Showing papers in "Wsq: Women's Studies Quarterly in 1961"
TL;DR: The amounts of different chlorophylls and carotenoids in eleven representatives of marine phytoplankton have been estimated and particular attention was paid to the presence of chlorophylla c as well as to the identity of certain carotanoids.
Abstract: Eleven species of marine planktonic representatives of the Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Myxophyceae have been analyzed for their chemical composition. All specie...
618 citations
TL;DR: The inlets of the British Columbia mainland coast are morphologically fjords but few possess sills of depth less than 15 m, and the fresh water runoff, chiefly from rivers, is large in many of the inlets fed by rivers from glaciers, and determines the estuarine character and circulation.
Abstract: The inlets of the British Columbia mainland coast are morphologically fjords but few possess sills of depth less than 15 m.The most significant influence in them is the fresh water runoff, chiefly from rivers. It is large in many of the inlets fed by rivers from glaciers, is seasonal in flow, and determines the estuarine character and circulation of the inlets and thereby the distribution of water characteristics.In the large-runoff inlets the surface salinity increases from zero at the head to coastal sea values at the mouth. In winter the surface temperature is low and uniform but in summer it increases from the head, reaches a maximum where the salinity is about 8‰ and then diminishes toward the mouth. The water is highly stratified, particularly from the surface to about 20 m depth where the salinity rises to 90% or more of the deep water value. The marked halocline in the upper layer is accompanied by a marked thermocline. Below 50 m the salinity and temperature do not change much along the length of...
146 citations
TL;DR: The morphology, particularly the osteology, of the grayling (Thymallus arcticus) is described, in relation to that of the other salmonid fishes, in order to assess the phylogenetic position of thegrayling and to synthesize the natural classification of the Salmonidae.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to describe the morphology, particularly the osteology, of the grayling (Thymallus arcticus), in relation to that of the other salmonid fishes, in order to assess the p...
116 citations
TL;DR: Taxonomic composition of the Igloolik phytoplankton was influenced by the fast ice and by the shallowness and hydrographic uniformity of the adjacent areas, and descriptions are given of two new species of dinoflagellates and the new coccolithine flagellate Pontospkaera ditrematolitha.
Abstract: Phytoplankton populations near Igloolik, northern Foxe Basin, began to increase in late April, and reached their climax in mid-August. The rapid late-August decline of the phytoplankton populations coincided with diminishing light. Diatoms were the main biomass producers in Igloolik and the principal food for the marine fauna. The succession of spring Pennatae and summer Centriceae apparently was caused by light and ice conditions. Taxonomic composition of the Igloolik phytoplankton was influenced by the fast ice and by the shallowness and hydrographic uniformity of the adjacent areas. Descriptions are given of two new species of dinoflagellates, Gyrodinium arcticum and Gymnodinium intercalaris, and the new coccolithine flagellate Pontospkaera ditrematolitha.
98 citations
TL;DR: The analysis indicated that hybridization between S. malma and S. alpinus rarely, if ever, occurs in Karluk and Fraser Lakes, Kodiak Island, Alaska, and they are considered distinct species.
Abstract: Sympatric populations of Salvelinus malma and Salvelinus alpinus from Karluk and Fraser Lakes, Kodiak Island, Alaska, were compared using the discriminant function analysis. The analysis indicated that hybridization between S. malma and S. alpinus rarely, if ever, occurs in these lakes. Therefore, S. malma and S. alpinus are considered distinct species. Data on 507 S. malma and 411 S. alpinus from 77 localities suggest at least two distinct forms of both S. malma and S. alpinus in North America. Speculations are made on the origin and evolution of S. malma and S. alpinus.
76 citations
TL;DR: Stomach contents of shiners in Pinantan Lake revealed a marked qualitative diurnal food cycle, and shiners have apparently reduced the Gammarus population relative to its pre-shiner abundance, forcing trout, as well as the shiners themselves, to shift their diets to other foods.
Abstract: The distribution, movements, behaviour and food of trout and shiners in Paul and Pinantan Lakes were studied to determine the items and mechanisms of interspecific competition between them. Data from recent years were compared with data for years when trout alone inhabited the lakes.No interspecific aggression was observed. The possibility that the two species were competing for space was discounted. Stomach contents of shiners in Pinantan Lake revealed a marked qualitative diurnal food cycle. In Paul Lake, shiners have drastically reduced the Gammarus population relative to its pre-shiner abundance, forcing trout, as well as the shiners themselves, to shift their diets to other foods. This overgrazing was caused by the concentration of large numbers of shiners over the shoals where Gammarus are also present in their highest concentrations, and the ability of shiners to pursue food deeper into the weeds and to graze an area more thoroughly than trout. In Pinantan Lake, shiners have apparently reduced the ...
67 citations
TL;DR: Of 2,820 early post-larval unsexed crabs collected by small-meshed trawl in two regions of the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1,175 were measured and the 1st and 2nd post- Larval instars were identified as modes at 6.9 and 10.0 mm, respectively, which were sufficient for identification of age-groups.
Abstract: Of 2,820 early post-larval unsexed crabs collected by small-meshed trawl in two regions of the Queen Charlotte Islands, 1,175 were measured and the 1st and 2nd post-larval instars were identified a...
62 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that specimens from arctic and subarctic North America agree essentially with C. glacialis, and those from the sub-arctic and north boreal regions withC.
Abstract: The literature on Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in arctic-subarctic Canada is reviewed, and the history of the 2-size-group phenomenon in the North Atlantic subarctic region is discussed. Calanus glacialis Jaschnov is briefly described, and compared with material from North America, the characters emphasized being size and the structure of the fifth legs. It is concluded that specimens from arctic and subarctic North America agree essentially with C. glacialis, those from the subarctic and north boreal regions with C. finmarchicus. Occurrence of the 2 species in northern North America is given, that of the large glacialis alone being shown to coincide closely with the known extent of unmixed polar water, of the 2 together to occupy the region of mixed polar and Atlantic water, and of the small finmarchicus alone to inhabit Atlantic water.
56 citations
TL;DR: Exogenous estrogen superimposed on endogenous gonadal hormones in maturing female salmon enhances the serum changes associated with egg formation, which approaches that of sexually maturing females.
Abstract: Blood changes associated with egg production or estrogenization in other egg-laying vertebrates have been obtained in adult sockeye salmon. The blood picture of male salmon following estrogenization approaches that of sexually maturing females. Exogenous estrogen superimposed on endogenous gonadal hormones in maturing female salmon enhances the serum changes associated with egg formation.
53 citations
TL;DR: Steelhead trout in the smolt phase of development adapted to sea water more rapidly and with less extensive departures from regulated conditions of water–electrolyte balance than did the larger post-smolts.
Abstract: Steelhead trout in the smolt phase of development adapted to sea water (salinity 22–24 parts per thousand) more rapidly and with less extensive departures from regulated conditions of water–electro...
43 citations
TL;DR: A new and simple (linear formula) method for estimating q and M, giving estimates of the natural mortality rate, M, and the catchability coefficient, q, from catch at age and effort data, is derived.
Abstract: A method, described by Beverton (1954) and Beverton and Holt (1956 and 1957), giving estimates of the natural mortality rate, M, and the catchability coefficient, q, from catch at age and effort da...
TL;DR: The distribution and structure of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and density, and their seasonal and tidal variations are summarized, and related to the tidal and estuarine mechanisms are related.
Abstract: The distribution and structure of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and density, and their seasonal and tidal variations are summarized, and related to the tidal and estuarine mechanisms.Juan de Fuca Strait is a complex, deep, positive estuary. It is divided into inner and outer parts by a sill extending southward across the channel from Victoria, B.C. The Inner Strait is separated from the Strait of Georgia by the San Juan Archipelago. The water structure in the Strait of Georgia is highly stratified due to the shallow brackish upper zone maintained by the Fraser River discharge. This brackish water tends persistently seaward due to the estuarine mechanism. In the passages through the San Juan Archipelago the shallow and deep waters are mixed to near homogeneity by the turbulent tidal flows. In the Inner Strait the stratification is small. Part of this mixed water is fed back into the lower zone of the Strait of Georgia, and part escapes seaward in the upper zone of the outer part of Juan de Fuca S...
TL;DR: In this paper, the quantitative sedimentation method was used to determine the ecological aspects of phytoplankton samples collected in 1953 and 1954 by the Calanus expeditions.
Abstract: Phytoplankton samples, collected in 1953 and 1954 by the Calanus expeditions, were examined by the quantitative sedimentation method in an attempt to determine the ecological aspects of phytoplankt...
TL;DR: Recent bathythermographic surveys carried out on the research vessel Porte Dauphine have provided estimates of heat content for Lake Ontario and permitted a preliminary study of its energy budget, finding the peak heat content lags the peak surface temperature by about one month.
Abstract: Recent bathythermographic surveys carried out on the research vessel Porte Dauphine have provided estimates of heat content for Lake Ontario and permitted a preliminary study of its energy budget. The imbalance between the absorbed short wavelength sun and sky radiation, and the losses due to evaporation, sensible heat conduction and net long wavelength back radiation, result in heating of lake water from March to August and cooling from September or October to February. The peak heat content lags the peak surface temperature by about one month. The amount of energy advected into the lake is relatively small compared with other terms in the energy budget. Thus, energy budget calculations do not depend upon the accuracy with which the water budget is known. The principal difficulty in applying present techniques for determination of an energy budget is lack of meterological data over the lake surface.
TL;DR: No difference was found between growth rates of males and females and there was no change in average growth rate during the 10-year study, however, trout in the main lake grew considerably faster during their first 5 years than those in the deeper, colder Hunter Bay.
Abstract: The lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, of Lac la Ronge was studied in the years 1948 to 1959 using gill netting, tagging, creel census and sampling of the spawning run. The trout spawned on shallow ...
TL;DR: There is good agreement between the observed changes of salinity in the upper zone and changes attributable to the effect of precipitation minus evaporation for the period summer through winter, 1956, however there is generally poor agreement for the rest of the period.
Abstract: Oceanographic data collected at Ocean Weather Station "P" (Lat. 50°N, Long. 145°W) during the 2 years between August 1956 and July 1958 are presented to show the principal features of the variation...
TL;DR: Fish used were rainbow trout and starry flounders killed under controlled conditions in an aquarium and sockeye salmon caught by gill net or seine net under commercial conditions, and acid-labile P (adenosine-triphosphate) decreased later post mortem than did phosphocreatine, and rigor developed during this period of decrease.
Abstract: The influence of the degree of exhaustion of fish at death and their subsequent storage temperature on the relationship between rigor mortis, lactic acid formation and changes in certain acid-soluble phosphorus-containing fractions in muscle have been examined. The fish used were rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and starry flounders (Platichthys stellatus) killed under controlled conditions in an aquarium and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) caught by gill net or seine net under commercial conditions. The majority of the fish contained little or no molybdate-labile P (phosphocreatine) at death, but in those that did (chiefly unexercised fish) the P of this fraction, sometimes after a short period of increase post mortem, decreased to a very low value. Acid-labile P (adenosine-triphosphate) decreased later post mortem than did phosphocreatine, and rigor developed during this period of decrease. Onset of rigor was detected at. higher concentrations of acid-labile P at 20 than at 0 °C. Acid-stable P decrea...
TL;DR: Zooplankton abundance at Station "P" appears representative of that in a wide area of the central Gulf of Alaska and a similar seasonal cycle of abundance occurred down to depths of about 200 m, where the amplitude of the seasonal cycle tended to decrease with depth.
Abstract: Concentrations of zooplankton observed at Station "P" (50°N.L., 145°W.L.,) are less than those in the Northwest Pacific, the Bering Sea, British Columbia coastal waters and the Labrador Sea; about equal to those at Station "M" in the Norwegian Sea; and greater than those in the central Equatorial Pacific and the Sargasso Sea. Zooplankton abundance at Station "P" appears representative of that in a wide area of the central Gulf of Alaska. A vertical distribution of zooplankton characterized by maxima of concentration from 0–100 metres and from 200–500 m was observed both day and night and in all seasons. Daily means of concentration of surface zooplankton ranged from about 20 g per 1000 m3 in winter to about 150 in summer. A small autumn maximum was observed. A similar seasonal cycle of abundance occurred down to depths of about 200 m. Below 200 m the amplitude of the seasonal cycle tended to decrease with depth. Vertical hauls captured mainly copepods all year round. Horizontal surface tows revealed a mar...
TL;DR: Plasma proteins, as separated by zone electrophoresis, of coho salmon have been investigated from an early age to spawning and death, and a protein fraction which may be similar to γ-globulin in other vertebrates increased throughout the period studied.
Abstract: Plasma proteins, as separated by zone electrophoresis, of coho salmon have been investigated from an early age to spawning and death. A protein fraction which may be similar to γ-globulin in other vertebrates increased throughout the period studied. Smolt transformation was associated with a temporary disappearance of the fastest migrating protein fraction. A lipoprotein fraction, presumably serum vitellin, was associated with egg formation. Serum vitellin was absent from the plasma of males, immature females, spawning females and spawned-out females.
TL;DR: In Canadian waters, Pacific cod are close to the southern limit of their range and appear to inhabit depths where temperatures are between 6° and 9 °C, and seasonal variations in depth distribution are not as pronounced as those in the northwestern Pacific where there are much greater variations in the seasonal cycle of temperature.
Abstract: In Canadian waters, Pacific cod are close to the southern limit of their range and appear to inhabit depths where temperatures are between 6° and 9 °C. Seasonal variations in depth distribution are...
TL;DR: The symptomatology and morphology of the stained bacteria found in tissue lesions suggest that the fish were affected by "kidney disease", which would be the first record of kidney disease occurring in pink salmon.
Abstract: Two epidemics of a severe disease in cultured, juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) are described. The symptomatology of the disease and the morphology of the stained bacteria found in tissue lesions suggest that the fish were affected by "kidney disease". If the presumptive diagnosis is correct, this report is the first record of kidney disease occurring in pink salmon.
TL;DR: Three groups of trout, two introduced populations of Salmo gairdneri and a resident Salmo clarki, were studied in stream sections and wild trout maintained their high glycogen reserves throughout the experiment.
Abstract: Three groups of trout, two introduced populations of Salmo gairdneri and a resident Salmo clarki, were studied in stream sections. Liver glycogen deposits, which were reduced to low levels during transportation to the stream, were restored in 2 to 3 weeks in all groups, with recovery rates being approximately inverse to the population density. Within the hatchery groups, larger fish laid down greater glycogen stores. Wild trout maintained their high glycogen reserves throughout the experiment.
TL;DR: The liquefaction of the herring was shown to be due to proteolysis by the natural occurring enzymes present both in the viscera and in the flesh of the fish and was not caused by the action of bacteria.
Abstract: Nearly all the herring landed on the British Columbia coast during the past 10 years has been converted by the wet reduction process to animal feed, the bulk of which was in the dry form. While the final products of the wet reduction process have proven to be of a high nutritive value, in the dry form they have the disadvantage in the amount of handling required during transit. A liquid product would not only reduce handling costs but also it would act as a binder in otherwise dry feed rations.Three methods have been tested to liquefy the whole herring: ensilage, high pressure steam liquefaction and proteolytic enzyme solubilization. In the ensilage process the liquefaction of the whole fish in an acid medium was achieved in 72 hours at 37 °C. The liquefaction of the fish was shown to be due to proteolysis by the natural occurring enzymes present both in the viscera and in the flesh of the fish and was not caused by the action of bacteria. While up to 70% of the whole fish was solubilized by autoclaving t...
TL;DR: Proximate analyses of sections of the flesh of several teleosts and also of a sturgeon and a chimaera are reported, finding that the belly flap tissue is only slightly more fatty than the white meat in haddock and the white sucker, in contrast to the high values for halibut and mackerel.
Abstract: Proximate analyses of sections of the flesh of several teleosts and also of a sturgeon and a chimaera are reported. Among the teleosts the proximate composition of the white meat is very similar, w...
TL;DR: A study of spawning ground surveys for pink salmon was made in two streams on Kodiak Island and an experimental design is described which permits replication of observers' observations.
Abstract: A study of spawning ground surveys for pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) was made in two streams on Kodiak Island. An experimental design is described which permits replication of observers' cou...
TL;DR: The figures most often quoted in nutritional tables for the lipid content of halibut (5 to 6%) are probably much too high for the portions usually eaten, which average about 1.2% for the white meat, and about 2.5% if the dark meat is included.
Abstract: The composition of various portions of the edible flesh of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) varies greatly, especially in lipid content. The muscle of the belly flap and the dark muscle...
TL;DR: A table is presented which gives the total number of tags that must be recovered in order to have a prescribed probability of discovering non-reporting by fishermen of a certain percentage of recaptured tags when a portion of the catch or of the effort is inspected by special observers.
Abstract: A table is presented which gives the total number of tags that must be recovered in order to have a prescribed probability of discovering non-reporting by fishermen of a certain percentage of recaptured tags when a portion of the catch or of the effort is inspected by special observers. The table gives the required sample sizes for probabilities of detection of 0.50, 0.80, 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99 at various levels of catch inspection. The table may also be used to find the sample size needed to detect with prescribed probability a differential mortality between two identifiable groups of fish whose initial numbers are known. A number of examples of the use of the table are included.
TL;DR: Variation of salt uptake by fish was examined and the proportion of top-quality fish, in terms of the amount of salt appropriate to the various commercial grades, that could be expected from a given salting operation is calculated.
Abstract: Salting theory for the light pickle salting of cod on a commercial scale is discussed and data are presented on the salt uptake with respect to time, temperature, and location in the tank. Variatio...