Journal ArticleDOI
Absorption Kinetics and Biologic Effects of Subcutaneously Injected Insulin Preparations
TLDR
Findings have clinical significance and should not be without potential benefit in the attempt to improve metabolic control in insulin-treated diabetic patients.Abstract:
This paper describes systematic studies on the absorption kinetics of exogenous insulin from its subcutaneous tissue depot in 52 male nonobese volunteers (age 20-30 yr). Five experimental protocols were used: effect of changing injection site, effect of temperature change and local massage, effect of aprotinin and human serum, effect of mixing regular insulin with long-acting insulin preparations, and effect of temperature change, muscular exercise, and local massage on the absorption of long-acting insulin preparations. The fastest absorption of insulin occurred at the abdominal injection. Absorption after arm injection was faster than after thigh injection. A hot bath and local massage dramatically increased serum insulin levels in the first 90 min after injection; in contrast, a cold bath delayed absorption substantially. Both aprotinin and the subjects' own blood serum mixed with insulin caused a marked acceleration of the insulin absorption process. Absorption kinetics of two neutral regular insulins (Actrapid and Leo Regular) were virtually identical. Mixing Actrapid with Monotard caused higher serum insulin levels than the mixture of Leo Regular with NPH. A time lag of 5 min between the mixing of Actrapid and Monotard and the injection caused a delayed rise of serum insulin levels; in contrast, this delay could not be observed when Leo Regular and NPH were mixed. Volunteers performed bicycle exercise, applied a hot water bottle to the injection site, or rubbed the injection site 2 1/2 h after injection of long-acting insulin. Accelerated absorption of insulin was only observed after local massage of the injection site of Monotard, Leo NPH, and Mixtard. Local heat had no effect. Exercise caused only an increased absorption of insulin after the Mixtard injection but not after Monotard or NPH injection. These findings have clinical significance and should not be without potential benefit in the attempt to improve metabolic control in insulin-treated diabetic patients.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
[Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]-Human Insulin: A Rapidly Absorbed Analogue of Human Insulin
TL;DR: Although the addition of zinc retarded the absorption of LYSPRO slightly, it displays faster pharmacodynamic action than human Regular insulin when injected subcutaneously and retains its distinct profile.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Limits of Reductionism in Medicine: Could Systems Biology Offer an Alternative?
TL;DR: In the first of a two part series, Ahn and colleagues discuss the reductionist approach pervading medicine and explain how a systems approach (as advocated by systems biology) may complement reductionism.
Journal ArticleDOI
Monomeric insulins and their experimental and clinical implications.
TL;DR: The development of a series of human insulin analogues with reduced tendency to selfassociation that, because of more rapid absorption, are better suited to meal-related therapy and have the potential to minimize late hypoglycemia.
Journal ArticleDOI
(D) Routes of delivery: Case studies
John S. Patton,Robert M. Platz +1 more
TL;DR: A dense network of endocytic vesicles in the type-1 alveolar epithelial cells offers a possible mechanism to explain how the airsacs remain nearly free of fluid and how macromolecules are subsequently absorbed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparison of Insulin Regimens in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Hannele Yki-Järvinen,M Kauppila,E Kujansuu,J Lahti,T Marjanen,Leo Niskanen,S Rajala,L Ryysy,Simo Salo,Pentti Seppälä +9 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that patients with NIDDM do not benefit from multiple insulin injections and that nocturnal insulin administration appears preferable to daytime administration, and glycemic control is improved in a manner similar to combination therapy with NPH insulin in the morning, a two-insulin-injection regimen, but induces less weight gain and hyperinsulinemia.
References
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Journal Article
Kinetics of distribution of substances administered to the body, II : The intravascular modes of administration
TL;DR: Kinetics of distribution of substances administered to the body, I and II : The intravascular modes of administration.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of leg exercise on insulin absorption in diabetic patients.
Veikko A. Koivisto,Philip Felig +1 more
TL;DR: To examine the effects of leg exercise on insulin absorption from various injection sites, 125I-labelled rapid actin insulin was injected subcutaneously into the leg, arm or abdomen of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes before one hour of intermittent leg (bicycle) exercise and on a resting, control day.
Journal ArticleDOI
Factors influencing the absorption, serum insulin concentration, and blood glucose responses after injections of regular insulin and various insulin mixtures
TL;DR: Increased SIC, including either the peak and/or the time interval required to achieve the peak, were related to the depth and site, and assuming linear kinetics of absorption, significant quantities of insulin fail to reach the serum.
Journal ArticleDOI
Alterations in Insulin Absorption and in Blood Glucose Control Associated with Varying Insulin Injection Sites in Diabetic Patients
VElKKO A. Koivisto,Philip Felig +1 more
TL;DR: Results indicate that changing the insulin injection site from the leg to the abdomen or arm accelerates the absorption of insulin and diminishes the postprandial rise in plasma glucose.
Journal ArticleDOI
Diabetes Responsive to Intravenous but Not Subcutaneous Insulin: Effectiveness of Aprotinin
Gary R. Freidenberg,Neil H. White,Samuel Cataland,Thomas M. O'Dorisio,Juan F. Sotos,Julio V. Santiago +5 more
TL;DR: Findings suggest excessive degradation or sequestration of insulin at the site of injection in patients with diabetes that is insensitive to subcutaneous insulin but sensitive to intravenous insulin.
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