FIG. 13. The means (bars) and standard deviations (whiskers) of themaximum250–150-hPa layer-averaged PV frontogenesis by the total, nondivergent, and irrotational wind, respectively, for strong (N 5 54) and weak (N5 54) TC–extratropical flow interactions at the time of maximum interaction. The differences between strong and weak interactions for each quantity are significant at the 99.9% confidence level based on a two-sided Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank-sum test.
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