Showing papers in "Wsq: Women's Studies Quarterly in 1962"
TL;DR: It was concluded that aggressive behavior is one important factor causing downstream movemaking in coho populations, with larger fry having better growth opportunities.
Abstract: Large numbers of coho fry (called nomads) move downstream from shortly after emergence through early fall. These fry are smaller than residual coho. Study of behavior showed coho to be aggressive a...
361 citations
TL;DR: Experiments upon muscular fatigue in -year-old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were carried out at the trout hatchery at Summerland, British Columbia during the summers of 1958 and 1959, reporting a sudden accumulation of muscle pyruvate and lactate.
Abstract: Experiments upon muscular fatigue in -year-old rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were carried out at the trout hatchery at Summerland, British Columbia during the summers of 1958 and 1959. Observations were made on hemoglobin, water content of muscle and whole blood, muscle and liver glycogen, and pyruvate and lactate in muscle, blood and liver. Experimental conditions included 30 min moderate activity, 2–15 min severe exercise, and recovery up to 24 hr following 15 min severe exercise. The results for hemoglobin, muscle and liver glycogen and blood lactate were similar to those reported earlier. Muscle glycogen was depleted 50% or more in the first 2 min of severe activity. Correlated with this rapid depletion of glycogen was a sudden accumulation of muscle pyruvate and lactate. Pyruvate and lactate likewise increased in the blood. While the disappearance of both pyruvate and lactate from muscle began immediately upon cessation of activity, resting levels were not approached until the 8th hr of recovery. D...
233 citations
TL;DR: Studies of histology and development of rainbow trout ovaries indicate that the degree of follicular atresia is associated with degree of starvation during the maturation period, and variations in egg number are attributable to fish size, egg size and adequacy of diet.
Abstract: Studies of histology and development of rainbow trout ovaries indicate that the degree of follicular atresia is associated with degree of starvation during the maturation period. Experimental stocks raised under varying starvation regimes showed that the greater the starvation, the higher the proportion of maturing follicles which regressed. Thus the result was a lower number of eggs brought to maturity in starved fish.Observations on natural populations indicate wide differences in egg size, with corresponding inverse differences in egg number at maturity. Egg size is apparently not effected by diet, but rather through natural selection depending on intraspecific competition. There appeared to be little correlation between egg size and fish size, but some difference did exist between age classes. Variations in egg number are therefore attributable to fish size, egg size and adequacy of diet. Starvation has also a lasting effect on the proportion of a given age-class which matures.
182 citations
TL;DR: Free-living Atlantic salmon and brook trout were studied at 12 locations in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick by swimmers wearing skin-diving equipment, finding small numbers of adult salmon and trout seen throughout the river, mostly in pools.
Abstract: Free-living Atlantic salmon and brook trout were studied at 12 locations in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, by swimmers wearing skin-diving equipment. Juvenile salmon were found at all locations, but were most numerous in rapids in the river headwaters. Juvenile and adult trout were common in rapids and pools of the headwaters only. Small numbers of adult salmon were seen throughout the river, mostly in pools.The following activities of both species are described: position maintenance relative to surroundings; social, feeding, escape and investigatory behaviour.The potential value of underwater swimming as a tool in fisheries research is briefly discussed.
149 citations
TL;DR: Saanich Inlet is a fjord with a submerged (75m) sill at the entrance, behind which there is a deep (234m) basin this paper, and the properties of the water have been observed from time to time from 1927 through 1960.
Abstract: Saanich Inlet is a fjord (24 km long) having a submerged (75-m) sill at the entrance, behind which there is a deep (234-m) basin. The properties of the water have been observed from time to time from 1927 through 1960. The resulting data are reviewed to provide representative values and structures of temperature, salinity, density (σt), dissolved oxygen content and sound velocity for each month throughout the year. Above the sill depth the properties of the water are normal and continuous with those in the approaches which connect with the Strait of Georgia. The waters below the sill depth are isolated, oxygen-deficient, and usually contain hydrogen sulphide. There is considerable ambient variation in the structures because the currents are too weak to disperse or mix the locally generated concentrations.The runoff into the head of the inlet is negligible. The major source of fresh water is in the approaches. It intrudes the inlet and provides a weak estuarine flushing mechanism above the sill depth. The ...
141 citations
TL;DR: The caloric value of the remaining yolk 160 hours after spawning is not sufficient to completely support the sardine larva's catabolic processes; this deficit is made up by resorption of tissue and is reflected in a loss of larval weight.
Abstract: The chemical composition of ripe Pacific sardine ovaries, composed primarily of yolk, is almost identical to that of yolk extracted from planktonic sardine embryos and larvae. Caloric measurements were made on ripe ovaries and the values obtained were used to estimate the caloric content of individual sardine embryos and larvae.Water content of sardine egg and larval yolk averages 91.2%. An egg with a yolk volume of 0.56-mm3 has a caloric reserve of 0.30 calorie when spawned. Caloric uptake from the embryonic and larval yolk was measured against time, and caloric utilization due to catabolic processes was analysed by indirect calorimetry (oxygen consumption) with changing embryological development and swimming activity. The caloric value of the remaining yolk 160 hours after spawning; (at 14 °C) is not sufficient to completely support the sardine larva's catabolic processes. This deficit is made up by resorption of tissue and is reflected in a loss of larval weight. Yolk is converted into tissue with an a...
102 citations
TL;DR: A general review of the basis and measurement of respiratory metabolism in fish is presented, with particular reference to sources and magnitudes of influence (error) which various major factors can impose.
Abstract: A general review of the basis and measurement of respiratory metabolism in fish is presented, with particular reference to sources and magnitudes of influence (error) which various major factors ca...
102 citations
TL;DR: Observations of gray whales from the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, and Alaska are compared with published accounts in order to re-assess knowledge of migration and feeding of the American herd.
Abstract: Observations of gray whales from the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, and Alaska are compared with published accounts in order to re-assess knowledge of migration and feeding of the American herd. Source of material is mainly from lighthouses and lightships.The American herd of gray whales retains close contact with the shore during migration south of Alaska. Off Washington and British Columbia the northward migration begins in February, ends in May, and is at a peak during the first two weeks in April; the southward migration occurs in December and January, and is at a peak in late December. Northward migrants stop occasionally to rest or feed; southward migrants are travelling faster and appear not to stop to rest or feed during December and January. Gray whales seen off British Columbia, sometimes in inside protected waters, from June through October, probably remain in this area throughout the summer and fall months.Available evidence suggests that gray whales retain contact with the coast whil...
101 citations
TL;DR: Difference in water temperature between streams was shown, in field and laboratory experiments, to regulate direction of juvenile trout migration through action on behaviour associated with downstream movement, maintenance of position and upstream movement.
Abstract: The marked differences in response to water current, exhibited by juvenile rainbow trout migrating into Loon Lake from its outlet and inlet streams, were studied both in the field and in experimental laboratory apparatus. All available evidence argued against genetically discrete outlet and inlet stocks, each maintaining different innate responses to water current. Difference in water temperature between streams was shown, in field and laboratory experiments, to regulate direction of juvenile trout migration through action on behaviour associated with downstream movement, maintenance of position and upstream movement.In laboratory experiments with cool (5 and 10 °C) flowing water, recently emerged fry rarely made contact with the stream bottom in darkness and exhibited much more downstream movement than in warm (> 14 °C) water. In cool streams of the Loon Lake system (daily mean consistently < 13 °C) large numbers of recently emerged fry moved downstream in darkness. Laboratory experiments indicated that ...
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the posterior swimbladder gas was released through the posterior swimming duct during pressure reduction in 105 out of 109 herring observed, and gas release occurred at a mean pressure decrease of 6% in rapidly swimming herring, at 32% in moderately swimming fish and brought the herring to within 19% of perfect adjustment to a new reduced pressure within half an hour.
Abstract: Living herring at the depth of adjustment had a mean sinking factor of 1003, density of 1.026 g/ml, relative sensitivity of 0.8 and percentage swimbladder volume of 4.2. Neutral buoyancy was attained at a mean pressure reduction of 5.5% from the adjusted pressure. Swimbladder gas was under an average excess pressure of 1 cm Hg. Gas was released through the posterior swimbladder duct during pressure reduction in 105 out of 109 herring observed. Gas release occurred at a mean pressure decrease of 6% in rapidly swimming herring, at 32% in moderately swimming fish and brought the herring to within 19% of perfect adjustment to a new reduced pressure within half an hour. Herring could compensate for their increased buoyancy during pressure decrease until this was reduced by gas release. Decompression at rates up to 123 cm Hg/sec was not fatal after 16 hours at the greater pressure. No recovery of buoyancy after gas loss occurred in herring held 24 hours in running sea water even if fine air bubbles were present...
58 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the principal cause of death in Pacific herring larvae is traceable to their passive transport by inshore water currents to the open sea, and the number of larvae that are not so transported in any particular year determines the strength of the resulting year-class.
Abstract: Through study of the distribution and survival of herring larvae of one of the main populations in British Columbia waters, it is concluded that (a) the principal cause of death in Pacific herring larvae is traceable to their passive transport by inshore water currents to the open sea, and (b) the number of larvae that are not so transported in any particular year determines the strength of the resulting year-class.Greatest concentration of larvae after hatching was found in inshore waters near the spawning grounds, and as they were carried seaward the numbers remaining decreased at an approximately constant rate. The movement of larvae, as noted through sampling, was related to the pattern of water currents, as determined by oceanographic survey. The extensive movement of larvae offshore was explained through seaward moving currents being strongest (a) in waters in which the largest larval broods were present, and (b) at the surface of the water where larvae were heavily concentrated at night. Predation,...
TL;DR: Average instantaneous rates of growth in weight of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) of two stocks are computed for their last two growth-years, from scale measurements by Barnaby and Foerster, and greatly exceed a maximum estimate of instantaneous natural mortality rate.
Abstract: Average instantaneous rates of growth in weight of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) of two stocks are computed for their last two growth-years, from scale measurements by Barnaby and Foerster. Values from 0.081 to 0.156 per month are obtained. These rates greatly exceed a maximum estimate of instantaneous natural mortality rate, 0.038 per month, for the same period. The latter is based on the total rate of ocean mortality of large smolts, divided by the number of months they are at sea. On this basis, oceanic capture of sockeye during the year prior to their maturation yields less than 35% to 50% of the catch that would be taken from the same fish by a shore fishery the following year. Minimum estimates of loss from high-seas capture of major growth types of sockeye during the year of their maturation vary from 6% to nearly 40%, depending on how early in the season the fishing is done and the particular stock involved. While an increase in mortality rate as sockeye approach shore cannot be excluded, any resul...
TL;DR: A conceptual model representing natural marine mortality rates of Pacific salmon is developed and the locus of c + k = f(q) is used to graphically depict all possible combinations of q and c within the limits.
Abstract: A conceptual model representing natural marine mortality rates of Pacific salmon is developed. Ocean mortality rate (q) is taken as the base to which coastal mortality rates of juveniles (c) and of adults (k) are additive factors. The effect of marking is taken as a multiplicative factor (m) of the instantaneous rate (i) where i = q + c + k. Together with time these values are incorporated into the balanced equationwhere N0 denotes the population entering the sea and R1, R2, R3 denote the returns at succeeding times of maturity. The locus of c + k = f(q) is used to graphically depict all possible combinations of c + k and q within the limits [q, c + k = 0]. Intersections of loci are taken as estimates of values of q and c + k which satisfy two sets of data. Available data for sockeye salmon (O. nerka) from Cultus Lake, Chilko Lake and Hooknose Creek, British Columbia, Karluk River and Bare Lake, Alaska, and Dalnee River, Kamchatka, pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) from Hooknose Creek, ...
TL;DR: Sampling with the Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl yields good quantities of large and easily-identified animals that can be used as "indicator organisms" to identify water masses in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
Abstract: Sampling with the Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl yields good quantities of large and easily-identified animals that can be used as "indicator organisms" to identify water masses in the northeastern Pac...
TL;DR: The rate of gastric digestion of largemouth bass was measured at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C temperature by the X-ray method of the authors and may serve as an indication of rate of digestion in the wild.
Abstract: The rate of gastric digestion of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacepede) was measured at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C temperature by the X-ray method of the authors. Bleak (Alburnus alburnus L.) of 8.0–8.5 cm length were force-fed to largemouth bass of 25–27 cm length. There was a more rapid increase in the rate of digestion in the range between 5° and 10° than at higher temperatures. In the stomach of bass the food fish was rolled up into the shape of a spiral during digestion. Because these measurements, unlike in vitro experiments, were made under circumstances similar to those existing in nature, they may serve as an indication of rate of digestion in the wild.
TL;DR: Changes in the glycogen reserves of epaxial and heart muscle of trout were followed after stream planting to suggest a depletion of some metabolite in conjunction with an increased body demand due to raised basal metabolism was suggested as a factor in delayed mortality.
Abstract: Changes in the glycogen reserves of epaxial and heart muscle of trout were followed after stream planting. Muscle glycogen recovered quickly in large fish; more slowly in smaller ones, and was related to earlier reported changes in liver glycogen and blood lactic acid. Heart glycogen increased initially, but fell again shortly after feeding became stabilized. Muscle glycogen reserves of wild trout were lower in the presence of hatchery fish than in their absence. A depletion of some metabolite, such as glycogen, in conjunction with an increased body demand due to raised basal metabolism was suggested as a factor in delayed mortality.
TL;DR: Trout taken from deep waters of Lake Superior are of two subspecies—a fat one and a lean one—that vary greatly from each other in physical characteristics and in chemical composition.
Abstract: Trout taken from deep waters of Lake Superior are of two subspecies—a fat one and a lean one—that vary greatly from each other in physical characteristics and in chemical composition. The fat species has a smaller head, larger body, and lighter colour. The percentage of oil does not reach 20% in the fillets of the lean species, whereas it may reach 67% in fillets of the fat species, which has the highest known oil content of any fish.
TL;DR: Comparative statistics are presented on size, sex ratio, survival and diel movement of spawners in both streams; effects of several types of marking were compared; removal of adipose fins produced much lower mortality than tagging with Petersen discs.
Abstract: Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) entering and leaving inlet and outlet spawning streams were trapped and marked during three years. Spawners entered the outlet stream at approximately the same time ...
TL;DR: The introduction of aqueous extracts of natural foods into an aquarium holding juvenile sockeye evoked exploratory and feeding responses in fish that had previously eaten the foods, but failed to feed on them.
Abstract: The introduction of aqueous extracts of natural foods into an aquarium holding juvenile sockeye evoked exploratory and feeding responses in fish that had previously eaten the foods, but failed to d...
TL;DR: For example, about 4200 cod were tagged in the Newfoundland and Labrador inshore areas and on the Grand Bank and St. Pierre Bank in the early 1990s as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: About 4200 cod were tagged in the Newfoundland and Labrador inshore areas and on the Grand Bank and St. Pierre Bank. The migrations of tagged cod are described from tagging in the inshore fishing a...
TL;DR: Choline and methionine were utilized for formation of phospholipid choline at both metabolic periods of 24 and 72 hours, whereas the other compounds gave only a very limited labelling.
Abstract: The incorporation in vivo of radioactivity into phospholipid-bound choline has been studied in lobster (Homarus americanus) following intramuscular administration of Na-formate-C14, glycine-2-C14, DL-serine-3-C14, L-methionine-methyl-C14 and choline-methyl-C14. Choline and methionine were utilized for formation of phospholipid choline at both metabolic periods of 24 and 72 hours, whereas the other compounds gave only a very limited labelling.When choline-methyl-C14 was administered to crab (Cancer magister), after 24 hours 1.9% of the administered radioactivity was found in phospholipid choline and 0.1% in trimethylamine oxide.
TL;DR: This observational time series of the distributional patterns of salinity, temperature, density, dissolved oxygen and climate is presented, and used to analyze the circulation pattern and replenishment mechanism of fjord waters.
Abstract: Indian Arm (49°30′N, 122°53′W), one of the characteristic fjords of the coast of British Columbia, was intensively studied during 35 approximately monthly cruises during 1956 through 1959, with the main objective of determining the annual cycle of its oceanographic features. Unique in its duration of a British Columbia fjord study, this observational time series of the distributional patterns of salinity, temperature, density, dissolved oxygen and climate is presented, and used to analyze the circulation pattern and replenishment mechanism of fjord waters.
TL;DR: Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) under light anaesthesia with MS 222 (tricaine methanesulphonate) died when their blood pH was lowered into the range of 6.8 to 6.9 by injection of either lactic aci...
Abstract: Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) under light anaesthesia with MS 222 (tricaine methanesulphonate) died when their blood pH was lowered into the range of 6.8 to 6.9 by injection of either lactic aci...
TL;DR: The percentage deviations from average body length at each age demonstrate an increase in average length with time over the period 1920–1956, not exhibited among young fish of ages 1 through 4; it starts approximately with age 5 and continues throughout the older ages, where it is pronounced.
Abstract: A change in growth rate of the halibut from the Portlock-Albatross grounds has occurred since the early 1930's. It is possible to measure this change in growth by studying the otoliths of fish taken by the commercial fishery in subsequent years. The calculation of body lengths from otolith measurements has provided a technique of reconstructing the growth patterns of each year-class. This method has been tested using the otoliths of recovered tagged halibut. The percentage deviations from average body length at each age demonstrate an increase in average length with time over the period 1920–1956. This increase is not exhibited among young fish of ages 1 through 4; it starts approximately with age 5 and continues throughout the older ages, where it is pronounced.
TL;DR: Zooplankton collections from 100 stations in Foxe Basin and immediately adjacent waters of the eastern Canadian arctic, made in 1955, 1956 and 1957, are considered, and copepods exceed all other groups in biomass.
Abstract: Zooplankton collections from 100 stations in Foxe Basin and immediately adjacent waters of the eastern Canadian arctic, made in 1955, 1956 and 1957, are considered. Available information on physical oceanography of the region is discussed, especially factors with apparent direct relationship to plankton distribution. Zooplankton standing crop on the two sides of Foxe Basin is estimated, and related to water movement, depth, ice cover and turbidity. Zooplankton quantity within the upper 50 m of the basin is estimated as about 50 mg/m3, the western section showing approximately twice the standing crop of the eastern area. Forty-eight species of zooplankton are recorded, dominated numerically by amphipods (12), copepods (10) and medusae (9). Copepods exceed all other groups in biomass, and are represented principally by the species Pseudalibrotus minutus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus. Other especially abundant and widely spread species are Aglantha digitale and Halitholus cirratus (medusae), Sag...
TL;DR: The change from cotton to nylon twine for gill nets in 1949–52 resulted in a sharp increase in the efficiency of the most important gear used for taking lake trout in Lake Superior, and, consequently, biased estimates of fishing intensity and abundance severely.
Abstract: The change from cotton to nylon twine for gill nets in 1949–52 resulted in a sharp increase in the efficiency of the most important gear used for taking lake trout in Lake Superior, and, consequently, biased estimates of fishing intensity and abundance severely.From early May to the end of September 1961, short gangs (2000 or 4000 linear feet) of cotton and nylon nets were fished in parallel sets for lake trout. A total of 343,000 feet of gill netting was lifted. Nylon nets were 2.25 times as efficient as cotton nets for taking legal-sized fish and 2.8 times as efficient for undersized lake trout. The average lengths of legal, undersized, and all lake trout taken in nets of the two materials did not differ greatly. The percentage of the catch which was undersized (less than 1.25 lb, dressed weight) was 20.8 in nylon nets and 17.7 in cotton. The relative efficiency of cotton and nylon nets showed no trend during the season. The efficiency ratio determined in this study was closely similar to that obtained ...
TL;DR: Recently, a series of computer programs was developed by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Pacific Oceanographic Group to enable more intensive studies to be carried out of the effects of winds over the ocean surface on the circulation in the ocean.
Abstract: Recently, a series of computer programs was developed by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Pacific Oceanographic Group to enable more intensive studies to be carried out of the effects of winds over the ocean surface on the circulation in the ocean. The programs are used to compute geostrophic velocities and mass transports from oceanographic station data, Ekman and total transports from mean sea-level atmospheric pressure.The theoretical background for the programs is developed and examples of the results obtained are given. More complete discussions of the results will be given as processed information is accumulated.