Showing papers in "Wsq: Women's Studies Quarterly in 1964"
TL;DR: Rate of replacement of oxygen debt following fatigue was determined by tracing the return to a resting state of metabolism, and confirmed by re-tests at fatigue velocities, and in most instances the rate declined logarithmically with time.
Abstract: The rate of oxygen consumption in young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was determined for various swimming speeds, including fatigue levels, at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 °C. A loga...
1,952 citations
TL;DR: A technique is described for insertion of a cannula in the dorsal aorta of salmon for long-term blood sampling or vascular injection while the fish is confined, but free-swimming, and can be applied to angiography of salmon.
Abstract: A technique is described for insertion of a cannula in the dorsal aorta of salmon for long-term blood sampling or vascular injection while the fish is confined, but free-swimming Previous methods for single injections into the dorsal aorta are improved by a modified cannulation technique The practicality of the technique was tested by introducing Evans Blue (T-1824) into the dorsal aorta of immature pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in sea water and mature sockeye salmon (O nerka) in fresh water to make preliminary estimates of blood volumes It was shown that the technique can also be applied to angiography of salmon
231 citations
TL;DR: Growth constants were determined for increase of cellular carbon, chlorophylls a, b or c, carotenoids, cell numbers and photosynthesis measured both by oxygen evolution (net and gross) and by the uptake of C-14 labelled carbonate.
Abstract: An apparatus is described in which the constant for exponential algal growth has been determined as a function of light at controlled temperature. Studies were made of bacteria-free cultures of Ske...
139 citations
TL;DR: An apparatus is described for exposing phytoplankton cultures to 64 different combinations of light and temperature, and a known spectral energy resembling sunlight after passage through theobiosphere is described.
Abstract: An apparatus is described for exposing phytoplankton cultures to 64 different combinations of light and temperature. The light was of a known spectral energy resembling sunlight after passage through a few metres of clear coastal sea water and was measured in the energy units of cals/cm2/min (langlies/min or ly/min). The temperature range used varied in each experiment, the range of illumination was from about 0.005 to 0.4 ly/min, the latter being equivalent to bright summer sunlight at a depth of only a few metres in the sea.The growth of five bacteria-free cultures, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Amphidinium carteri, Monochrysis lutheri, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira nordenskioldii was followed for a period of 3–5 days using a cycle of 16 hr illumination and 8 hr of darkness every 24 hr. Growth was measured by counting cell numbers and the rate constants for cell division were evaluated at standard times.The resulting growth-response curves are reported and discussed in relation to their ecological si...
130 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the fatty acid composition of a marine diatom shows that the longer-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids characteristic of fish lipids can be produced by some phytoplankton as well as through intermediary zooplankon.
Abstract: Analysis of the fatty acid composition of a marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum, shows that the longer-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids characteristic of fish lipids can be produced by some phy...
118 citations
TL;DR: The ranges, habitats, and commercial importance are described for nine species of the family Pandalidae: Pandalopsis dispar, Pandalus jordani, P. borealis, P., platyceros, hypsinotus, P, danae, and P. goniurus.
Abstract: The ranges, habitats, and commercial importance are described for nine species of the family Pandalidae: Pandalopsis dispar, Pandalus jordani, P. borealis, P. platyceros, P. hypsinotus, P. danae, P...
114 citations
TL;DR: A mathematical model of spawning success is derived and levels of mortality associated with various densities of spawning female pink salmon are predicted for Harris River from the model.
Abstract: A study of egg recruitment to pink salmon spawning beds in two southeastern Alaska streams (Indian Creek and Harris River) has shown that egg loss during spawning increases as the density of female...
107 citations
TL;DR: The locations of tagged parr and fin-clipped fry were observed from summer through early winter in a study area of a small coastal stream.
Abstract: The locations of tagged parr and fin-clipped fry were observed from summer through early winter in a 1000-ft (328-m) study area of a small coastal stream. Tagged parr were usually found in or near places of original capture which are herein designated as homes. Parr whose homes were in pools, which appeared to be as suitable habitats as riffles, and those in adjacent riffles appeared to stay in their respective habitats. Some returned to their homes after having been moved as much as 700 ft (213 m) upriver or downriver. Fry were most numerous in shallow riffles and appeared to remain within small areas of the stream during summer but moved into parr habitats, the pools and deep riffles in autumn.
100 citations
TL;DR: It was proposed that juvenile Pacific salmon are able to use estuarial salinity gradients as one of the directive cues in their seaward migration.
Abstract: An examination of the modal salinity preferences of five Pacific salmon species showed the following pattern of temporal changes. The sequence began with a preference for fresh water, then changed ...
98 citations
TL;DR: Results fitted the hypothesis that dissolved zinc was toxic, but not suspended zinc, and fish died twice as fast as would occur if the 2 metals were simply additive in their lethal action.
Abstract: The toxicity of copper and zinc sulphates to immature Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was tested in soft water.The relation between concentration of metal and survival-time could be fitted by a st...
93 citations
TL;DR: Three distinguishable size groups of oocytes are contained in the ovary of the viviparous poeciliid, Lebistes reticulates — small, middle-sized, and large — and the effect of changes in the amount of available food on these oocytes and hence on the number of offspring was explored by an experiment involving 27 female Lebists.
Abstract: Three distinguishable size groups of oocytes are contained in the ovary of the viviparous poeciliid, Lebistes reticulates — small, middle-sized, and large. At parturition some of the middle-sized oocytes develop into large oocytes and subsequently, upon fertilization, into embryos. The number of middle-sized oocytes is then replenished from a large store of small oocytes. The effect of changes in the amount of available food on these oocytes and hence on the number of offspring was explored by an experiment involving 27 female Lebistes. Rations varying from near starvation to normal were supplied over the course of three consecutive parturition periods. At the end of the third period each fish had received a different combination of the three rations. Variations in first-period rations affected the numbers of both first- and second-period offspring. Reduced numbers of offspring and reduced large and middle-sized oocyte counts were associated with reduced rations. No significant changes in the size of youn...
TL;DR: Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), and chum salmon(O. keta) commonly return to their places of origin from distant high-seas areas.
Abstract: Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), and chum salmon (O. keta) commonly return to their places of origin from distant high-seas areas. Maturing fish closely associated a...
TL;DR: The distribution of a number of species of lamellibranchs and gastropods that have been introduced into British Columbia waters largely as a result of oyster cultural operations is discussed.
Abstract: The distribution of a number of species of lamellibranchs and gastropods that have been introduced into British Columbia waters largely as a result of oyster cultural operations is discussed. The dispersal routes and barriers are indicated in relation to known hydrographic conditions and circulation patterns. The problems of spawning, larval movements, metamorphosis, and spat survival are examined.The introduced species that are discussed are Crassostrea gigas, Mya arenaria, Venerupis japonica, Ocenebra japonica, Teredo navalis, Nassarius obsoletus, Purpura clavigera, Urosalpinx cinerea and Batillaria cumingi.
TL;DR: Several estimates of the net rate of movement have been determined within each of the four periods that characterize the migratory behavior of Daphnia in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin; a series of rates were calculated for each of 11 cruises of approximately 24-hr duration.
Abstract: A knowledge of the rate of vertical movement of a planktonic population is a prerequisite for the interpretation of the role that various factors play in depth control. A method for estimating this...
TL;DR: Gross and histological analyses of the reproductive tracts from 72 multiparous Females, 12 nulliparous females, and 28 non-pregnant females, taken pelagically in the eastern Pacific and on the Prib...
Abstract: Gross and histological analyses of the reproductive tracts from 72 multiparous females, 12 nulliparous females, and 28 non-pregnant females, taken pelagically in the eastern Pacific and on the Prib...
TL;DR: Estimates are made of the abundance and distribution of each of the four stages of the lobster in the surface waters of part of the Northumberland Strait for the years 1949-61, with a more critical analysis for the year 1961.
Abstract: A method is described for catching the planktonic larval stages of the lobster (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards). Estimates are made of the abundance and distribution of each of the four stages in the surface waters of part of the Northumberland Strait (southern Gulf of St. Lawrence) for the years 1949–61, with a more critical analysis for the year 1961. Both abundance and survival of the larvae vary from year to year, although they do not appear to be related with measured hydrographical conditions. It is suggested that the distribution of stage I larvae reflects the location of the parent stock and that surface drift carries the developing larvae to possible areas of settlement.There is no conclusive relationship between the larvae and the subsequent stock, although a possible relationship between the abundance of stage I larvae and parent stock density is described and briefly discussed.
TL;DR: The seasonal emaciation of cod is closely linked to the physiological processes taking place in the animal's body during the reproductive activities.
Abstract: The concentrations of fat, water-solubles, protein, and water in cod muscle are subject to seasonal variations. During the period of spawning, there is a decrease in fat (−20%) and protein (−5%) paralleled by an increase of water-solubles (+10%) and water (+5%). The return of these major components to their average annual values occurs at various rates. The seasonal emaciation of cod is closely linked to the physiological processes taking place in the animal's body during the reproductive activities.
TL;DR: Consideration of recent analytical data supports the conclusion that the longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin are all structurally homogeneous in that the double bonds are cis, the double bond methylene interrupted, and that, with the exception of the C16 chain length, the ultimate double bond will normally be three, six or nine carbon atoms removed from the terminal methyl group.
Abstract: Consideration of recent analytical data supports the conclusion that the longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin are all structurally homogeneous in that the double bonds are cis, the double bonds methylene interrupted, and that, with the exception of the C16 chain length, the ultimate double bond will normally be three, six or nine carbon atoms removed from the terminal methyl group.
TL;DR: This is the only species of Caligus known from the coastal waters of British Columbia and "Caligus gurnardi Kroyer" of Fraser, 1920, is synonymous with the new species.
Abstract: Adult females and males of Caligus clemensi sp. nov. from the body surface of British Columbia fishes are described. The known hosts are Oncorhynchus kisutch, O. gorbuscha, O. keta, Clupea pallasi,...
TL;DR: An annual cycle of primary production was established for a British Columbia fjord and the relation between the physical environmental factors of the fjords and primary production is discussed.
Abstract: An annual cycle of primary production was established for a British Columbia fjord. Detailed oceanographic analyses of the total oxygen budget of the fjord provided a biological oxygen budget that ...
TL;DR: Pink salmon were sampled at various stages, as fry and fingerling in enclosed waters, as juveniles and subadults in the ocean and as maturing salmon in the commercial fishery on the basis of length frequency data and from recapture measurements of marked and tagged individuals the instantaneous growth rate in length for successive 30-day periods was computed.
Abstract: Pink salmon were sampled at various stages, as fry and fingerling in enclosed waters, as juveniles and subadults in the ocean and as maturing salmon in the commercial fishery. On the basis of lengt...
TL;DR: There was no simple relationship between the schooling response and the illumination, but in general the frequency, size, and durability of schools were proportional to the illumination.
Abstract: The schooling behavior of both light- and dark-adapted Astyanax mexicanus (Fillipi) was observed under sudden changes in illumination in the range 10−7 to 100 ft-c at different times in the diel cy...
TL;DR: Three genetically distinct subpopulations of the Pacific sardine have been differentiated by the frequency of occurrence of a C-positive blood factor, and one of these groups inhabits the Gulf of California.
Abstract: Three genetically distinct subpopulations of the Pacific sardine have been differentiated by the frequency of occurrence of a C-positive blood factor. Two of these subpopulations, a northern and a southern one, live off the coast of California and the outer coast of Baja California, Mexico. The third group inhabits the Gulf of California. The C-positive factor occurred in 13.6% of the northern subpopulation, 6.0% of the southern, and 16.8% of the Gulf subpopulation.
TL;DR: Comparison with the liver lipids of male and female fish suggests that less essential longer-chain monounsaturated fatty acids from the liver depot fat are metabolized by the female for the synthesis of particular fatty acids required by the developing eggs.
Abstract: The component fatty acids of cod roe resemble the flesh lipid fatty acids to a considerable degree. Comparison with the liver lipids of male and female fish suggests that less essential longer-chain monounsaturated fatty acids from the liver depot fat are metabolized by the female for the synthesis of particular fatty acids required by the developing eggs.
TL;DR: In the diatom, Skeletonema costatum, as well as in a zooplankton sample, the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the triglycerides were found accumulated in the β-position of the glycerol.
Abstract: In the diatom, Skeletonema costatum, as well as in a zooplankton sample, the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the triglycerides were found accumulated in the β-position of the glycerol. This fatty ac...
TL;DR: The degree of preference of sockeye salmon for spawning in specific tributaries to Brooks and Karluk Lakes, Alaska, was studied in 1960 and 1961 and the number of fish from each group distributed on the various spawning grounds was determined.
Abstract: The degree of preference of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) for spawning in specific tributaries to Brooks and Karluk Lakes, Alaska, was studied in 1960 and 1961. Adult sockeye salmon begin to congregate around stream mouths soon after entering these lakes. At Brooks Lake, groups of fish were seined from various stream mouths and marked with distinctive tag color combinations. One group of tagged fish from each seine haul was released back into the original donor congregation as a control, and one or more groups were transported and released into congregations around other tributary mouths. Strength of tributary preference was determined by comparing the number of fish from each group distributed on the various spawning grounds. Eighty-three per cent of the 958 fish tagged were recovered at weirs and on stream and lake surveys. Distribution to spawning areas of sockeye salmon in control and transported groups was virtually identical. The study at Brooks Lake was followed by a study at Karluk Lake to e...
TL;DR: Cod growth changes in Division 4T are found to be the result of changes in abundance and availability of herring as food, plus changes in competition for food resulting from density changes in fish-eating members of the cod population.
Abstract: Growth rates of Atlantic cod vary both between populations in the same year and within a population over a series of years. The latter type of change is selected for detailed study, using an example found in the population resident in the western Gulf of St. Lawrence (ICNAF Division 4T). A real change in growth is verified by examining ageing methods, selectivity of sampling, tagging returns, and by measuring increments on the otoliths. Laboratory experiments showed that, when food supply is unlimited, food consumption increases with increasing temperature, and that growth increases with increasing food consumption. Direct correlation between temperature and growth changes is not established.Cod growth changes in Division 4T are found to be the result of changes in abundance and availability of herring as food, plus changes in competition for food resulting from density changes in fish-eating members of the cod population.
TL;DR: The similarity of the activity patterns of these four fish and also the similarity to the patterns of unfed fish described in a previous paper suggests that light and not food is the prime stimulus to locomotory activity in brown trout.
Abstract: The diurnal and annual locomotory activity cycles of four brown trout confined in separate cages on the bed of Windermere and fed artificially from the lake surface are described. The annual activity curves were very similar, the fish being less active during the winter than in the summer with maximum activity occurring in June and again in August. The diurnal activity patterns were also very similar with a sharp rise in activity at dawn each day after an inactive night, the increased activity being maintained throughout the light period and falling rapidly at dusk.Two of the fish were fed daily at irregular times and two were fed automatically every 2 hr. The similarity of the activity patterns of these four fish and also the similarity to the patterns of unfed fish described in a previous paper suggests that light and not food is the prime stimulus to locomotory activity in brown trout.
TL;DR: Seasonal relationships between size, bottom temperature, and distribution of cod are described for the western Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia Banks.
Abstract: Seasonal relationships between size, bottom temperature, and distribution of cod are described for the western Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia Banks.In summer, in the western Gulf of St. Lawre...