the yearlings in fresh water.
Abstract: The blood level of lactic acid in hatchery-raised sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, was studied following 15 minutes of vigorous muscular activity. Yearling salmon acclimated and exercised in fre...
TL;DR: During the summer of 1954, 1½-year-old, hatchery-raised lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, were subjected to 15 minutes of severe muscular exercise at the trout hatchery at Summerland, B.C.
Abstract: During the summer of 1954, 1½-year-old, hatchery-raised lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, were subjected to 15 minutes of severe muscular exercise at the trout hatchery at Summerland, B.C. Following exercise, fish were allowed to recover for various intervals up to 24 hours. Blood samples were taken and analyzed. The hemoglobin levels did not change significantly, the blood glucose increased significantly during the second hour of recovery. Except for dips at the 6th and 12th hours, this high level of glucose persisted to the end of 24 hours. The blood level of lactic acid increased sevenfold immediately following exercise and continued to increase during the first two hours of recovery. The lactic acid level declined rapidly between the 2nd and 6th hour. The initial low unexercised level was reached by the end of 24 hours. The hemoglobin and lactic acid changes were very similar to those noted for Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri.
TL;DR: Two units of direct-current fishing gear, providing terminal potentials of 550 and 150 volts, were used to give shocks to trout and salmon ova in various stages of development to establish precautionary measures to prevent damaging eggs when using similar apparatus, in waters of similar conductivity, in the vicinity of natural redds containing live eggs.
Abstract: Two units of direct-current fishing gear, providing terminal potentials of 550 and 150 volts, were used to give shocks of different severities to trout and salmon ova in various stages of development. The purpose of the tests was to establish precautionary measures to prevent damaging eggs when using similar apparatus, in waters of similar conductivity, in the vicinity of natural redds containing live eggs. High terminal voltage caused heavy losses among pre-eyed eggs, considerably fewer losses among eyed eggs, and no losses to eggs that were near hatching. There were no losses among eyed or pre-eyed eggs with low terminal voltage. Eggs that had been buried in the gravel of a stream apparently received some protection from electric shock. Salmon alevins were killed by prolonged severe shock, but not by a similar shock of shorter duration. The alevins showed greatly increased activity and swam about sporadically when in the electric field, but did not exhibit galvanotropic responses of a directional character.
TL;DR: This article showed that commercially frozen, packaged cod fillets were subjected to 3-day, 1-week, and 2-week periods of storage at 15°F (−9.4 °C) after storage at 0°F.
Abstract: Commercially frozen, packaged cod fillets subjected to 3-day, 1-week, and 2-week periods of storage at 15°F. (−9.4 °C.) after storage at 0°F. (−18 °C.) for 1 and 3 months, with subsequent storage a...
TL;DR: The distribution of certain copepod species of the north coast of British Columbia suggests that breeding is restricted to limited regions of well-defined temperature and salinity characteristics.
Abstract: The distribution of certain copepod species of the north coast of British Columbia suggests that breeding is restricted to limited regions of well-defined temperature and salinity characteristics. Currents are responsible for the spread of juveniles and adults from these areas. Probable water circulation patterns in the vicinity of the Queen Charlotte Islands are inferred from the plankton collections.
TL;DR: The extent to which physical and chemical factors may determine the presence or absence of certain organisms from the zones described is discussed, and the chief factor affecting the general distribution of plankton is the salinity gradient.
Abstract: In order to gain some picture of the seasonal variations in the plankton communities two cruises were made in the Strait of Georgia, one in June 1955, and the other in November 1955; 165 plankton c...
TL;DR: Of the four phyletic lines recognized through worldwide studies, Coregonus originated in theLake and stream area of northwest Eurasia, Stenodus and Prosopium evolved in the rivers of Siberia and northwest America respectively, and Leucichthys became differentiated in the lake-studded area of northeast America.
Abstract: Increased knowledge of the morphological and physiological plasticity of the coregonids has minimized the significance of conflicting morphological data that have retarded the development of an evolutionary theory. Of the four phyletic lines recognized through worldwide studies, Coregonus originated in the lake and stream area of northwest Eurasia, Stenodus and Prosopium evolved in the rivers of Siberia and northwest America respectively, and Leucichthys became differentiated in the lake-studded area of northeast America. Isolation and range extension were facilitated by events of the Pleistocene epoch. Inter-continental exchange most likely took place in the Bering Strait region. Representatives of each group in its area of origin are highly variable. Range extensions of each group are characterized by lesser morphological variability and at the extremes only one or two relatively stable species remain.
TL;DR: The known distributions of freshwater fishes in drainages of the British Columbia mainland are summarized, including those of five species not previously recorded from the province, and some proposed water diversions for hydroelectric development would cross the continental divide, and are likely to produce striking changes in fish distribution.
Abstract: The known distributions of freshwater fishes in drainages of the British Columbia mainland are summarized, including those of five species not previously recorded from the province The continental divide forms a break in fish distribution; 35 of the 57 species on the Pacific slope in BC do not occur in the Mackenzie or Yukon River drainages of the province, and 11 of the 33 species in the latter area occur nowhere on the Pacific slope Some proposed water diversions for hydroelectric development would cross the continental divide, and are likely to produce striking changes in fish distribution A proposed Liard-Stikine diversion would probably introduce several species, including trout, into the upper Liard River, and several other species, including northern pike (Esox lucius) into the Stikine River A proposed Peace-Fraser diversion would introduce into the Fraser River arctic grayling, and possibly several other species including northern pike Other proposed diversions are discussed, and their prob
TL;DR: The availability of redfish on the bottom shows seasonal variations and catches were largest in the autumn, and the dominant food for the sampled areas was the bathypelagic euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica.
Abstract: Size at maturity and meristic characters of redfish from the Gulf of St. Lawrence are intermediate between those of the Gulf of Maine and the more northern European areas. Redfish are abundant in the Laurentian Channel in the region southeast of Seven Islands, but scarce west of this. The narrow size range (33 to 41 cm.) of the large, mature redfish taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence is due to a southerly drift of larvae away from the spawning area, to an accumulation of old, mature fish, and to a differential distribution by sizes. The last is considered to be of primary importance. The availability of redfish on the bottom shows seasonal variations and catches were largest in the autumn. Redfish feed off the bottom and the dominant food for the sampled areas was the bathypelagic euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica. Smaller catches of redfish at night in bottom trawls are attributed to vertical movements.
TL;DR: In this paper, the salinity, temperature, and oxygen distribution of Bute Inlet was examined based on twelve oceanographic surveys between the period August 1950 to July 1953, and the saliency structures of the...
Abstract: Distributions of salinity, temperature, and oxygen of Bute Inlet based on twelve oceanographic surveys between the period August 1950 to July 1953 have been examined. The salinity structures of the...