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Patent

Apparatus for control and intake air amount prediction in an internal combustion engine

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TLDR
In this paper, an apparatus is used to calculate the intake pipe pressure using the degree of throttle opening and the engine speed, and to calculate a current pipe pressure, and then to determine a predicted value from this current pipeline pressure and control fuel injection duration and/or spark timing.
Abstract
An apparatus to calculate the intake pipe pressure using the degree of throttle opening and the engine speed, to use this intake pipe pressure to calculate a current intake pipe pressure, and to determine a predicted value from this current intake pipe pressure and control fuel injection duration and/or spark timing. Because changes in the atmospheric pressure and changes in the air amount flowing through a bypass bypassing the throttle, etc., cause errors in the values predicted for the intake pipe pressure, there are irregularities in the exhaust emissions. The atmospheric pressure and the intake pipe pressure, etc., detected by a pressure sensor are used to correct the predicted value, and prevent irregularities and the like in exhaust emissions.

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References
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Method and apparatus for controlling internal combustion engines

TL;DR: In this article, the rotational speed of an internal combustion engine equipped with an electronically controlled fuel injection system is corrected to ensure stable control of the engine during idling and low speed operations.
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Fuel injection control system for an automotive engine

TL;DR: In this paper, the quantity of air induced in a cylinder of an engine is estimated by using equations based on various coefficients and the coefficients are stored in a memory and derived in accordance with engine operating conditions.
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Fuel injection control system for an automotive engine

TL;DR: In this paper, the average pressure of pressure in an intake passage is calculated, and a basic injection quantity is determined by engine speed and the estimated pressure, which is then corrected with the correcting coefficient.
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System for measuring amount of air introduced into combustion chamber of internal combustion engine with avoiding influence of temperature dependent air density variation and pulsatile air flow

TL;DR: In this article, a system for measuring intake air amount to be introduced into an engine cylinder employs a throttle angle sensor as a basic intake air flow amount indicative factor, which is derived on the basis of a throttle valve angular position and an engine speed.
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Air-fuel ratio control for transient modes of internal combustion engine operation

TL;DR: The outputs generated by the throttle position sensor and the pressure responsive type air flow sensor are used to generate correction factors which when combined permit the correction of the sensor output for a short period following the initiation of a demand for engine acceleration to obviate the discrepancy between the actual and indicated air flows and thus improve the real-time control of the air-fuel ratio (A/F) of the mixture and the level of emission control and performance of the engine as discussed by the authors.