Course Objectives: Course Objectives: This course is the first in a series of two courses integrating human anatomy and physiology. In this course we will take a systems approach to understanding basic human structure and their respective functions. Material covered in this course includes basic anatomical terminology, basic biochemical and metabolic pathways, cell and tissue structure and function, and examination of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, digestive and urinary systems.

The porcine tonsils are a group of lymphoepithelial tissues located at the common openings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The tonsils participate in a variety of functions involving innate, cellular and humoral immunity at the local and systemic levels. Among these immunological functions is the continuous surveillance for the presence of foreign antigens at the openings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Within the pig, the movement of lymphocytes, cytokines and chemotactic molecules from the tonsils to other lymphoid organs confers immunity to other portals of pathogen entry and facilitates an efficient and rapid systemic immune response. In spite of the immunological nature of the tonsils, some microorganisms have acquired adaptations that allow them to circumvent the tonsillar immune defenses and utilize the tonsils as a site of entry, replication and colonization. Several bacterial and viral pathogens persist asymptomatically within the tonsils, making identification of asymptomatic carrier animals difficult in disease control and/or pathogen elimination. This paper reviews the current information on the anatomy, immunology and pathobiology of porcine tonsils and discusses the tonsils as a site of pathogen entry, replication and colonization using Salmonella spp., classical swine fever virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus as examples.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1466252303000124

Dictionary of word roots and combining forms

A review of porcine tonsils in immunity and disease.

Caesarean section rates are inexorably rising which has led to the possibility of negative impact on m aternal and neonatal health. Present study was aimed to compare the factors associated with caesarean and vaginal births among pregnant women. A retrospective study was con ducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Pu njab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar (Punjab, Iduring the period of April, 2012 to June, 201 2. Details of age group, parity, socioeconomic status, antenatal booking, mode of delivery, obstetric complications, gestational age at delivery, maternal and neonatal outcomes wer e explored. The prevalence of Caesarean Sections (6 5%) was higher over vaginal births (35%). It had higher num ber of Emergency (52.31%) over Elective (47.70%) ca esarean sections. Multiparity (55.38%; p<0.05), high socioe conomic status (18.46%), 21 to 30 yrs of age group (78.46%) and booked status (44.62%) were associated with Cae sarean Sections while primiparity (65.71%) and low socioeconomic status (22.86%) with vaginal births. The commonest reasons for Caesarean Sections were F etal Distress (30.77%) and Repeat Caesarean Sections (29.23%). Ca esarean sections rate is high. High number of referred patients who underwent Emergency sections was the main reason. Trial of vaginal birth after C aesarean Section in approximate cases and confirmation of su spected fetal distress through fetal blood acid bas e study are recommended.

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Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com

Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, 1858 (Hoffmann's two-toed sloth) is 1 of 2 extant two-toed sloths. A high-canopy folivore, C. hoffmanni has a disjunct range with a northern population in Central America and northern South America and a southern population in South America. C. hoffmanni is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources because of its wide distribution.

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Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae)

The Terminology Problem in Biology Education: A Reconnaissance.

Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas, 1778), Pallas's squirrel, is a diurnal, medium-sized, arboreal squirrel. It has a widespread distribution across Asia and has been introduced into Europe and South America. It inhabits subtropical, montane, evergreen, and broadleaf forests but also occurs in subalpine conifer forests, degraded scrub landscapes, and urban park environments. It feeds predominantly on tree seeds, tree flowers, and fruit and causes damage in tree plantations through bark-stripping behavior. It is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources because of its wide distribution.

background

https://bioone.org/journals/Mammalian-Species/volume-45/issue-902/902.1/Callosciurus-erythraeus-Rodentia-Sciuridae/10.1644/902.1.pdf

Dictionary of word roots and combining forms

Citations

A review of porcine tonsils in immunity and disease.

Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com

Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae)

The Terminology Problem in Biology Education: A Reconnaissance.

Callosciurus erythraeus (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

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